Fritz-Otto Busch

Fritz-Otto Busch (born December 30, 1890 in Cologne-Lindenthal ; † July 5, 1971 in Limpsfield , Surrey , England ) was a German naval officer of the Imperial , Imperial and Navy as well as translator and seafaring and naval writer. He was involved in the National Socialist movement and played a key role in bringing the German PEN into line from 1933. He chose Peter Cornelissen as his pseudonym .

Life

Fritz-Otto Busch was the son of bank director Alfred Busch and his wife Eugenie geb. Fancy. After high school, he attended university for two semesters. His younger brother was the art historian Harald Busch (1904–1983), who was head of the Hamburger Kunsthalle between 1934 and 1935 , who, like Fritz-Otto, served in a propaganda company during the Second World War and played down the Wehrmacht's wars on behalf of the Propaganda Ministry and that The soldiers' camaraderie was highly praised.

On the back of the dust jacket of his book on The Secret of Bismarck , published in 1950 by Adolf Sponholtz Verlag, Fritz-Otto Busch wrote the following short résumé:

“Fritz Otto Busch joined the Imperial Navy in 1912 out of a passionate love for the sea, initially participated in the First World War as a lieutenant and first lieutenant at sea and was accepted into the Imperial Navy after the end of the war. As early as 1931, on behalf of the then Admiral Raeder, he founded the magazine 'Die Kriegsmarine', which Busch headed as chief editor for eleven years. The end of the Second World War saw the now almost fifty-year-old work in the OKM's press and film department. Several times during the war he was assigned to the front at his request, and so Busch experienced the Bismarck enterprise on 'Prinz Eugen'. On April 24, 1945, he was set off from besieged Berlin to march to Grand Admiral Dönitz in Mürwik. After a twelve-day odyssey, he and his driver were able to reach his destination despite the destruction of his car by Russian T-34s. This was followed by imprisonment until release in early 1947. "

Busch's first ship as an officer candidate was the great cruiser Vineta , a midshipman training ship of the Imperial Navy. This ship made a foreign voyage to the Mediterranean in 1912 and also called at the ports of Constantinople and Alexandria. In Constantinople, Busch met a young English woman named Frances May. Both met again in Cairo, when the Vineta was in Alexandria.

During the First World War , he took part in the Skagerrak Battle on May 31, 1916 as a lieutenant at sea on the large liner Oldenburg . From the spring of 1917 to the summer of 1918 he was Lieutenant II artillery officer on the small cruiser Regensburg . During this time there was also a short stay on the land front in Flanders from June 27th to July 14th 1918. He then worked in the same function on the mine cruiser SMS Bremse , on which he also experienced the 1918 revolution and the end of the war. He received the Iron Cross II and I Class and was awarded the Friedrich August Cross .

In 1919 he married Ada von dem Knesebeck, b. Reichsfreiin von Bittersdorf, who brought three children into the marriage. In 1920 their son Ulf was born. Busch was taken over into the Reichsmarine and retired from active service in 1928 with the rank of corvette captain.

After the start of the war on September 1, 1939, it was reactivated by the Navy and on September 4, 1939 , it witnessed the first British air raid on the Wilhelmshaven naval base . Then he was returned to the reserve. In May 1941 he was embarked on the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen as a war reporter and witnessed the sinking of the British battleship Hood as an eyewitness. In 1943 he visited the 25th submarine school flotilla in Memel as a war correspondent and quartered himself on its target ship Vega for a few days . He wrote a long report about his experiences with the school flotilla, which was then published in 1943 in the Kriegsmarine magazine, issue No. 17 to No. 21 under the heading A weapon is sharpened .

Writing and political activity

Busch was already active in propaganda at the beginning of the Weimar Republic . He was instrumental in creating the myth that the German navy won the Battle of the Skagerrak . This could also be read in his contribution "SMS Regensburg during the last naval advance (23-25 ​​April 1918)", which was undefeated in the propagandistic anthology Auf See, compiled by Eberhard von Mantey . 30 individual depictions from the naval war in the folkish J.F. Lehmanns Verlag appeared. Busch used the pseudonym Peter Cornelissen for some books . Even today it's on board ...! (1934) was published by an explicitly völkisch publisher, the Armanen-Verlag . After 1933, Busch developed into one of the most widely read National Socialist propaganda authors for the naval sector. His works were published by publishers committed to National Socialism.

Participation in the destruction of the German PEN

At the general assembly of the German PEN Club on April 23, 1933, Busch became a PEN member based on a list of proposals from the Kampfbund for German Culture . The PEN Germany was “ switched on and off ” at the general assembly on April 23 , as its new secretary Johann von Leers noted. In May 1933, as a participant in the official German delegation, together with Edgar von Schmidt-Pauli and Hans Martin Elster, at the international PEN conference in Ragusa, Busch dissuaded the PEN from adopting a statement against the book burning and the persecution of Jews in Germany as he wrote in a letter of several pages that was sent as a copy to Joseph Goebbels . When the exiled writer Ernst Toller was able to speak at the conference despite the opposition of the German delegation and denounced the mistreatment and persecution of German writers in Nazi Germany , Busch and his delegation left the congress. A short time later, the German PEN Club left the international organization and founded the Union of National Writers in 1934 . "Secretary" of the Union is Busch. The resulting break-up of the German PEN meant that all writers living in Germany had to leave the international PEN club. Only Germans living in exile remained PEN members .

National Socialist propagandist

Magazine Die Kriegsmarine 14/1940 after the German conquest of France in June 1940

After the National Socialists seized power, Busch was appointed chief editor of the propaganda magazine Die Reichsmarine. Commissioned the journal for Seegeltung und Seefahrt , which was continued as the Kriegsmarine - Deutschland zur See from 1934 . When the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine on June 1, 1935, the magazine was renamed to Kriegsmarine - Deutsche Marine-Zeitung . Initially, the magazine was published with the support of the High Command of the Navy , and later it was published directly by the High Command of the Navy. Busch remained the chief editor until the end of the magazine in 1944.

Busch also represented National Socialist propaganda positions in other publications. In the book: Deutsche Seekriegsgeschichte (1940), written together with the youth and propaganda writer Gerhard Ramlow (1904–1951) , which begins with the German era, reference is made to the navy as an early center of National Socialist sentiments:

“It is no coincidence that National Socialism, its attitude and ideas, especially in the 'Reichsmarine' of the interwar period, found supporters among officers, non-commissioned officers and men at an early stage, a number hardly expected by opponents of the new worldview. If the soldier had so far inevitably grown up completely apolitical, untrained in political thinking, and it was considered to be downright wrong for members of the Wehrmacht to deal with political thinking, this already changed during the leader's incessant struggle for the soul of the nation "

At the beginning of February 1933, a state funeral for SA man Hans Maikowski, who had died of a gunshot wound , took place in Berlin, which was designed as a large Nazi propaganda campaign with radio transmission. Maikowski was declared the second Horst Wessel in the broadcast . In addition to Joseph Goebbels , Fritz-Otto Busch, who contributed a hymn of praise to the German soldier, was among the speakers .

The book for young people: The Vikings (1934)

In her dissertation, the literary scholar Ingeborg Römer examines numerous books for young people from the Nazi state for the representation of Old Norse history. One is “Die Wikinger” (1934) by Busch, published by Franz Schneider Verlag in Leipzig . For Busch, Vikings are “Northern Germans”, “daring seafarers and our blood relatives”. The book is divided into two large sections: factual information about shipbuilding by the Vikings and an adventurous retelling of excerpts from the Vinland sagas . Römer shows some typical political instrumentalizations and inventions. Erik the Red and his sons are endowed with "characteristics worth imitating" (Romans). It is noticeable that Busch uses the word “guide” several times for Erik the Red alone in one section, which is otherwise uncommon in seafaring language, at most as “ship's captain”. A dramatic battle between the crew of the Viking boat and a storm reinforces this motif, which is not used in the real Vinland sagas. Many books for young people on the subject have in common, including Busch's, for example, the emphasis on the discovery of America by the Vikings. Busch combines the free representation of actual history with the present. For example, he adds the American flights of "our airmen Gronau and Balbos squadron " (Busch). Like the Vikings, they would have found the same route to the new continent, which is clearly shown on a map. Busch also builds other "bridges" (Römer) between the supposed ancestors and the present of the Nazi state. For Busch, for example, a “German” named “Tyrkir” was a member of Erik's team. “German” also used to denote a nationality, was unknown around 1000. The traditional name “suðrmaðr” literally only means “southern man” or “man from the south”. It looks similar with other details, so the invocation of a god is modern, not historical. Erik calls out in the book to confirm his intention to sail west with Leif: “By the gate, and if I wanted to!”. This simulates the acclamations from the Christian faith, especially Catholic ones, and is not pagan. Busch adopted further details of the Vinland sagas uncritically, such as the alleged discovery of wine and grain there. Busch used four books from the Thule Collection as a source.

Die Wikinger appeared in several reprints, in 1938 the 19th to 20th thousand was reached, in 1941 the 26th to 35th thousand. Busch himself published on the subject after 1945, and in 1966 was published by Sponholtz in Hanover: Viking sails in front of America, The Saga of Gudrid and Freydis .

The bestseller: Narvik, Von Heldenkampf German Destroyers (1940)

After the victorious battle for Narvik , Busch's Narvik, Vom Heldenkampf deutscher Destroyer (Vom Heldenkampf deutscher Destroyer) was published by Bertelsmann in 1940 . It was a work "war reporting true to the line," had a foreword by Grand Admiral Erich Raeder and was recommended by the OKW in the books of the Wehrmacht .

Busch's Narvik Book was celebrated in the trade press and 200,000 copies were sold within a year. In 1941 Busch's royalties amounted to 242,084.47 Reichsmarks (in today's purchasing power € 984,452). In the following years he achieved around 100,000 RM per year. At that time he was one of the best-paid German authors. Bertelsmann-Verlag made a total of 650,000 RM net profit with the book. It reached number 17 on a 2010 Third Reich bestseller list .

According to Christian Adam , the Narvik book, if moral standards are ignored, is essentially well crafted, even if in many places "knitted with a hot needle". In a mixture of reportage, fictional elements and documents, it describes part of the Weser Exercise company , i. H. the invasion of Norway and the capture of the ore port of Narvik . The war depicted in the book from the general's perspective is "clean", death and suffering are faded out, atrocities against German shipwrecked people by the English navy are emphasized. The book was a propaganda success that achieved the desired effect, namely to get young men enthusiastic about the war: “The Englishman has to be hit hard on the mouth when he shows the usual arrogance. The sons of the island do not react to anything else "(Busch)

The book got into the mills of competing censors because of a passage in the first chapter. These were the Reich Ministry for Propaganda , the "Fuhrer's agent for the supervision of the entire intellectual and ideological training and education of the NSDAP" (DBFU) (ie the Rosenberg Office ) and the Navy.

Despite the desired propagandistic effect, Busch was criticized by the SS poet Kurt Eggers : Busch did not describe from his own experience, only from the circles of "Narvik drivers" could, if the time had come, "the heralds and singers" would come wrote the final "heroic epic of this trip to the north". Busch's book has only current value . The book was also offensive because of a German church service described, which Busch however ended in a new sense: “We thought of our fallen comrades, they went to their deaths bravely and proudly for our Führer, our people and our fatherland. ... Long live the Führer. "(Busch)

The book was taken off the market in autumn 1941 after the publisher had already sold 615,000 copies. Since the book was well calculated, Bertelsmann made its greatest net profit with a book during the Third Reich. Publishing this book was also very lucrative for the author.

Title page of a book by Busch confiscated by the British occupation authorities as the “Nazi Book”. Copy in the British Library .

By 1945 Busch wrote about 70 other writings, including the autobiographical novel Kreuzer in Rote Flut (1931), which he wrote under the pseudonym Peter Cornelissen . In this novel he describes the final phase of the First World War and the revolution of 1918 from the perspective of a young naval officer on board the mine cruiser SMS Bremse .

Busch wrote both non-fiction books and novels and books for young people, often with marine propaganda content. He was also editor of the magazines Deutsche Reichsmarine , Deutsche Marine-Zeitung and Anker auf! Busch was also an author in the series War Library of German Youth .

After 1945

Numerous books by Busch ended up on the list of literature to be sorted out due to his activities during National Socialism between 1949 and 1953 in the Soviet Zone or GDR.

After a break, Busch began to write nautical and marine literature again around 1950. So he wrote books for young people again, which were published by Franz Schneider Verlag in Munich. He also translated works from English. At the Arthur Moewig publishing house in Munich , he was the publisher of the anchor series . He was responsible for seafaring all over the world and as the author he wrote 14 issues from this series. He also worked for the Moewig publishing house for the booklet series SOS - Fate of German Ships and Soldier Stories Special Volumes . For the Erich Pabel publishing house in Rastatt he wrote for the series of magazines Soldiers, Comrades and Der Landser .

The German Society for the Rescue of Shipwrecked People also published a series of magazines, disasters at sea , which Busch also contributed to.

Busch's literary activity was supplemented by the collaboration with the marine painter Walter Zeeden , who illustrated numerous books and the above-mentioned series by Moewig-Verlag. There were also some Landser books written by Busch and illustrated by Zeeden.

Gravestone of Fritz-Otto Busch and Frances May in Limpsfield

In his book Frances May , E. Haberland Verlag, Leipzig, 1928, Busch apparently described his time from 1912 to 1916. Fritz Barkhaus was the main character in this book and he called the cruiser "Rungholt", a name that was used in the imperial Marine did not exist. In the book he described the meeting with Frances May in Constantinople and Cairo and also mentioned various correspondence. The contact between Busch and May never seemed to have been completely broken between the two wars, because in the 1960s Busch left his last German place of residence in Viersen and moved to Limpsfield / Surrey in England to live with Frances May. Fritz-Otto Busch died on July 5, 1971 in Limpsfield. On a weathered common tombstone in the Limpsfield cemetery it reads: “ FRANCES MAY 1891–1971 AND FRITZ-OTTO BUSCH KORVETTENKAPITÄN 1890–1971 LOVING MEMORY ”.

Publications (selection)

As Fritz-Otto Busch

• The ships of the line . Richard Hermes Verlag, Hamburg 1919.
• SMS Regensburg on the last naval advance (April 23-25, 1918). In: Eberhard von Mantey (ed.): At sea undefeated. second volume, JF Lehmanns Verlag , Munich 1922, p. 288 ff.
• Südwester and Stahlhelm , 1926.
• Our blue boys , 1927.
• Frances May , 1928.
• Niobe, a German Destiny , 1932.
• Under the flag and pennant , 1933.
• Two boys in the Reichsmarine , 1933.
• The Battle of Skagerrak , 1933.
• The mutiny of the fleet 1918 , book decorations by Werner Chomton, Franz Schneider, Leipzig 1933.
• Today it goes on board , 1933.
• Niobe-Gorch Fock: Fate and Hope , 1933.
• Gorch Fock . Issue 56 of the series The School in the Third Reich . - Berlin: Jugendzeitschriften-Verl. H. Beenken. The series appeared from 1933.
• Submarine rides , 1934.
• Vikings , 1934.
• War on Seven Oceans , 1934.
• Germanic seafaring , 1935.
• Chasing cruiser "Emden" , 1935.
• Under the old flag 1914–1918 , Berlin 1935.
• Admiral Graf Spee's victory and ruin . 1935.
• Alarrrrm! German cruisers! Leipzig 1936, further editions.
• Damn North Sea! Captain Dorling tells - English naval war stories. Franckh, Stuttgart 1936.
• Three small cruisers . 1936.
• Traditional manual of the Kriegsmarine. Collaboration: Gerhard Ramlow. JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1937.
• The book of the Kriegsmarine . Drawings: marine painter Walter Zeeden. Ship sketches: Gerhard Ramlow, Bong, Leipzig 1939.
• Flight to England. A contribution to mutual understanding . Munich / Berlin 1937.
• Festschrift for the 50th anniversary of the torpedo weapon , with the cooperation of the inspection of the torpedo system, the city of Wilhelmshaven and the federal leadership d. NSDMB. Publishing house of the National Socialist German Navy Federation. 1937.
• The Skagerrak People's Book. Eyewitness reports from German and English combatants , Berlin 1938.
• That was the "Courageous" (Volume 2 of the booklet series War Library of German Youth , Steiniger Verlage Berlin, 1939-1945).
• England's first setback (Volume 16 War Library of German Youth ).
• Auxiliary cruiser "Meteor" . 1939.
• Naval war files . Brunnen-Verlag Willi Bischoff, Berlin 1940.
• Narvik: From the heroic struggle of German destroyers , Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1940.
• German naval war history. Rides and deeds in two millennia . With Gerhard Ramlow, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1941.
• Alarrrrm! : German cruisers! . Franz Schneider, Berlin 1942.
• Power on the sea . With Gerhard Ramlow. Publishing house Bong, Berlin 1942.
• Comradeship, struggle and death . Franz Schneider, Berlin 1942.
• The Japanese Navy , Ed. Fritz Otto Busch with a contribution by the envoy to the Japanese embassy in Berlin. Exc. Shin Sákuma. Ship lists from Gerhard Ramlow. Beenken Verlag, Berlin 1942.
• The German Navy in combat - ships and deeds. Vier Tannen Verlag, Berlin / Leipzig 1943.
• "Prinz Eugen" in the first battle . Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1943.
• White sails - vast seas. Based on diary sheets and documents from the commandant of the sailing training ship "Albert Leo Schlageter" , together with frigate captain Bernhard Rogge , Safari Verlag, Berlin 1943.
• The secret of the "Bismarck" , Hanover 1950.
• The sinking of the "Scharnhorst". A factual report , Hanover 1952.
• Steamship in distress , Augsburg 1953.
• Storm at sea - castaways and their brave rescuers , Munich 1953.
• Heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen - The story of the happy ship , Sponholtz Verlag, Hanover 1958.
• Cleopatra's purple sail. Actium, 31 BC Chr. , Rastatt 1960.
• Marcus sails to Rome , Munich 1962.
• Storm surge at night , Munich 1964.
• Battle for Norway's fjords. Case Weser Exercise North , Ernst Gerdes Verlag, Preetz 1964.
• Disasters at sea - magazine series (n.d.): The sinking of the steamer Teeswood, The stranding of the Finnish barque “Paul”, Where is the “Nossan”? The death trip of the lifeboat "Vegesack", in the pack ice in front of Langeoog, stranded on Gross-Vogelsand.
• Viking sails off America , Hanover 1966.

• Translations (from English)

• Taprell Dorling "Endless Story" - "Damned North Sea!" Franck'sche Verlagshandlung Stuttgart, 1936.
• Sir Philip Gibbs "Ordeal in England" - "England speaks" Universitas Deutsche Verlags-Aktiengesellschaft Berlin, 1937.
• Sir Philip Gibbs "Great Argument" - "Bridge to Tomorrow" Universitas Deutsche Verlags-Aktiengesellschaft Berlin, 1938.

ANKER booklets seafaring all over the world published by Moewig Verlag, Munich

• Booklet 2 Battleship Prince of Wales. Malaya alarm.
• Issue 4 Battleship Sao Paulo. A battleship disappears.
• Issue 6 Swedish steamer Björkö. The brave radio operator.
• Book 9 Attack on Pearl Harbor. How it started
• Issue 12 US submarine Albacore. Submarine against aircraft carrier.
• Issue 19 British China steamer Haiching, Chun Lo You, the pirate.
• Issue 23 US freighter Flying Enterprise. 13 days lost.
• Issue 26 Battle Cruiser New Zealand. A ship with a talisman.
• Issue 29 Danish steamer Gustav Diederichsen. The junks of the Lai Cho San.
• Issue 32 English ferry Duke of York. Rammed at full speed.
• Issue 34 British auxiliary cruiser Rawalpindi. A brave ship.
• Issue 36 Auxiliary Cruiser Meteor. Men, mines, mackerel.
• Issue 39 British clipper Cutty Sark. A queen of the seas.
• Book 41 The Vikings. A Nordic dragon.

SOS booklets Fates of German Ships published by Moewig Verlag, Munich

• Issue 20 heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. From Greenland to the South Seas.
• Issue 24 Light Cruiser Cologne. One coat of arms - three fates.
• Issue 26 Destroyer Erich Koellner. Destroyer fight in the Ofotfjord.
• Issue 37 Destroyer Diether von Roeder. The last Narvik destroyer.
• Issue 52 Liner Oldenburg. This time it got serious.
• Issue 65 Kl. Kreuzer Regensburg. Z forward! At the Skagerrak.

Soldiers' stories special volume published by Moewig Verlag, Munich

• Issue 37 Tragedy at the North Cape. Sinking of the battleship Scharnhorst.

Der Landser in Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• Issue 111 "Admiral Hipper" in the trade war.
• Issue 139 Prinz Eugen in combat. Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• Book 148 The Narvik Destroyers. Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• Book 152 The End of the Narvik Destroyers.
• Issue 162 Light Naval Forces Course Bergen.
• Issue 170 light cruiser "Karlsruhe". Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• Issue 177 The Drama in the Atlantic. Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• Issue 187 The "White Case". Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• 197 Chess on the Ocean.
• Book 203 Assault on St. Nazaire.
• Issue 223 Battle and Fall of the Blücher.
• Issue 567 Hunting "Gray Wolves"
• Issue 606 The Battle for Narvik.
• Book 623 Destroyer Battle in front of Narvik.
• Issue 780 Convoy Chase in the Atlantic.
• Issue 786 Pirate War on Distant Seas
• Issue 912 Battleships in the Atlantic.
• Issue 928 bombs on castaways.
• Issue 1031 Hunting Gray Wolves.
• Issue 1072 Duel on the High Seas.
• Issue 1076 Between Triumph and Downfall.
• Booklet 1085 Steel "Sharks"
• Issue 1163 The Prince's Battle.

The Landser Ritterkreuzträger published by Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• Issue 13 Captain of the Sea Hermann Witt.
• Issue 105 Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.
• Issue 109 Rear Admiral Kurt Weyher.
• Issue 117 Captain of the Sea v. Ruckteschell.
• Issue 147 helmsman's mate Karl-Heinz Fischer.
• Issue 167 Rear Admiral Robert Eyssen
• Issue 169 Captain Günther Gumprich.
• Issue 181 Kapitänleutnant Fritz Julius Lemp Torpedo los.

The special issue of Landser published by Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• Issue 138 Convoy to Malta.
• Issue 150 The Laconia Case.
• Issue 156 The End of the Seal.
• Issue 162 The end of "Graf Spee".
• Issue 190 The Death of the Ocean Liner.
• Issue 194 Giant ships plow the sea.
• Book 216 The End of the Battlecruiser Hood.
• Issue 223 Blockade Breakers.
• Issue 227 the battle of the battleship Tirpitz.
• Issue 235 British dwarf submarines against the battleship Tirpitz.
• Issue 246 The end of the battleship Tirpitz.
• Issue 278 Gun thunder over the Arctic Ocean.

The Landser Grossband published by Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• Book 53 The End of Bismarck.
• Issue 62 battleships on a war march.
• Issue 67 Gneisenau-Scharnhorst-Prinz Eugen.
• Book 78 The first bombs on capital ships.
• Issue 411 The End of the Ark Royal.
• Issue 413 Bernhard Rogge.
• Issue 459 The End of Bismarck.

Soldiers comrades in the Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• Book 78 The first bombs on capital ships.
• Issue 82 Operation Berlin. Cover picture Walter Zeeden.
• Book 88 The sinking of the "Glorious"

Pabel paperback published by Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt

• The world's largest battleship is sunk in battle with Germany's battleship Bismarck.

Contra booklets in Adolf Sponholtz Verlag, Hanover

• Booklet 4 In the China Sea

As Peter Cornelissen

• The deep sea fleet ran out, in 1930 JF Lehmanns Verlag Munich.
• Cruiser in red tide, 1931 August Scherl GmbH Berlin.
• Mines and people, 1933 Brunnen-Verlag Willi Bischoff Berlin.

Fritz-Otto Busch as an illustrator

• Split ends and knots by Peter Ernst Eiffe, Carl G. Klotz Verlag, Magdeburg 1927. With numerous pen drawings by Fritz-Otto Busch

literature

• German Biographical Archive. New episode.
• Herrmann AL Degener (ed.): Who is it? Our contemporaries , 10th edition 1935.
• Werner Schuder (Ed.): Kürschner's German Literature Calendar 1958. 53rd year, Berlin-West 1958, p. 98.
• Robert Steimel: Cologne heads. Cologne 1958.
• Joseph Wulf : Literature and Poetry in the Third Reich. A documentation. Ullstein 1989, ISBN 3-550-07056-X .
• Saul Friedländer et al. a .: Bertelsmann in the Third Reich. Munich 2002.
• Entry about Fritz-Otto Busch in: Konrad Feilchenfeldt (Ed.): Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon. The 20th century. Biographical-bibliographical manual. Volume 4, Zurich / Munich 2003, p. 666.
• Christian Adam (2010): Business with heroic death: From Emperor's corvette captain Fritz Otto Busch to Hitler's submarine commander Günther Prien. In. Ders .: Reading under Hitler: authors, bestsellers, readers in the Third Reich. Kiepenheuer & Witsch online
• Rüdiger von Ancken, Lars U. Scholl : The marine painter Walter Zeeden (1891–1961), Oceanum Verlag, Wiefelstede 2016. ISBN 978-3-86927-409-6 .

Web links

• Entry at www.polunbi.de
• Literature by and about Fritz-Otto Busch in the catalog of the German National Library

Individual evidence

1. ↑ http://www.polunbi.de/pers/busch-02.html
2. ↑ The History of the Hamburger Kunsthalle ( Memento from December 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
3. ↑ See also notes on Busch's book Frances May .
4. ↑ Michael Epkenhans, Jörg Hillmann, Frank Nägler: Skagerrakschlacht: Prehistory, event, processing. (on behalf of the Military History Research Office). Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009, p. 318 The + high seas + fleet has + expired! + Busch & hl = de & sa = X & ei = ZLl9U5-pBsmFyAOL4oC4BQ & ved = 0CEsQ6AEwBQ # v = onepage & q = Busch & f = false
5. ↑ Location of the Armanen-Verlag according to: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein: Protestant religious education and national ideology: studies on the “Bund für deutsche Kirche” and the “Faith Movement German Christians” . Königshausen & Neumann, 2003 p. 151 online
6. ^ Joseph Wulf: Literature and poetry in the Third Reich: a documentation, Ullstein 1989, p. 70.
7. ↑ Dietmar Dürr: The Rosenberg Office in National Socialist Literary Policy (PDF file; 739 kB) p. 37ff. Accessed March 14, 2012.
8. ^ Joseph Wulf: Literature and poetry in the Third Reich: a documentation, Ullstein 1989, pp. 80–82.
9. ↑ Gerd Simon (ed.): The philological-historical sciences in the planning games of the SD. Publishing house of the Society for Interdisciplinary Research Tübingen (GIFT) First published January 31, 1998, slightly changed on September 1, 2010 ISBN 3-932613-06-6 p. 256 online
10. ↑ Werner Rahn : German Marines in Transition: from a symbol of national unity to an instrument of international security. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2005, p. 360 online
11. ↑ Compare the information in the catalog of the German National Library
12. ↑ After: Léon Poliakov / Josef Wulf : The Third Reich and its servants. Berlin, Vienna 1983 (reprint of the first edition from 1953) p. 447.
13. ↑ Description of the radio report "DRA-Info Audio" received ( memento from July 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) p. 36.
14. ↑ Ingeborg Römer: Ancestors and Heroes? Old Norse literature in school and youth books from the National Socialist era. Frankfurt a. M. 2010.
15. ↑ ^{a b c d} Römer 2010, p. 79.
16. ↑ Römer 2010, p. 140.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Römer 2010, p. 141.
18. ↑ Römer 2010, p. 40.
19. ↑ Römer 2010 p. 200.
20. ↑ DNB.
21. ↑ Saul Friedländer , Norbert Frei , Trutz Rendtorff , Reinhard Wittmann : Bertelsmann in the Third Reich. C. Bertelsmann, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-570-00713-8 . P. 435.
22. ↑ ^{a b c} Adam 2010.
23. ↑ NS bestseller. The favorite books of the Germans in the Third Reich In: Die Welt from August 19, 2010, accessed on May 28, 2012. Annotated list based on the study: Christian Adam: Reading under Hitler. Authors, bestsellers, readers in the Third Reich. Galiani, Berlin. Digitized edition of "Narvik" 1940
24. ↑ Saul Friedländer , Norbert Frei , Trutz Rendtorff , Reinhard Wittmann : Bertelsmann in the Third Reich. C. Bertelsmann, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-570-00713-8 . P. 437.
25. ↑ See Dietrich Müller: Book Review in the Political Context of National Socialism. Lines of development in reviewing in Germany before and after 1933, Diss. University of Mainz 2007, p. 180 f.
26. ^ Confiscated Nazi Books in the British Library
27. ↑ http://www.polunbi.de/bibliothek/1946-nslit-m.html , http://www.polunbi.de/bibliothek/1946-nslit-n.html , http://www.polunbi.de /library/1953-nslit-b.html