Friedebert Tuglas

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Friedebert Tuglas (1910)

Friedebert Tuglas (* February 18, July 2  / March 2, 1886 greg. In Ahja ; † April 15, 1971 in Tallinn ) was an Estonian writer , critic , translator and literary scholar . Until 1923 he was named Friedebert Mihkelson.

Life

Tuglas Museum in the municipality of Ahja

Friedebert Tuglas was born on the Ahja estate, where his father worked as a carpenter. From 1901 he went to the city school in Tartu , where he met Gustav Suits for the first time . In 1903, however, he left the school again to avoid being thrown out: Together with Suits, he had organized a commemoration for the 60th birthday of Lydia Koidula and Mihkel Veske , which the school management disliked. After a year in the editorial office of Postimees , he continued his school years from 1904 to 1905 at the Hugo-Treffner-Gymnasium . However, his educational path ended abruptly as a result of the revolutionary events of 1905, in which he had actively participated. In December 1905 he was arrested in Tallinn, where he remained in the Toompea Prison until the beginning of March 1906.

After his release he lived briefly in Saint Petersburg , but soon had to go into exile as a political refugee, where he spent from 1906 to 1917. He lived mainly in Finland , spent five winters in Paris and was also in Germany , Belgium and Switzerland for a shorter period of time . In addition, he traveled to Scandinavia , Italy and Spain .

In March 1917 Tuglas was able to return legally to Estonia, where he took an active part in building and shaping cultural life and quickly became a recognized authority in the literary field. After the Sovietization of Estonia, he was briefly editor-in-chief of Looming . When the Second World War attacked Estonia, Tuglas spent two weeks in the forest in the summer of 1941 before returning to Tartu, which was then occupied by the Germans. During the war years he lived secluded in Tartu and Viljandi .

After World War II, Tuglas moved to Tallinn, where he became a corresponding member of the Soviet Estonian Academy of Sciences in 1946. In 1949, however, he was hit by Stalinism : he was thrown out of the writers' association and lost his special pension, so that he had to keep his head above water with translations. Only in May 1955 did his complete rehabilitation take place.

Friedebert Tuglas was married to Elo Tuglas (1896–1970), whose published diaries are a valuable historical source. Friedebert Tuglas died in Tallinn and is buried in the forest cemetery.

Literary work

Tuglas made his debut at the age of fifteen in 1901 with a short story and published his first book in 1906. Further books appeared in quick succession, with the short prose, more precisely the novella, occupying a central position in his literary work. During the first two decades of the 20th century, he wrote around 40 texts in this genre. He concentrated on this small literary form and impresses with a "carefully selected and sophisticated language." Often a somewhat gloomy atmosphere breathes in the texts, the unifying element of the novels of this time is the idea of ​​"a tragic human life and an incomprehensible fate."

In addition to travel reports and countless literary critical works, Tuglas also published two novels with autobiographical sprinkles: In 1915 the diary novel Felix Ormusson was published . a. Contains philosophical considerations at the time, followed in 1937 by the novel Väike Illimar ('Little Illimar'), which describes the life of a five-year-old boy at the end of the 19th century.

Organizer of the literature business

Equally important was Tuglas' activity as an organizer of literary life. He was also involved in the founding of the Young Estonia group in 1905 as he was in 1917 with the artist group Siuru and the subsequent group Tarapita . In addition, he edited various literary magazines Odamees and Ilo .

After Estonia gained its independence, Tuglas played a decisive role in setting up new structures. In 1922 he initiated the founding of the Estonian Writers' Union and became its first chairman, a post he later held repeatedly (1925–1927; 1929–1930; 1937–1939). A year later, as the mouthpiece of the association, he launched the magazine Looming , whose first editor-in-chief he also became (1923–1926). He also wrote monographs on contemporary Estonian authors such as Juhan Liiv , Anton Hansen Tammsaare , Mait Metsanurk , Eduard Vilde or Karl Rumor , as well as on authors of world literature such as Henrik Ibsen or William Shakespeare , and also an overall presentation of Estonian literature and numerous reviews.

After all, Tuglas was an important translator of Finnish literature. His translations include Juhani Aho , Maria Jotuni , Aleksis Kivi and Aino Kallas . He also translated from Russian ( Alexei Nikolajewitsch Tolstoi , Anton Pawlowitsch Chekhov and Maxim Gorky )

At the end of his life, Tuglas donated a short story prize with which he wanted to promote the genre that was close to his heart. The prize is awarded annually to two novels by Estonian-language writers that were published in the previous year. It is linked to a cash bonus and a bibliophile reprint.

Awards

bibliography

Literature and autobiography

  • Hingemaa ('land of the soul'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1906. 31 pp.
  • Kahekesi ('For Two'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1908. 132 pp.
  • Õhtu taevas ('evening in the sky'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1913. 154 pp.
  • Liivakell ('hourglass'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1913. 328 pp.
  • Teekond Hispaania ('Journey to Spain'). Tartu: Siuru 1918. 176 pp.
  • Felix Ormusson . Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1915. 253 pp.
  • Saatus ('The Fate'). Tallinn: Maa1917. 148 pp.
  • Raskuse vaim ('The Spirit of Gravity'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1920. 135 pp.
  • Hingede rändamine ('transmigration of souls'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1928. 168 pp.
  • Teekond Põhja-Aafrika I-III ('Journey to North Africa I-III'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1928–1930. 101 + 162 + 202 pp.
  • Toompea vanglas ('In prison on Toompea '). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1930. 79 pp.
  • Väike Illimar ('Little Illimar'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1937. 297 + 266 pp.
  • Ühe Norra reisi kroonika ('Chronicle of a trip to Norway'). Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1939. 78 pp.
  • Noorusmälestused ('memories of youth'). Tartu: Ilukirjandus yes art 1940. 270 p.
  • Muutlik vikerkaar ('changeable rainbow'). Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 1968. 244 pp.
  • Eluloolisi märkmeid I. 1906-1944 . ('Biographical Notes'). Tartu: Virgela 1996. 117 pp. (Litteraria 11)
  • Eluloolisi märkmeid II. 1944-1959 . ('Biographical Notes'). Tartu: Virgela 1997. 119 pp. (Litteraria 12)

Literary studies

  • Juhan Liiv . Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1914. 80 pp.
  • Mait Metsanurk . Tallinn: Siuru 1919. 38 pp.
  • Henrik Ibsen inimesena . Tartu: Odamees 1920. 39 pp.
  • William Shakespeare . Tartu: Odamees 1920. 48 pp.
  • Juhan Liiv . Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1927. 347 pp.
  • Karl Rumor Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1930. 104 pp.
  • Eesti Kirjameeste Strange . Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts 1932. 335 pp.
  • Lühike eesti kirjanduslugu . Tartu: Eesti Kirjanduse Selts 1934. 111 pp.
  • Criteria I-VIII . Tartu: Noor-Eesti 1935–1936.
  • Kriitiline realism . Tartu: Teaduslik Kirjandus 1947. 255 pp.

German translations

Since the 1920s, Friedbert Tuglas has repeatedly published German translations in magazines and anthologies, and there are a total of six independent book publications by him:

  • At the edge of the world . Translated from Estonian by Friedrich Schwarz. Preface by Univ.-Prof. Ants Oras. Tartu: JG Krüger 1935. 71 p. (Estonian series 1)
  • Man's shadow . Translated from Estonian by Friedrich Schwarz. Tartu: JG Krüger 1935. 70 p. (Estonian series 5).
  • Illimar. Childhood novel. Authorized translation from Estonian by Friedrich Schwarz. Berlin: Verlag der Morgen 1959. 538 pp.
  • The golden tire . Authorized translation from Estonian by Eugenie Meyer. Berlin: Buchverlag der Morgen 1961. 461 pp.
  • Where Carthage once stood. Cultural and historical journey through Spain and North Africa . Translation by Eugenie Meyer. In an arrangement by Ortwin Schubert. Berlin: Buchverlag Der Morgen 1968. 338 pp.
  • The heavenly riders . Selection of short stories. Translation from Estonian: Gisela Teeäär. Tallinn: Perioodika 1982. 174 pp.

The three books published in the GDR provide a representative cross-section of his work in German.

Secondary literature on the author

Bibliographies

  • Friedebert Tuglas. Bibliograafia 1. Eestikeelsed tööd. Tallinn: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu 1993. 156 pp. (Part 2 never appeared)

Monographic representations

  • Friedebert Tuglas sõnas ja pildis. Koost. P. Rummo. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 1966. 221 pp.
  • Nigol Andresen : Friedebert Tuglas. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 1968. 162 p. (Eesti Kirjamehi)
  • Jaan Undusk : Realismi mõiste ümber. F.Tuglase 'realism' ja sajandivahetuse kultuur. Tallinn: Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia 1986. 83 p. (Preprint KKI 46)
  • Ants Oras: Friedebert Tuglase ilukirjanduslik looming. Kriitiline etüüd. Tartu: EÜS Veljesto kirjastus 1997. 85 pp.
  • At the end of the world. Text, motif, culture. Ed. by Rein Undusk. Tallinn: UTKK 2005. 229 p. (Collegium litterarum 18)

items

  • Aino Kallas : Friedebert Tuglas, in: Siuru I. Tallinn: Kirjanikkude ühingu "Siuru" kirjastus 1917, pp. 109–135.
  • Jaan Puhvel : From Golden Hoop to Shifting Rainbow: The Seven Creative Decades of Friedebert Tuglas, in: Books Abroad 1969, pp. 365-367.
  • Jaan Undusk : Sina, Tuglas, in: Looming 2/1986, pp. 151-163.
  • Jaan Undusk: Sisu ja vormi dialektikat Friedebert Tuglase käsitluses, in: Keel ja Kirjandus 3/1986, pp. 133–146.
  • Toivo Kuldsepp: Friedebert Tuglase loomingu retseptsioonist Soomes, in: Keel ja Kirjandus 3/1986, pp. 161–166.
  • Ene Mihkelson : Tuglase kriitikakunst, in: Looming 3/1986, pp. 407-416.
  • Cornelius Hasselblatt : From Uferwege to Hellois Land, in: Estonia 2/1986, pp. 6-10.
  • Jaan Undusk: Kalevipoeg yes Prometheus. Friedebert Tuglase "Põrgu väravas" ja selle koht rahvaluuleteaduses, in: Keel ja Kirjandus 10/1990, pp. 587–597; 11/1990, pp. 645-656; 12/1990, pp. 720-735.
  • Tiina Aunin: On Realistic and Grotesque Discourse: EA Poe , JC Oates , Fr. Tuglas, in: interlitteraria 2/1997, pp. 226-230.
  • Lea Pild: Tuglas, yes Dostojevski . Mõtteid novellist "Poeet ja idioot", in: Keel ja Kirjandus 1/2006, pp. 25–32.
  • Mirjam Hinrikus: Spleen the Estonian Way: Estonian Literary Decadence in J. Randvere's Ruth (1909), Friedebert Tuglas' Felix Ormusson (1915), and Anton Hansen Tammsaare 's Novellas Noored hinged (1909) and Kärbes (1917), in: interlitteraria 2/2006, pp. 305-321.
  • Kaia Sisask: Friedebert Tuglas and French fin du siècle Literature. Between Aestheticism and Realism, in: interlitteraria 1/2009, pp. 162-173.
  • Mirjam Hinrikus: On Decadent Europe and the Intellectual Identity of Young Estonia: J. Randvere's Ruth and Friedebert Tuglas' Felix Ormusson , in: interlitteraria 2/2011, pp. 483–501.
  • Mait Vaik : Six Estonian short story writers throughout time. A personal insight, in: Estonian Literary Magazine 44 (Spring 2017), pp. 28–33.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt : History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, p. 372.
  2. ↑ Eesti kirjanike leksikon. Koostanud Oskar Kruus yes Heino Puhvel. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 2000, pp. 615-617.
  3. ^ Nigol Andresen: Friedebert Tuglas. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat 1968, p. 118.
  4. ↑ Elo Tuglas: Elukiri 1952 1958 . Tallinn: Faatum 1993. 254 p .; Tartu päevik. 1928 1941 . Tallinn: Faatum 1996. 363 p .; Kirjad teineteisele 1917-1947 . Toimetanud ja commenterud August Eelmäe. Tallinn: UTKK 2001. 767 pp.
  5. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt: History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, p. 377.
  6. ↑ Epp Annus, Luule Epner, Ants Järv, Sirje Olesk, Ele Süvalep, Mart Velsker: Eesti kirjanduslugu. Tallinn: Koolibri 2001, p. 197.
  7. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt: History of Estonian Literature. From the beginning to the present. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 2006, pp. 438–442.
  8. ↑ Complete list see: Cornelius Hasselblatt: Estonian Literature in German Language 1784-2003. Bibliography of primary and secondary literature. Bremen: Hempen Verlag 2004, pp. 146–149.
  9. ↑ Cornelius Hasselblatt: Estonian literature in German translation. A reception story from the 19th to the 21st century. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2011, pp. 171–173.
personal data
SURNAME Tuglas, Friedebert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mihkelson, Friedebert
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Estonian writer, critic, translator and literary scholar
DATE OF BIRTH March 2, 1886
PLACE OF BIRTH Ah yes
DATE OF DEATH April 15, 1971
Place of death Tallinn