The soldier

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Der Landser - experience reports on the history of the Second World War
Logo from Der Landser
description German booklet novels
language German
publishing company Pabel-Moewig Verlag ( D )
First edition 1957
attitude September 13, 2013
Frequency of publication weekly
ZDB 1468710-0

Der Landser is the title of a series of war-glorifying novels published weekly by the German Pabel-Moewig Verlag ( Bauer Media Group ) from 1957 to 2013 . "Experience reports on the history of the Second World War" were announced in the subtitle. In the first place, however, they contained pseudo-documentary adventure stories that could not actually be checked, from an ostensibly non-political, subjective view of German Wehrmacht soldiers (so-called Landsern ) against the backdrop of the Second World War . The myth of the “clean Wehrmacht” was propagated in these booklets .

The Landser is considered the most successful of the war novel series in the German-speaking world. The term Landserheft is often used as a synonym for war-glorifying trivial literature , especially in Germany .

Background and story

See also Landser (soldier) for the origin of the word.

In post-war German society , the topic of war was initially not very popular. While chauvinistic heroic stories glorifying death on the battlefield made up the lion's share of youth literature during the Nazi era and were promoted by the Wehrmacht , Hitler Youth and the NSDAP , this genre almost completely disappeared from the German market after the war.

The war fiction books experienced a renaissance in West Germany in the 1950s, which is related to the abolition of Allied censorship, strong right-wing journalism and the changed political climate in the run-up to rearmament . In 1953, after the end of the Korean War , the opinion research institute Emnid reported that a majority of German citizens were in favor of rearmament. The statement made at a soldiers' meeting that the real war criminals were the Allies was approved by 46 percent of those questioned. 55 percent were of the opinion that the members of the Wehrmacht could not be reproached for their behavior in the occupied territories . This more positive attitude towards war and the military, increasing support for rearmament and a predominantly apologetic attitude towards the Wehrmacht made it seem profitable for novel book publishers such as Arthur Moewig-Verlag to bring back series on the market in which the war provides the material for entertainment. This climate of opinion, to which the publishers finally reacted in line with the market, was the result of reporting shaped by the Cold War (above all about the Korean War) and a propaganda campaign that had been staged by the then federal government since around 1950 as part of the rearmament discussion , which was initially aimed at former soldiers and later addressed to the entire population.

In 1953, Moewig-Verlag published the series SOS - Fate of German Ships and Fliegergeschichten . Anchor booklets followed a year later . Seafaring all over the world . Klaus F. Geiger commented on this thematic selection:

"It was not without reason that the war was initially played down not by stories about the army but about the navy and air force, since these parts of the army could more easily be" glorified as residues of old chivalry, as moral nature reserves. "

Peter Supf , who from 1939 was co-editor of the War Library of German Youth , which was published on behalf of the Reich Youth Leader and in cooperation with the High Command of the Wehrmacht and representatives of the armed forces, acted as the editor of the Fliegergeschichten . For SOS fates of German ships and seafaring across the world recorded Fritz Otto Busch and Otto Mielke responsible that already during the Nazi era, among other tightly Nazi-aligned Seekriegsromane had written. In 1957 Moewig started the series Soldiers Stories from Around the World and a few years later soldiers and comrades . The Erich Pabel publishing house , at that time Moewig's biggest competitor, countered in 1957 with Der Landser , "authentic reports on the history of the Second World War". The Landser , who mainly focused on the war in the East , developed into the most successful war novel series of the post-war period. To date, more than 2,800 small volume and over 1,300 large volume issues have appeared. The series was founded by the former fighter pilot Bertold K. Jochim , who worked in the editorial department until 1999, most recently as editor-in-chief. He was able to fall back on tried and tested concepts. The forerunner of the “Landser” was relocated during the so-called “ Third Reich ” in order to fill young people with the desired enthusiasm for war. After the start of the war , more than 100 issues of the “War Library of German Youth” were published on behalf of the “Youth Leader of the German Reich”, Baldur von Schirach .

Between 1956 and 1959 the number of war novel series produced rose rapidly, which can be explained by an “intermingling of profit calculation and political files” (Geiger 1974). The decisions of the publishers followed the establishment of the first Bundeswehr associations (from January 2, 1956) and the introduction of general conscription . The rearmament in connection with the link to the German Wehrmacht, conditioned by the selection of the leading officers, accelerated and legitimized the literary interest in the heroic deeds of German soldiers. The Landser was followed by other similar series at short intervals, such as Landser Großband , Landser Spionage , Knight's Cross , So Laughs the Landser and Klingender Roman der Landser (with sound foil ). "The creation of the Bundeswehr created this series," declared Landser's publisher , Erich Pabel.

Landserheft production reached its peak in 1959, after which the boom ended and the number of series fell sharply. While the propaganda aimed at increasing the approval of the German population for rearming through the rehabilitation of the German armed forces initially aroused high demand for depictions of war, this gradually subsided after the armed forces were established. From around 1955 onwards, increasing awareness of contemporary history led to a serious change in the public discourse about the “Third Reich”. While the first post-war decade can be described as the decade before research on National Socialism, in which often whitewashed "memories" shaped the image of National Socialism, a series of documentaries that were widely distributed, such as The National Socialism by Walther Hofer , published in 1957 First published with 50,000 copies and sold over 300,000 times by 1961. The research of the Institute for Contemporary History began to be reflected in various publications, and the Federal Center for Political Education (at that time still “Federal Center for Homeland Service”) increased its journalistic activities. The 14-part TV documentary The Third Reich , planned by SDR and WDR from 1959 , achieved a viewership rate of almost 60% in 1960/61, which, when converted to the distribution of the medium at that time, made up about 20% of the West German population. The Holocaust gained increasing public awareness in the second half of the 1950s. The immediate cause for the general change in mood was a series of spectacular judicial scandals in 1958, in which anti-Semitic Nazi criminals were favored by judges charged with Nazi charges and about which the media reported extensively. The Ulm task force process was of particular importance in this context .

The changed public perception of National Socialism was not without consequences for the war novel business. After the first applications for indexing had already been made in 1959 , the series of war novels came into the crosshairs of the Federal Testing Office for writings harmful to young people , which has indexed a total of 692 "crime and adventure novels", "romance and morality novels", etc. since its foundation in 1954 had, but not a single war booklet to date. These, in particular the “Landser” series from Pabel Verlag, which at that time already held a dominant position, were increasingly the subject of public criticism. At the end of the 1950s, the Süddeutsche Rundfunk called the products of the Pabel publishing house “hard national kitsch”. In a broadcast on NDR, Hans-Jürgen Usko said:

“The style, form, statement and content of the West German war literature coincide in an uncanny way with the style, form, statement and content of the reports of the so-called propaganda companies of the Greater German Reich during the Second World War - in 50 out of 100 cases not even the authors have changed. "

An attempt by the Pabel publishing house to take legal action against those responsible for a program, Der Krieg im Groschenheft , broadcast by Süddeutscher Rundfunk on July 29, 1960 , failed. The debate of 1959/60 resulted in the indexing of nine war books and six war novels (including three Landser books and two large Landser volumes). Some applications were rejected, including one, issue 77 of the "Landser" concerning:

"This is about the cheapest, lying kitsch in smear manner and with sentimental-silly interim scenes, but just nonsense, without any particular circumstances that are harmful to minors."

- Federal inspection agency: Decision No. 717

The publishers reacted to the indexing by removing the war novels from their program or by "defusing" them. Uta-Verlag , which belongs to Pabel, discontinued the series The Other Side , Moewig-Verlag reduced the number of its series to one, and Pabel-Verlag softened cover images and language. "Ten indexes of so-called 'Landser books', which mostly told of adventures that glorified or harmed war, were sufficient to induce larger publishers to self-control or change their production in this area." (BPjM).

In 1970 the Bauer publishing group took over Pabel-Verlag and in 1972 formed the Pabel-Moewig-Semrau publishing group . The merger of the former competitors was followed by a consolidation of their publishing programs, former Moewig titles such as Fliegergeschichten and SOS Fate of German Ships continued to appear under the Landser label or they were reissued in a partially changed form.

In 1999 the historian Guntram Schulze-Wegener took over Jochim's position as head of "Contemporary and Military History" at VPM Verlag.

In June 2013 Der Landser was published for the first time as an e-book in English under the title LANDSER TRUE STORIES due to the “great success and multiple demand from Great Britain and the USA” (publisher's information) . After a debate about banning the series, Bauer-Verlag announced on September 13, 2013 that it would no longer continue the series.

Authors

In addition to the series founder, the authors of the series include Kurt Ziesel , Hanns Möller-Witten , Alex Buchner , Fritz-Otto Busch , Werner Haupt , Otto Mielke , Gerd F. Heuer , Franz Kurowski , Günter Fraschka , Wilhelm Tieke and the former Defender and convicted of war crimes Heinz A. Eckert . These are mostly former NSDAP members who had already worked as a writer or journalist during the Nazi era or learned their trade in the propaganda companies , including many who wrote not only for the soldier after the war, but also for Relevant publishers from the right-wing extremist spectrum such as Schild , Druffel, Türmer or Vohwinkel . Werner Haupt and Hans Möller-Witten, for example, also worked for Gerhard Frey's Deutsche National-Zeitung or Franz Kurowski for Nation and Europe . Not infrequently, authors of the Landser were also active in so-called traditional associations or even openly right-wing extremist organizations such as the Society for Free Journalism , for example Franz Kurowski or Kurt Ziesel.

Content

A Landser magazine contains, in a novel-like form, alleged eyewitness accounts and allegedly personal experiences, mostly of German soldiers, from the Second World War. With the exception of people from contemporary history, who are often woven into the stories, the characters are fictional and heavily stereotyped in terms of outward appearance, demeanor and character. The descriptions are made from the perspective of the "common soldier", the so-called "Landser". The "Landser" is mostly an officer of middle or lower rank, since team ranks are not particularly suitable as hero and identification figures.

The plot is trivial, the good fights - the Germans and their allies - against the evil - the allies, mostly “the Ivan” - and there is a happy ending . In the end, the good wins out, and in the few cases in which the Germans lose, they do so with honor, chivalrously and heroically, which is often expressed by the authors praising them for their courage and bravery from protagonists on the other side to let. If the German side wins, it is due to tactical skills, superior fighting style or glorious heroic deeds of individuals - often "knight's cross bearers" - as well as various secondary virtues , which are primarily attributed to German soldiers in the Landser , but rarely to representatives of other armies. If the Germans lose, then only because of the material or personal superiority of the enemy, because of his unfair fighting style, because of bad weather conditions, because of wrong military decisions made far away from the front, or because it was fate. The war appears as an adventure, sometimes funny and ironic, sometimes dangerous, sometimes fatal - but you can also survive the adventure happy and unscathed. The aim of the war, the causes of which are not further questioned, is the victory of the Wehrmacht, whose view of the war is that which is ascribed to the "common soldier" in the Landser .

The Landser is a relic of the nationalist journalism of the 1950s which, in the context of the rearmament discussion, sought a fundamental revision of the image of the German soldier and his role in the Second World War. The myth of the clean Wehrmacht is continued in the booklets ; The idealization of the Wehrmacht and demonization of their opponents, especially the Red Army, are mutually dependent. The image of the “enemies”, who are mostly portrayed as anonymous masses, is shaped by national stereotypes, prejudices and racism . While politics does play a role or is even the main motivation among the opponents of the Germans, especially the Red Army, the Wehrmacht appears to be entirely non-political; National Socialism, its rites, symbols and officials are largely taboo. German war crimes , mass executions and concentration camps , Gestapo and SD do not appear in the notebooks; the Waffen-SS becomes a normal part of the Wehrmacht. The causes of war are hidden, the Second World War becomes something natural and fateful, in which one has to fulfill one's duty and prove oneself heroically, whereby the war of aggression is subtly reinterpreted as a war of defense . Contrary to the assurances of the publisher, the horrors of the war are put into perspective by the exciting and dramatic narrative style. It is suggested to the reader that these pseudo-authentic stories of alleged experiences of individuals or small groups reveal the essence of the Second World War against the background of major military events.

The Landser promises "experience reports on the history of the Second World War" and claims authenticity . The curriculum vitae of "Knight's Cross winners", information on uniforms and awards, fact sheet-like data sheets for weapons or technical equipment, sketches of battles, maps and photographs should give the "Landser" a documentary look. According to Klaus F. Geiger's investigations , especially male youths tend to believe the publisher's statements and, in contrast to crime or fantasy novels, for example, to attribute the character of the documentary to the landser more than the fictional . Over eighty percent of those questioned considered the stories in the Landser magazines to be “real” and “genuine”. The study also showed that after reading Landser texts , young people expressed negative national prejudices more often than before and were more willing to use force in an authoritarian manner. Compared to those who were not interested, “Landser interested” appeared to be generally more receptive to apologetic interpretations of National Socialism.

In 1974, Klaus F. Geiger wrote the first scientifically based, so far most comprehensive and still valid study of the Landser . At the end of the content analysis, the author may A. to the following summary:

“'If we ever get out of here' the author of a 'Knight's Cross' booklet has his role model say, 'Then those who come after us should know how it was in reality' (661, 75). It is suggested to the reader of this passage that it is a question of a war participant's promise, which will be kept through literature in the style of the 'Landser' series. On the other hand, and in contradiction to the corresponding editorial statements of intent, the content analysis has shown that the reality of the Second World War is falsified , in the sense of specifically militaristic reductions in reality in its representation: The war appears as the sum of the actions of small groups at the front - The reason, purpose and sense of the Second World War remain unnamed; the suffering is concealed and weakened, overlaid by other issues, killing and wounding disappear behind the sensitive, exciting actions that aim at them; the perspective of the description and evaluation is nationalistic, at best it is extended to the NATO plural standpoint; the common soldiers appear as the obedient sons of their exemplary superiors or as material in the hands of higher ranks, from whose point of view the events are evaluated; the actions of all are determined by practical constraints, which are defined by the goal of military victory implicit in the description and recognized by both figures and narrator-authors. ...
An essential result of the transformation of the reality of war in the magazines is the separation of the German armed forces from political and social contexts, is the tacit assumption of their innocence. The result is a clean image of the German military  ...
Among the alleged editorial goals, only the offer of 'exciting entertainment' is realized in (most of the) narratives examined. The fact that war can be portrayed and consumed as an 'adventure' refers - like many of the individual contents of the booklet - to the mixture of relatively true and false. ...
The analyzed contents of the war novels not only repeat the exploitation of the German soldiers, they also represent a betrayal of the reader, especially of the young reader. This applies with regard to the conveyed, even more so: to the concealed knowledge about the Second World War. It also applies to the valuation points of view and the behaviors presented as exemplary, which are delivered to the reader when he empathizes with the depicted exciting actions taking place in a manageable world with the desire for pleasant excitement. "

Circulation and readership

Due to the non-transparent information policy of the publisher, the circulation could only be estimated. According to Spiegel, it was around 500,000 per month in the late 1950s and then fell significantly by the early 1980s. Since the reunification the number of readers has increased again. According to the Spiegel, the circulation has been around 60,000 per booklet since the 1990s.

The literary scholar Peter Conrady gives the following figures for October 2003:

  • Der Landser (small volume): 42,000
  • Der Landser (large volume): 28,000
  • Der Landser (SOS): 20,000

According to the company, the series of magazines, which in terms of content, design and concept is closely based on the Nazi-compliant youth literature of the National Socialist era , was designed primarily for former Wehrmacht soldiers, among whom the publisher assumed a large part of its readership. However, research showed that by the late 1950s, the majority of readers were teenagers. It is estimated that by the time of reunification, around 60 to 80 percent of readers were made up of males under the age of 18. Der Landser has become a popular read, especially in the nationalist and right-wing extremist environment in East Germany .

In a publication from 1964, the sociologist Jürgen Ritsert points out that due to the intense barter market and the swap of two old for a new issue in the magazine trade and at kiosks, the number of readers cannot be estimated from the edition alone. In addition, despite the short availability in direct trade, this exchange market also ensured the long-term availability of individual issues among readers.

Advertising and advertisements

While the Landser magazines still contained classifieds customary in the industry in the early 1960s, they were almost ad-free in the 1970s. Exceptions were, in addition to the publisher's self-promotion, advertisements in which publishers and mail-order companies advertised books, illustrated books or film documents about the Second World War and the Nazi era, as well as advertisements for devotional items such as the real Wehrmacht watch :

“New: The real Wehrmacht watch is back! The successor to the incredibly robust and reliable old German Wehrmacht watch. Made by the previous manufacturer. Now with automatic self-winding and calendar. The watch that couldn't be broken. The watch that never let a "soldier" down ... "

Ernst Antoni attributes the decline in the advertising business to the publisher's non-transparent information policy. Pabel-Moewig could not get any information about the circulation of the Landser , from which Antoni concludes that the circulation should be kept secret because the publisher fears a public discussion about the influence of the series. An actual decrease in the number of copies would also be possible, as reported by Spiegel in 1998, so that the magazines became uninteresting for advertisers. Wilking suggests that the most likely explanation is that many potential advertisers did not want to be associated with nationalist ideology. It was not until the 1990s that there was an increase in advertising and classifieds in the magazines, especially for devotional merchants and right-wing small publishers, who published in the Landser "Cassettes with songs that we once sang, including völkische Schnulzen ('My comrade') of the NPD - Barden Frank Rennicke ”, as well as films and literature about National Socialism and the Second World War, for example books about“ Crimes against the Wehrmacht ”.

criticism

According to their own statements, the stories in the Landser magazines convey a critical, pacifist attitude by illustrating the horrors of war. This is often stated explicitly in a foreword or afterword to a story. However, critics consider this to be clichéd additions that have nothing in common with the values ​​actually conveyed, but are purely a protective claim in order to avoid being indexed as harmful to young people. In reality, however, the Landser is a war aestheticizing narrative that paints a false glorifying picture of the Second World War. The Mirror described the soldier in an article once called "technical body for the transfiguration of the Armed Forces," and the author Ernst Antoni sees him as a "gateway drug into the neo-Nazi scene ." In 2013, Stefan Klemp accused the Bauer Media Group in a study for the Simon Wiesenthal Center that the Landser glorified National Socialism. According to this, the war would be reduced to stories of German heroes, crimes would be deliberately ignored and soldiers of the SS division Totenkopf were staged as heroes. The Bauer Media Group replied:

“All publications of the Bauer Media Group are in accordance with the laws applicable in Germany. This also applies to “Der Landser”. [...] The Federal Testing Office for Writings Harmful to Young Persons has repeatedly checked the publication. There were no complaints. In addition, the publisher voluntarily has each issue checked for press law. The publisher attaches great importance to the fact that it neither glorifies National Socialism, nor belittles Nazi crimes. "

- Claudia Bachhausen, Head of Corporate Communications at the Bauer Media Group : newsroom.de

The Federal Ministry of the Interior announced that it would first discuss the next steps together with the Federal Ministry of Justice and the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth in order to check the content for criminal liability. According to the Federal Testing Office for Media Harmful to Young People , no issue of Der Landser has been indexed in the past 25 years .

Discontinuation of the print series

In mid-September 2013, after criticism from the Simon Wiesenthal Center , the Bauer Media Group announced that it would take the series of issues off the market and discontinue it. According to Spiegel Online, the Bauer Media Group commissioned the criminal lawyer Otmar Kury with a legal opinion in a press release : “The opinion comes to the conclusion that Der Landser is in accordance with the strict laws applicable in Germany and neither glorifies nor belittles National Socialism becomes. The Federal Inspectorate for Media Harmful to Young People had also repeatedly checked the publication in the past and had not objected to it for over 25 years ”. In the same press release, the publisher also announces the end of the publication. The allegations were taken as an opportunity to evaluate the Landser “in terms of the company's portfolio strategy”. According to estimates, the edition was "only a few thousand copies".

successor

In December 2013, the first issue of the World War I series was published as a Landser copy . Experience reports . The publisher of the fortnightly issues is the publisher Mediavari AG , which is supposed to be based in Sarnen , Switzerland, according to the imprint . But the address is incorrect and, according to the Swiss media lawyer Regula Bähler, is a violation of the Swiss legal notice . According to the data sheet of the AG foundation, the publishing house was founded by the Rostock lawyer Volker Beecken for an unnamed client. As the journalist Andrea Röpke writes in the anti-fascist information sheet , the NDR media magazine ZAPP researched "that apparently behind a crooked straw man camouflage, the publishing house Reading & Gifting by the North German far-right publisher Dietmar Munier " is hiding. On request, the Bauer Media Group stated that it had nothing to do with the follow-up publication World War I and that it had not granted any rights to others.

literature

  • Landserhefte promote the victory of inhumanity , special series from 'yesterday and today. Commemorative articles, contemporary historical contributions and reports' , Issue 14, published yesterday and today, Munich, 1965. The brochure contains a foreword by Martin Niemöller and an introduction by Egon Becker .
  • Ernst Antoni: Landser books. Pioneer for right-wing radicalism. PDI, Munich 1979, ISBN 978-3-88206-015-7 .
  • Peter Conrady : "We were before Stalingrad". Or: nothing learned from history? The Landser books of the 50s and 60s. In: Peter Conrady (Ed.): Fascism in Texts and Media: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow? Athena, Oberhausen 2004, ISBN 978-3-89896-189-9 , pp. 119-134.
  • Hendrik Buhl: Landser books. In: Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (eds.): Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” in Germany: Debate and Discourse History of National Socialism after 1945. transcript Verlag 2007, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8 , pp. 115– 117 ( Restricted online version (Google Books) )
  • Klaus F. Geiger : War novels in the FRG. Content and functions. Investigations by the Ludwig-Uhland-Institute of the University of Tübingen, Bd. 35. Tübingen Association for Folklore, Tübingen 1974, ISBN 3-925340-08-4 .
  • Klaus F. Geiger: Young people read “Landser” magazines. References to reading functions and effects . In: Gunter Grimm (Ed.): Literature and readers . Reclam, Stuttgart 1975, ISBN 3-15-010250-2 , pp. 324-341, 425-427.
  • Habbo Knoch: The Landser's Late Victory - Popular War Memories of the 1950s as Visual History Politics . In: Working Group on Historical Image Research (ed.): The War in Images - Images from War , Frankfurt a. M. / New York 2003, ISBN 3-631-39479-9 , pp. 163-186.
  • Günther Neumann: The political content of penny books. An educational and political analysis . Series of publications on history and political education, volume 18. University and school book publisher, Saarbrücken 1974, ISBN 3-450-13021-8 .
  • Gerhard Schneider : History through the back door. Trivial and popular scientific literature on National Socialism and the Second World War , in: Michael Bosch (Ed.): Antisemitism, National Socialism and Neo-Nazism . Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, Düsseldorf 1979, ISBN 3-590-18010-2 , pp. 55-96.
  • Dirk Wilking : "Der Landser" - How a man becomes a man . (PDF; 2.3 MB) In: Wolfram Hülsemann, Michael Kohlstruck (Eds.): Mobile advisory team - insights . Brandenburgische Universitätsdruckerei 2004, ISBN 3-00-015288-1 , pp. 61–95.

Technical article

  • Florian Freund, Gustav Spann: On dealing with the apology of National Socialism III. Trivial war novels and the "Weltanschauung" war in the east . In: Zeitgeschichte , Volume 10, Issue 9/10, Geyer Edition, Vienna 1982, ISSN  0256-5250 , pp. 370–392.
  • Klaus F. Geiger: Glorification of War in the Mass Media? Representations of the Second World War and National Socialism - criteria for their assessment . In: Jugendschutz heute 1978, ISSN  0721-1910 , Issue 6, pp. 1–7; Reprinted in: ajs information 1979, ISSN  0720-3551 , issue 1, pp. 1-7.
  • Bernd Lemke: Glorification in disguise. The Second World War in the "Landser" war novels . In: Newsletter of the Arbeitskreis Militärgeschichte e. V. , No. 8, December 1998, ISSN  1434-7873 , pp. 20-23.
  • Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: The World War in Groschenheft format, About the attraction of reading the Landser novels and their glorification of the Second World War . In: History in Science and Education (GWU) , 11/2005, ISSN  0016-9056 , pp. 636–641.
  • Walter Nutz: The war as adventure and idyll. Landser books and trivial war novels . In: Norbert Honsza (ed.): Studies on popular literature in the 20th century ( Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis , Volume 853 ( Germanica Wratislaviensia , Volume 62)), 1987, ISSN  0239-6661 , pp. 99-115.
  • Matías Martínez : The trivialized war. The "Landser" booklet between experience report and schematic literature , in: Jens Westemeier (ed.): "So was the German Landser ..." the popular image of the Wehrmacht, Paderborn: Schöningh 2019 (War in History; 101), ISBN 978-3-506-78770-5 , pp. 101-122.
  • Jürgen Ritsert : On the shape of ideology in popular literature about the Second World War. In: Social World, 15th year, H. 3 (1964), pp. 244-253, JSTOR 40876693
  • Gerhard Schneider: History through the back door. Trivial and popular scientific literature about National Socialism and the Second World War . In: From Politics and Contemporary History , Volume 6, 1979, ISSN  0479-611X , pp. 3–25.
  • Keyword: "Landser-Hefte" In: Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of 'Coping with the Past' in Germany: Debate and Discourse History of National Socialism after 1945. transcript Verlag, 2015 online

Press

Prohibition debate 2013

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Matthias N. Lorenz , Torben Fischer: Lexicon of "coping with the past" in Germany. Debate and discourse history of National Socialism after 1945 , transcript Verlag, Bielefeld, 2nd, unchanged. Edition 2009, ISBN 978-3-89942-773-8 , pp. 115f.
  2. ^ Frank Bösch , Constantin Goschler (ed.): Public History. Public representations of National Socialism beyond historical science , Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-593-38863-2 , pp. 126 and 261
  3. ↑ Florian Freund , Gustav Spann: Dealing with the Apology of National Socialism III: Trivial War Novels and the "Weltanschauungskrieg" in the East , in: Zeitgeschichte , 10/1983, p. 370
  4. ^ Heinz J. Galle: Groschenhefte. The history of German trivial literature. Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-548-36556-6 , p. 131ff., P. 154.
  5. ↑ Geiger 1974, pp. 206f .; further references there;
    ↑ Conrady 2004, pp. 125ff.
    ↑ See Bernhard Chiari, Matthias Rogg , Wolfgang Schmidt: War and the military in the film of the 20th century . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 978-3-486-56716-8 , p. 503ff.
    ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of "coping with the past" in Germany .
    ↑ Florian Freund, Gustav Spann: in Zeitgeschichte 1982, p. 370
    ↑ Wilfried Loth, Bernd-A. Rusinek: Transformation policy: Nazi elites in West German post-war society . Campus Verlag, 1998, ISBN 978-3-593-35994-6 , pp. 34-39
  6. ↑ Quote: Geiger 1974, p. 208
  7. ↑ Numbers taken from the editions of the publisher's website ( Memento from May 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) and rounded.
  8. ^ Heinz J. Galle: Groschenhefte. The history of German trivial literature , p. 133ff., P. 154ff.
    ↑ Cf. Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: in History in Science and Education 2005, p. 637
    ↑ Bernd Lemke: in Newsletter of the Working Group on Military History 1998, p. 20
    ↑ Cf. Dirk Wilking 2004, p. 66ff.
  9. ↑ Geiger 1974, pp. 208f.
    ↑ Conrady 2004, pp. 125f.
    ^ Heinz J. Galle: Groschenhefte. The history of German trivial literature , p. 156
    ↑ Cf. Wilking 2004, p. 68
    ↑ Quote Erich Pabel: Aus allen Rohren . In: Der Spiegel . No. 43 , 1959, pp. 76 ( online ).
  10. ↑ Wilfried Loth, Bernd-A. Rusinek: Transformation policy: Nazi elites in West German post-war society. P. 45ff.
    ^ Christiane Fritsche: Coming to terms with the past on television. West German films about National Socialism in the 1950s and 60s. Meidenbauer, Munich 2003, ISBN 978-3-89975-031-7 , pp. 85f.
    ↑ See Geiger 1974, p. 209 and p. 213
  11. ↑ Geiger 1974, pp. 227f.
  12. ↑ From all pipes . In: Der Spiegel . No. 43 , 1959, pp. 76 ( online ).
  13. ↑ Trial of Landser-Schwarten. When we can no longer call dirt dirt . In: Die Zeit , No. 37/1960. The Pabel publishing house got a rebuff . In: Die Zeit , No. 39/1960
  14. ↑ Complete list of indexed books, paperbacks, brochures and comics , as of April 30, 1993, Federal Testing Office for Writings Harmful to Young People
  15. ↑ Geiger 1974, p. 247
    ↑ Cf. Wilking 2004, p. 75
  16. ↑ Geiger 1974, p. 250
    ↑ Cf. Wilking 2004, p. 75
    ↑ Quote BPjM: Geschichte der BPjM, in the Internet archive ( Memento from November 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
    ↑ Note Jörg Weigand gives a different number of 11; in: The Second World War in a novel. Bertold K. Jochim (1921–2002) - the founder of the “Landser” series of novels ; in: JugendMedienSchutz-Report from August 2004.
  17. ↑ Conrady 2004, p. 124f.
  18. ↑ Tobias Kaufmann: Surrounded by enemies. In: taz , July 18, 2000
  19. ^ Publisher's website , in the Internet archive ( Memento from August 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) accessed May 14, 2017
  20. ↑ a b Uwe Mantel: After sharp criticism: Bauer discontinues "Der Landser". DWDL.de , September 13, 2013, accessed on September 13, 2013 .
  21. ^ Antoni 1979, p. 21ff.
    ↑ See Geiger 1974, p. 212f.
    ↑ Wilking 2004, p. 76f.
  22. ↑ Walter Nutz: The war as adventure and idyll , p. 101–111
    ↑ Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: History in Science and Teaching , 2005, p. 638ff.
    ↑ Bernd Lemke: The disguised glorification. The Second World War in the "Landser" war novels
    ↑ Conrady 2004, p. 128ff.
    ↑ Details in Geiger 1974, pp. 34–96
    ↑ Details in Antoni, pp. 34–100
    ↑ Cf. Wilking 2004, pp. 77–87
    ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” ; P. 115ff.
    ↑ Gerhard Schneider: in: Michael Bosch (ed.): Antisemitism, National Socialism and Neo-Nazism , pp. 58–75
    ↑ Günther Neumann: The political content of Groschenheften , pp. 49–62
  23. ↑ Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: in History in Science and Education 2005, pp. 640f.
    ↑ Bernd Lemke: The disguised glorification. The Second World War in the “Landser” war novels, p. 22
    ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” , p. 115ff.
    ↑ Florian Freund, Gustav Spann: in Zeitgeschichte 1982, p. 371ff.
    ↑ Wilking 2004, p. 61–95
    ↑ Conrady 2004, p. 132
    ↑ Details in Geiger 1974, p. 34–96
    ↑ Details in Antoni, p. 34–100
    ↑ Walter Nutz: Der Krieg als     Abenteuer und Idylle , p. 112ff.
    ↑ Gerhard Schneider: in: Michael Bosch (ed.): Antisemitism, National Socialism and Neo-Nazism , pp. 58–75
    ↑ Günther Neumann: The political content of Groschenheften , pp. 49–62
  24. ↑ Florian Freund, Gustav Spann: in Zeitgeschichte 1982, p. 371
    ↑ Cf. Dirk Wilking: “Der Landser” - How a man becomes a man , p. 68f.
    ↑ Details of the investigation in Geiger 1974, pp. 133–199
    ↑ Gerhard Schneider: in: Michael Bosch (Ed.): Antisemitismus, Nationalozialismus und Neoazismus , pp. 58ff.
  25. ↑ Dirk Wilking: "Der Landser" - How a man becomes a man ; P. 61
    ↑ Antoni 1979, p. 17
    ↑ Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: in History in Science and Education 2005, p. 638, p. 640
    ↑ Walter Nutz: The War as Adventure and Idylle , p. 99
    ↑ Gerhard Schneider: in: Michael Bosch (Ed.): Anti-Semitism, National Socialism and Neo-Nazism , p. 56
    ↑ Hans Wagener : Gegenwartsliteratur and Third Reich , Reclam, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 978-3-15-010269-5 , p. 265
  26. ↑ Geiger 1974, pp. 130ff .; Highlighting from the original.
  27. ↑ Wilking 2004, pp. 61–95
    ↑ Der Spiegel 1998
    ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of “Coping with the Past” , p. 115ff.
    ↑ Bernd Lemke, Reiner App: in History in Science and Education 2005, p. 636f.
  28. ↑ Conrady 2004, p. 125
  29. ↑ Ritsert 1964, p. 244.
  30. ↑ Antoni 1979, p. 16
    ↑ Wilking 2004, pp. 61–95
  31. ↑ a b c Battle-tested associations . In: Der Spiegel . No. 32 , 1998, pp. 28 ( online ).
  32. ↑ a b c d Wilking 2004, pp. 61–95
  33. ↑ Antoni 1979, p. 15ff.
  34. ↑ Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz: Lexicon of "Coping with the Past" , p. 115ff.
  35. ↑ Uwe Mantel: Bauer Media Group defends "Der Landser". DWDL.de , July 31, 2013, accessed on July 31, 2013 .
  36. ↑ a b c Bülend Ürük: Simon Wiesenthal Center accuses Bauer Media Group of glorifying National Socialism. newsroom.de, July 31, 2013, accessed July 31, 2013 .
  37. ^ World War Booklet: Bauer-Verlag discontinues "Landser" , Spiegel Online from September 14, 2013
  38. ↑ Landser is now called World War II by Andrea Röpke Antifascist info sheet 104 / 3.2014 | 11/30/2014
  39. ↑ Anton Maegerle : Overt successor . Look to the right , March 26, 2014.
  40. ↑ Steffen Grimberg, Gita Datta: World War with straw men. Contribution of the NDR media magazine Zapp v. May 14, 2013 (article and film report online ( Memento from May 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ); accessed on May 31, 2014).
  41. ↑ Michael Soukup: How the "Wehrmachtsheftli" came to Obwalden , Tages-Anzeiger , May 21, 2014
  42. ↑ Special series yesterday and today in the DNB catalog