Common fringed gentian

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Common fringed gentian
Common fringed gentian (Gentianopsis ciliata)

Common fringed gentian ( Gentianopsis ciliata )

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Tribe : Gentianeae
Sub tribus : Swertiinae
Genre : Fringed gentians ( Gentianopsis )
Type : Common fringed gentian
Scientific name
Gentianopsis ciliata
( L. ) Ma

The common fringed gentian ( Gentianopsis ciliata ), also called fringed gentian , is a species of plant from the genus fringed gentian ( Gentianopsis ) within the gentian family (Gentianaceae).

description

Illustration from Sturm: Germany's Flora
Blossom cut open: the eponymous “fringes”, the stalked ovary and the seated stigma are clearly visible
Flowers from above in detail
Habitus in the habitat

Vegetative characteristics

The common fringed gentian is a deciduous, biennial to perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 5 to 30 centimeters. The bald, square stem is upright and occasionally sparsely branched, ascending and curved at the base. There is no basal leaf rosette. Cross-opposed leaves are only a few formed. The basal sheets are spatulate and blunt. The stem leaves are one to three-veined, pointed and linear-lanceolate.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from August to November. The flowers are terminal (rarely two to four in the axils of the uppermost leaves).

The hermaphrodite flowers are four-fold with a double flower envelope . The four calyx-lobes are linear-lanceolate. The calyx are a maximum of half as long as the corolla tube. There is a connecting skin between the narrow calyx tips. The bright blue, 3 to 5 centimeters long petals are only fused relatively briefly and the four corolla lobes on the edge are clearly ciliated. The crown throat is not bearded hairy. The stalked ovary is club-shaped. The seated scar is circular.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 44.

ecology

The common fringed gentian is a mesomorphic hemicryptophyte , a stem plant with a creeping rhizome and a shallow root. The vegetative reproduction takes place by branching the rhizome. He has seasonal dimorphism , which means that differently built plants grow at different times of the year.

From an ecological point of view, these are "large funnel-shaped flowers", which attract flower visitors with their violet scent and the UV reflection of the fringed petals. The flowers are male and varied; so there is heterostyly . The flowers are only formed when there is sufficient light. The pollination is done by bees and butterflies .

In the case of capsule fruits , the elastic fruit stalk, which is greatly elongated after ripening, and the calyx serve as a vestibule; therefore they spread as wind and animal spreaders. Fruit ripening takes place from September to October.

Herbarium evidence

Occurrence and endangerment

The common fringed gentian is widespread in Central and Southern Europe , Western Asia and the Caucasus . In Austria it occurs frequently to dispersed in all federal states from the submontane to the subalpine altitude range .

It especially thrives on lime-rich , stony clay and loam soils . The main distribution after Oberdorfer is pre-alpine (area type ), more precisely in the montane-subalpine deciduous and coniferous forest area of ​​the southern, central and eastern European high mountains. It occurs in many mountain regions up to an altitude of 2250 meters. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises to the Glasfelder Kopf up to an altitude of 2200 meters.

Semi- arid grasslands , limestone grasslands , sheep pastures or pastures in general and heaths are preferred as locations . At lower altitudes, locations are mostly limited to grazed, moderately dry limestone grasslands of the Gentiano-Koelerietum. At higher altitudes the common fringed gentian occurs in plant communities of the order Seslerietalia albicantis.

In Germany the common fringed gentian is protected according to the Federal Species Protection Ordinance and was classified in category 3 = "endangered" in 1996 in the Red List of Germany's endangered plant species.

Systematics

The first publication was made of this kind in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Gentiana ciliata by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, page 231. The new combination to Gentianopsis ciliata (L.) Ma was done in 1951 by Ma Yuquan in Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica , Volume 1, p. 15.

There are some subspecies of Gentianopsis ciliata (selection):

  • Gentianopsis ciliata subsp. blepharophora Holub : It occurs in Turkey.
  • Gentianopsis ciliata (L.) Ma subsp. ciliata
  • Gentianopsis ciliata subsp. doluchanovii N.M.Pritch. : It occurs in northern and eastern Russia.

According to Euro + Med 2011, the accepted name is Gentianella ciliata (L.) Borkh. published in Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen : Archive for Botany (Leipzig) , Volume 1 (1), 1796, p. 29, so belongs there to Gentianella .

Common names

Other German-language trivial names are or were Wilder Bittersüss ( Tyrol near Fusch ), Bläueli ( Bernese Oberland ), Gülden Aurin ( Mark Brandenburg ) and Himmelsstengel ( Switzerland , Swabia ).

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 . (Section Description and Occurrence)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ordinary fringed gentian. In: FloraWeb.de. last accessed on February 25, 2013
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  757-758 .
  3. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 346.
  5. ↑ Matthias Hilligardt: The fringed gentian (Gentianella ciliata L.) in the nature reserve Mangerwiese-Wotanseiche , Office for Environmental Protection Pforzheim: full text PDF with distribution map .
  6. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ^ A b Gentianopsis ciliata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b c d Entry at Euro + Med : Karol Marhold, 2011: Gentianaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . last accessed on January 24, 2016
  9. ^ Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants , published by Philipp Cohen Hannover 1882, page 161.

Web links

Commons : Common Fringed Gentian ( Gentianopsis ciliata )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files