History of Lustenau

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The history of the Vorarlberg market town of Lustenau is mainly characterized by centuries of independence as a free imperial court of the Holy Roman Empire , by its special role as a border community to Switzerland and by the strong influence of the Rhine on the fate of the residents.

Lustenau had been under the rule of the Counts of Hohenems since the late Middle Ages and only finally came to Austria in 1830. With the introduction of the embroidery industry at the end of the 19th century, an economic boom set in, which was favored by the Rhine regulation and made Lustenau the largest market town in Austria.

Pre-Roman and Roman times

A permanent settlement in the Lustenau area during the Stone Age is considered unlikely. A Neolithic stone ax made of diorite from around 2000 BC found in the bed of the Rhine at the beginning of the 20th century . Chr. Should rather indicate the function of Lustenau as a crossing point over the Rhine.

In 1813, Roman coins were discovered in Lustenau near the Torfgraben . This was the first documented discovery of a Roman coin hoard in what is now Vorarlberg. All the coins found are now considered lost. The documentation of this find was scientifically inadequate, so that today it is almost impossible to date the coins correctly. Most likely, however, they come from the reign of Emperor Constantius II. For a long time, this coin find was viewed as evidence that a battle in the year 355 between the troops of Emperor Constantius II and the Alemannic Lentiens took place in the Lustenau area. However, this thesis is no longer scientifically tenable today. Numerous Roman coins were also found later; these finds were hardly or not at all documented.

middle Ages

Lustenau was first mentioned in a document

A from the Carolingian Emperor Karl III. (the thick) in "Lustenoua" on July 24th, 887 is the oldest documented mention of the name "Lustenau". In the year 888 (according to other sources 890) Karl's successor, King Arnulf of Carinthia , gave the imperial court Lustenau to the Count of Linz and Argengau , Ulrich IV. From the Udalrichinger family , who resided in Buchhorn (today's Friedrichshafen ). He bequeathed the farm to his descendants, the Counts of Bregenz .

Lustenau fell back to the empire in the later 12th century. In 1323 Lustenau was in pledge possession of the Counts of Werdenberg .

Emperor Ludwig IV. (The Bavarian) confirmed in 1334 the status of the Lustenauers as free imperial people and stipulated that neither the Vogt nor the pledgee were allowed to demand more than the usual imperial taxes from the Lustenauers. This secured the imperial immediacy of the court.

Lustenau owned by the Counts of Hohenems

On April 20, 1395, the Werdenbergers pledged the Zwingenstein fortress and the Lustenau farm with all associated rights to knight Ulrich II of Ems for 5300 pounds of Heller .

During the Old Zurich War in 1445, the Appenzellers devastated the entire area of ​​the Reichshof, so that the population had to flee to Lindau . Lustenau was burned down a second time as early as 1499, this time during the Swabian War . In 1522, the Swiss Confederation tried to redeem the pledge from the Emsern via Lustenau and thus build a bridgehead over the Rhine, but Marx Parakeet von Ems was able to prevent this through his good relationship with the Habsburgs. Finally, on March 2, 1526, he converted the pledge into a final purchase.

On January 6th, 1593, Widnau-Haslach on the left bank of the Rhine (the area of ​​today's communities Widnau , Schmitter and Au ) was separated from Lustenau, but due to the uneven distribution of land, property on the right bank of the Rhine was also granted, the so-called Swiss Ried . In 1649 the community Widnau-Haslach bought the tax exemption of these areas for 1,200 pounds from Hohenems Count Karl Friedrich, which massively increased the tax burden of the Lustenau population, who were already in distress due to the Thirty Years War . The resulting Swiss disputes between Lustenau and Widnau-Haslach intensified over the years due to the increasing impoverishment of the farmers due to new wars and often led to violent clashes. Only when the tax exemption was abolished by Emperor Charles VI. 1739 put an end to the conflict. The plots in question in the Lustenau municipality are still owned by the Swiss municipalities of Widnau and Au.

What is striking is the extremely low number of witch trials in Lustenau compared to the surrounding courts. Only one execution in Lustenau is documented in the entire history of the witch hunt. Historians attribute this to the fact that witch trials fell within the competence of the foreign court in Hohenems. The Lustenau population evidently avoided appealing to this court and thereby curtailing their own sovereignty.

In 1617, Count Kaspar von Hohenems issued a letter of protection expressly allowing Jews in Hohenems to practice their religion freely and to participate in trade. The resulting Jewish community in Hohenems soon showed its traces in Lustenau, which had the same landlord. In 1649, 15 Lustenau residents were already indebted to Hohenems Jews. In another letter of protection in 1657, the Jews were for the first time expressly given permission to trade in Lustenau. In the 18th century, Jews played an increasingly important role in the horse, cattle and loan trade in Lustenau, while they were practically excluded from buying property. Around 1750 their share in the Lustenau debts was already 20%. The Jewish presence in the community was strengthened by the fact that in 1750 in the rest of Vorarlberg and in 1760 in Liechtenstein a trade ban for Jews was issued, so that their sphere of activity in the area was practically limited to Hohenems and Lustenau. Only the later political development from 1806 was to end Lustenau's special position in this regard.

On the map of the Austrian Oberamt Bregenz from 1783, Lustenau is shown as part of Hohenems, as the Habsburgs denied Lustenau's independence.

When on November 6, 1759 with Franz Wilhelm III. the male line of the Counts of Hohenems died out, the county of Hohenems fell back to the empire as a settled imperial fiefdom , while Lustenau could be inherited as an allod property in the female line. Maria Theresa , who had received Hohenems as a fief, questioned Lustenau's independence and in 1766 raised a claim to the Reichshof. Franz Wilhelm's heir, Maria Rebekka von Hohenems, had a complaint filed with the Reichshofrat against Austria's attacks on the still independent Lustenau. Regardless of this, Maria Theresa ordered the erection of an Austrian coat of arms column in Lustenau and the homage to the state by the Lustenau population, which was also carried out on May 8, 1767. Eventually Maria Rebekka gave in to the pressure and stopped her legal action. Lustenau fell temporarily under the rule of the Habsburgs.

The marriage of Maria Rebekka's only daughter, Maria Walburga , with Clemens Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg brought a strong ally at her side into play. On September 9, 1784, she obtained the resumption of the proceedings at the Reichshofrat, which decided on January 24, 1786 that Lustenau was independent and that Austrian claims were invalid. Despite this clear judgment, Maria Rebekka had to make some concessions in view of the factual superiority of Austria before the independence of the Reichshof was restored on March 22, 1790 by a state treaty between Austria and Lustenau.

Countess Maria Rebekka revoked serfdom in Lustenau in 1795 - 13 years after it had been abolished in Austria.

Lustenau becomes part of Austria

The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 completely changed the political landscape within the Holy Roman Empire. A large part of the smaller territories that were previously directly imperial had been added to a neighboring large principality through secularization or mediation , and the viability of a sovereign, independent Lustenau seemed increasingly endangered. On March 3, 1803, the community asked Emperor Franz II in a memorandum to be placed under Austrian protection, but this did not happen for the time being.

Lustenau was therefore still - as the last place in today's Vorarlberg - not under Habsburg rule. When the Habsburgs Tyrol and Vorarlberg had to cede to Bavaria in the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 , Lustenau was consequently not affected. After Franz II laid down the imperial crown on August 6, 1806 and thus sealed the end of the Holy Roman Empire , Lustenau became a completely independent state under the rule of Countess Maria Walburga Waldburg-Zeil-Lustenau-Hohenems.

As early as September 1, 1806, the royal Bavarian possession of sovereignty took place in Lustenau, so the sovereignty was already over after 26 days. The community was added to the Dornbirn Regional Court , the lower jurisdiction ( patrimonial court ) remained with Countess Maria Walburga. In 1813 she sold all her rights in relation to Lustenau to her husband, Count Clemens Waldburg-Zeil-Lustenau-Hohenems .

When Vorarlberg fell back to Austria in 1814, a conflict developed between Bavaria and Austria over the question of Lustenau's affiliation with Vorarlberg. When the Lustenau community administration asked again - as in 1803 - for admission to the state of Austria, the Austrian military occupied the place. The patrimonial jurisdiction, however, remained with Count Clemens Waldburg-Zeil. It was not until his heir Maximilian offered the waiver in 1827. With the solemn handover of the court files on March 22, 1830, Lustenau finally became Austrian.

The name of the restaurant “Schmugglar” recalls the lively smuggling activity by the Lustenau residents in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Already during the Bavarian period, but especially since it belonged to Austria, a lively smuggling activity developed due to the proximity to Switzerland, which was paid for with their lives by several Lustenauers. The reputation of being a people of smugglers clings to the Lustenauers to this day, but is now humorously treated as part of folklore.

Economic growth up to the First World War

During the term of office of the community leader Josef Fitz, the new division of the community grounds and the drainage of the vineyard fall

In December 1806, on the initiative of the poorer strata of the population, the parish grounds ( common land ) were divided among the inhabitants of Lustenau, but the individual parts were indivisible and inalienable and could only be passed on to the youngest son. These regulations brought a considerable potential for conflict in the families and a growing dissatisfaction in the community, so that after years of dispute and negotiations a new division was finally put into effect on February 17, 1837. This time it was divided according to head instead of families, and the parts became the free property of the recipients, meaning that they could be freely divided, pledged, sold and inherited.

After decades of planning, an extensive network of drainage canals was built between 1843 and 1848 under the direction of district engineer Martin Kink , which significantly improved the agricultural usability of large parts of Lustenau - including and above all the newly divided former community grounds. Together with the regulation of some streams in the municipality and the surrounding area and the constant improvement of the flood dams on the Rhine, this marks the beginning of the economic upswing in the municipality, which at that time was still one of the poorest in Vorarlberg.

From the opposition that germinated in 1848 against the mayor Josef Fitz, who was in office from 1824 to 1828 and from 1834 to 1860, and the resulting split into an “old party” (his supporters) and a “new party” (his opponents) emerged in Lustenau two political camps, which, however, could not initially be assigned ideologically. Only after Austria was transformed into a constitutional monarchy in 1861 did a two-party system consisting of liberals and conservatives gradually develop, which was to remain predominant for decades.

The first bridge over the Rhine was opened in 1867 between the village of Rheindorf and the Swiss municipality of Au. The railway bridge followed in 1872 and the second road bridge in 1875.

The brothers Johann and Josef Hofer set up the first flat stitch hand embroidery machines in Vorarlberg in 1869 . This was the starting signal for the over 100 years of dominance of the embroidery industry in Lustenau. Ten years later there were 322 such machines in the community, in 1885 there were already around 700. With a pioneering role in the conversion to the more modern Schiffli embroidery machines, the Lustenau residents were able to expand their dominant position: in 1908, one third of these machines in Vorarlberg was in Lustenau. Widespread illegal child labor also in the larger companies and a tendency to self-exploitation with regularly over 12 working hours per day, especially in the small family businesses, were the downsides of this economic upheaval.

Flood at Gasthaus Engel in Lustenau, 1890

The economic boom in the entire Vorarlberg Rhine Valley was thrown back by the flooding Rhine, most recently with three devastating flood disasters in the years 1888 and 1890. The state treaty concluded between Austria and Switzerland in 1892 on the regulation of the Rhine and the one completed in 1900 to fulfill it So Fußacher Durchstich were an essential factor in stabilizing the burgeoning prosperity.

On June 13, 1902, at a time when Lustenau was the third largest municipality in Vorarlberg after Dornbirn and Bregenz, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated the town to a market town.

Political life in Lustenau at that time was characterized by a polarization between the liberal-Greater German association of the old parties and the conservative-clerical Constitutional Catholic political casino , with the former largely representing the community council due to the curiae suffrage . The Social Democrats, on the other hand, could never really gain a foothold. In a municipal council election in 1902 they did not get a single vote, and several social democratic meetings that should have taken place in Lustenau had to be relocated to Switzerland because no inn could be found that would have allowed the use of a room for them.

In 1902 the Dornbirn – Lustenau electric railway was put into operation, and in 1903 the first bus line opened. Lustenau has been electrified since 1905. Due to the building boom, street names were introduced in 1908. The opening of the Vorarlberg inner Rhine canal on April 27, 1910 set another milestone in flood protection.

The outbreak of World War I in 1914 put an abrupt end to the upswing. Domestic demand for the luxury item “embroidery” collapsed suddenly, and exports were no longer possible for the most part due to trade restrictions and the British naval blockade, plus an increasingly serious shortage of raw materials. Six weeks after the start of the war, 1720 Lustenauers were unemployed, 1618 of them in the embroidery industry.

236 soldiers from Lustenau were killed in the First World War.

First republic and corporate state

Result of the referendum on the connection of Vorarlberg to Switzerland

After the collapse of the Austrian monarchy, calls for the country to join Switzerland quickly became loud throughout Vorarlberg. The Lustenau teacher Ferdinand Riedmann was able to take the lead in this movement, and in the referendum on May 11, 1919 , approval for the Anschluss in Lustenau, at 89.9%, was significantly higher than the national average of 80.7%. When, despite everything, the failure of the initiative due to political reality soon became apparent, its support in Lustenau waned just as quickly as in the rest of Vorarlberg.

The universal and equal suffrage, which replaced the curiae suffrage in 1919, also temporarily ended the supremacy of the liberal Greater German camp in Lustenau. In all elections in the interwar period, the Christian Social Party received the most votes. When the latter just lost an absolute majority in 1929, a coalition of Greater Germans and Social Democrats elected the liberal Greater German Karl Bösch as mayor.

On January 2, 1931, a local group of the NSDAP Austria ("Hitler Movement") was founded in Lustenau , which in the beginning was largely recruited from the members of the liberal Greater German gymnastics club in 1880 . Its clubhouse, the Jahn gym, therefore also became the main venue for the numerous lectures and rallies that followed. From autumn 1931 several communist meetings took place, also with the participation of Russian communists. In the spring of 1932 a local group of the KPÖ was founded . As in all of Austria, the National Socialists were able to achieve much greater approval than the Communists. In the state elections of November 6, 1932 - the last democratic election before the Second World War - the KPÖ achieved 4.3% of the vote in Lustenau. The NSDAP received 14.4% of the vote. The onset of the crisis in the textile industry gave the National Socialists a further upswing in the next few months.

After the Austrian-wide ban of the KPÖ and the NSDAP in May and June 1933, their supporters were forced into illegality. The communists, who with 14 members (1937) maintained a stronghold in Lustenau by Vorarlberg standards, were persecuted with extreme severity and sentenced to imprisonment for minor offenses - such as sowing garden cress in the form of a Soviet star. While the communist resistance against Austrofascism was limited to pure “counter-propaganda”, the National Socialists resorted to terror: from December 1933 a series of bomb attacks were directed against functionaries and supporters of the Christian Socials. Alongside Dornbirn, Lustenau developed into a focal point for illegal National Socialist activities, and the Jahn gymnasium was repeatedly cleared by the police and closed by the authorities. Because of his membership in the Greater German People's Party, which openly sympathized with the National Socialists, Mayor Karl Bösch came under increasing pressure and resigned on February 15, 1934. The community council was dissolved and Josef Peintner, who was appointed government commissioner, was appointed the sole representative of the community. After the assassination of the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss , the crackdown on the National Socialists was intensified throughout Austria, and the structures of the NSDAP in Lustenau were largely smashed.

The ongoing economic crisis drove more and more Lustenauer into insurance fraud in the 1930s. After a noticeable accumulation of fires in well-insured, old, dilapidated houses, the state fire insurance institute offered a reward for identifying deliberate arsonists.

National Socialism and World War II

On March 12, 1938 Lustenau received a provisionally appointed NS mayor. With several large rallies, the NSDAP tried to create the mood for the upcoming vote on the " connection " to the German Reich. On April 10, 1938, 98.9% of those eligible to vote in Lustenau voted to join the German Reich. Lustenau was above the state average of 98.1% in Vorarlberg, but below the national average of 99.7%.

Immediately after the connection, Lustenau was given strong preference for public investments - for example in drainage projects - and government grants. Similar to other municipalities, a settlement with 101 apartments was built for South Tyrolean optanten in the autumn of 1940 , but these were mainly used by other people, as immigrants from South Tyrol could not find jobs in Lustenau. A number of other large construction projects had to be canceled unfinished because of the Second World War , such as the new construction of the Lustenau train station as the “main exit gate of the German Empire to Switzerland” or the expansion of the “Mittelstrasse” through the town center, or they remained in the planning stage at all, such as the New construction of the town hall or the central cemetery.

The embroidery industry came to a complete standstill due to Germany's political isolation. The precarious economic situation of the community was made worse by the fact that Wild Heerbrugg closed its branch in Lustenau in autumn 1938 and around 170 jobs were lost in one fell swoop. However, the Munich company CA Steinheil & Söhne took over the staff and set up a branch in Lustenau, which between 1939 and 1945 mainly dealt with armaments orders.

From 1942, forced laborers were also used in Lustenau , most of them at CA Steinheil & Sons, but also in agriculture and in local small businesses.

Memorial for the victims of the National Socialist dictatorship in Lustenau

There is no evidence of organized resistance against National Socialism in Lustenau. However, a large number of cases of individual opposition are documented, which were punished with arrests, with the delivery to a concentration camp or even with the death penalty. The actors of this individual resistance were representatives of the Catholic Church and exponents of the former corporate state as well as social democratic and communist workers. There was no Jewish part of the population in Lustenau, as Jewish life in Vorarlberg was concentrated on Hohenems and the cities.

On May 1, 1945, a French low-flying aircraft set fire to a house; this was the only significant war damage in Lustenau. Mayor Oskar Alge then raised white flags in the community. The district administration in Dornbirn immediately deposed the mayor, ordered the flags to be retrieved and threatened to have the SS set fire to all the flagged houses with bazookas. On May 2, 1945, French troops finally marched into Lustenau and were welcomed without resistance, even warm-hearted according to descriptions by French soldiers.

439 Lustenauers died in the Second World War, most of them in 1944 and 1945. Three Lustenauers died in bombing raids outside Lustenau, and 32 Lustenauers died after the end of the war in captivity or as a result of injuries.

Lustenau in the Second Republic

Up to 600 French soldiers were stationed in Lustenau in the first months of the occupation, most of them housed in the school buildings. Contemporary witnesses describe the relationship between the population and the occupiers, who mainly come from Morocco , largely as positive. There were also sexual relationships between local women and Moroccan soldiers, and in the spring of 1946 the whole of Vorarlberg recorded an above-average number of extramarital births. On the other hand, the residents of Lustenau repeatedly complained of theft or vandalism by the occupation soldiers, which in view of the already scarce supply situation caused particular displeasure: in the first weeks after the end of the war, not only the residents and the occupiers had to be supplied in Lustenau, but also 1,500 foreign forced laborers, prisoners of war and refugees. Most of the occupation troops are likely to have left Lustenau again between 1947 and 1949.

For the purpose of denazification , a group of Lustenauers with a noticeably high proportion of Social Democrats formed a "Freedom Committee", which later became part of the Vorarlberg-wide "Austrian Democratic Resistance Movement, Land Vorarlberg". As in the rest of Vorarlberg, industrialists in particular experienced relatively great indulgence when assessing their role in the Third Reich - anything else would have meant the closure of a large number of companies and a sharp rise in unemployment.

Politically, the situation followed seamlessly from the time before annexation to Germany. Especially with the ÖVP and the WdU (later FPÖ ), but also with the SPÖ , the leading figures were consistently known from the respective predecessor organizations of the interwar period. The distribution of votes in the first elections was also very similar to the results of the First Republic. However, the climate for discussion between the parties was completely different. Mayor Josef Bösch proved to be a man of compromise and consensus. A few years after the end of the war, embroidery flourished again - still the most important pillar of the Lustenau economy - and the community was able to afford some important investments, including a secondary school, a new town hall and the Reichshof stadium .

A generation change in municipal politics only came about in the course of the municipal council elections in 1960, when a conflict between the now 71-year-old Josef Bösch and Ulrich Fitz, who was 30 years younger, deeply divided the ÖVP and Robert Bösch, the laughing third, split the FPÖ up to 114 votes to the ÖVP. With the support of the SPÖ, the only 38-year-old Robert Bösch was elected mayor on April 23, 1960. He held this post for 22 years. During the sixties and seventies the community of Lustenau changed its face significantly: the booming embroidery industry - in 1970 two thirds of Vorarlberg's embroidery exporters were based in Lustenau - brought prosperity to the population and considerable investment opportunities for the public sector. During the term of office of Mayor Robert Bösch, among other things, the construction of three elementary schools, a secondary school, a commercial academy, three kindergartens, an old people's home and a sports and recreation center with a park, ice rink and tennis courts. The opening of an autonomously managed youth center in Lustenau can also be traced back to his initiative. Other projects, such as the creation of an attractive town center or the construction of the Bodensee expressway , failed due to political resistance.

In 1982 the Austrian embroidery industry was at its peak, with exports to Nigeria alone reaching a value of three billion schillings. This value halved within a year. For Lustenau, a realignment of economic policy was necessary, which was carried out by the targeted settlement of technology companies in two newly created industrial areas.

The two other FPÖ mayors in Lustenau, Dieter Alge and Hans-Dieter Grabher , who followed Robert Bösch , were, like their predecessors, clearly assigned to the party's liberal camp. Especially after the rise of Jörg Haider , the Lustenauer FPÖ increasingly distanced itself from the line of the federal party. With the construction of the Reichshofsaal, Dieter Alge was able to set an important positive accent for the development of the Lustenau cultural and club landscape. Hans-Dieter Grabher, who was initially very popular, increasingly lost support in the population due to the implementation of highly controversial decisions such as the closure of the maternity hospital or the redesign of the church square.

In the mayoral elections in 2010, Kurt Fischer , an ÖVP candidate for the first time in 50 years, won the mayor's office in the first ballot. In the municipal council election held at the same time, the ÖVP managed a landslide victory and won an absolute majority.

literature

  • Elmar Vonbank, Josef Grabherr, First Scheffknecht and Ludwig Welti: Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Market town of Lustenau, Lustenau 1965.
  • Alfred Bösch (editor); Culture department of the market town of Lustenau (ed.): Lustenau and its history, Vol. 1–4, culture department of the market town of Lustenau, Lustenau 1988-1996.
    • Volume 1 .: Alfred Bösch: Lustenau and his schools 1988.
    • Volume 2 .: Erich Schneider: Music and Theater in Lustenau 1989, ISBN 3-900954-01-1 .
    • Volume 3 .: Adolf Bösch: Our community archive, church history in Lustenau, the field names of Lustenau . 1992, ISBN 3-900954-02-X .
    • Volume 4 .: Adolf Bösch: Tales from the old Lustenau 1996, ISBN 3-900954-04-6 .
  • Hannes Grabher: Customs, legends and chronicles . Ed .: Cultural department of the market town of Lustenau. Second edition. Marktgemeinde Lustenau, Lustenau 2002, ISBN 3-900954-05-4 .
  • Ludwig Welti: History of the imperial county Hohenems and the imperial court Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930.
  • Wolfgang Scheffknecht: 100 years of the market town of Lustenau . Marktgemeinde Lustenau, Lustenau 2003, ISBN 3-900954-06-2 .
  • Franz Stetter and Siegfried König: Lustenauer family book . 3 volumes. Federsee-Verlag, Bad Buchau 2012, ISBN 978-3-925171-96-3 ( online in a continuously updated version ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Elmar Vonbank : Prehistoric and early historical witnesses from the landscape around Lustenau . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 13-52 .
  2. Robert Rollinger : Franz Joseph Rosenlächer, Roman coins from Lustenau and the beginning of preoccupation with Roman history in Vorarlberg - a search for traces . In: Vorarlberger Verlagsanstalt (ed.): Montfort (quarterly for the past and present of Vorarlberg) . 2002, issue 1. Dornbirn 2002, p. 7–31 ( online [accessed October 23, 2013]).
  3. Elmar Grabherr: The external political development of Lustenau . In: Vorarlberger Verlagsanstalt (ed.): Montfort (quarterly for the past and present of Vorarlberg) . 1979, issue 2/3. Dornbirn 1979, p. 178-185 ( online [accessed October 23, 2013]).
  4. Ludwig Welti : History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 1 .
  5. Josef Grabherr, Ernst Scheffknecht: Kaiser Karl III. in Lustenau . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 60 .
  6. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 84 f .
  7. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 24 .
  8. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 47 f .
  9. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 95 .
  10. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 63 ff .
  11. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 86 f .
  12. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 177-211 .
  13. Archive discussion and presentation of the New Year's papers . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (Ed.): Lustenauer Gemeindeblatt . No. 19 , 2014, pp. 7 ( online [accessed May 8, 2014]).
  14. Karl Heinz Burmeister : The Jewish community in Hohenems and its effects on Lustenau . In: Vorarlberger Verlagsanstalt (ed.): Montfort (quarterly for the past and present of Vorarlberg) . 1989, issue 3/4. Dornbirn 1989, p. 289-301 ( online [accessed October 25, 2013]).
  15. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 155-179 .
  16. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 199-232 .
  17. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 421 .
  18. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 261 f .
  19. ^ Ludwig Welti: From the Carolingian royal court to the largest Austrian market town . In: Marktgemeinde Lustenau (ed.): Lustenauer Heimatbuch . I. Volume. Lustenau 1965, p. 311 .
  20. Hannes Grabher : Customs, sagas and chronicles . Ed .: Cultural department of the market town of Lustenau. Second edition. Lustenau 2002, ISBN 3-900954-05-4 , p. 256 f .
  21. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 264-267 .
  22. Ludwig Welti: History of the Reichsgrafschaft Hohenems and the Reichshof Lustenau . Ed .: Historical Commission for Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein (=  research on the history of Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein . Volume 4). University publishing house Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, p. 269-300 .
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