San José mine disaster

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San José mine disaster (Chile)
Mina San José
Mina San José
Santiago
Santiago
Location of the accident site in Chile

The San José mining disaster occurred on Thursday, August 5, 2010 at 2 p.m. ( UTC − 4 ) in the San José copper and gold mine, 45 kilometers northwest of Copiapó in Chile . The spiral stretch, which collapsed as a result of a mountain fall, trapped 33 miners 700 meters underground. The mine , which was opened in the 19th century, had already suffered accidents and was closed at times. Safety requirements were only partially met. The trapped people were reached with the first rescue drilling after two weeks of complete seclusion. At that time, they were about 700 meters below the surface and about 5 km from the mouth hole . After 69 days it was possible to free all trapped miners with an internationally acclaimed rescue operation.

Mine

Mina San José was opened in 1889 and was last operated by the Compañía Minera San Esteban Primera . The annual production was around 1200 tons of copper until the accident  .

After a fatal accident at work in 2007, the mine was temporarily closed and later released under certain conditions, including a weather shaft to be equipped with drives . But the mining company did not have the rescue shaft equipped with trips, nor did officials check compliance with the requirement. If the requirements were met, the trapped miners would have had the opportunity to get outside through this weather shaft two days after the mountain fall. Only then did further collapses finally block access to the shaft.

Track collapse

Diagram of the disaster mine

The surveying Steiger Luis Urzúa described during the first conversation with the Mining Minister Golborne collapsing as follows:

«Veinte (minutos) para las dos de la tarde se vino el cerro hacia abajo. Nosotros estábamos preocupados por los compañeros que iban saliendo con un camión que iba a cargado; después llegó el tierral y como en cuatro o cinco horas que no podíamos ver qué es lo que había, en qué situación estábamos. Luego vimos que estábamos atrapados por una enormous roca en toda la pasada del túnel »

“Twenty minutes before 2 p.m. the mountain collapsed. We were concerned about the pals who were driving out in a loaded truck; after that came the cloud of dust and for about four or five hours we couldn't see what was going on, what position we were in. Then we saw that we were trapped by a huge rock in the whole passage of the route. "

- Luis Urzúa : Colombian newspaper El Tiempo of August 22, 2010

After the collapse between the 105-m- sole and the 44-m level 32 Chilean miners and a Bolivian Bergmann were enrolled. They first tried to escape through a weather shaft . They climbed 400 meters up to the 235 m level, where they could not go any further because a rescue ladder was missing, which should actually be there. Another landslide two days later destroyed parts of the weather shaft.

The miners withdrew to the shelter at a depth of around 700 meters. Despite the broken weather shaft, fresh air came to them through old mines and cracks in the mountain. They divided the available space into bedrooms and dining rooms and chose a location 200 meters down the ramp for the emergency. Their vehicles and miner's lamps donated light . Because of the better air circulation, they did not choose the shelter, but the route as a lounge. There, too, the temperature is above 27 ° C with a humidity of up to 80%  .

They still had the food they had brought with them: tins of fish, canned peaches, milk and cookies. The shift supervisor, Luis Urzúa, ordered a ration of a spoonful of fish, half a biscuit and half a cup of milk per 48 hours for each of those trapped. With the help of still working machines, they successfully dug for water.

By the time the rescue holes reached them, they had lost seven to ten pounds and used up their supplies to the last ration. Many complained of eye irritation due to the high concentration of dust in the air.

Search work

The rescue teams try to hit the shelter or a stretch at a depth of 700 m with large drilling rigs .

The rescue work began immediately after the collapse. The conveyor ramp was blocked by broken masses about 2000 meters from the mouth hole and the rock was unstable. When trying to contact the survivors through the weather shaft, another break on August 7th put the rescuers in danger.

As a result, rescue boreholes were drilled in nine different places over the course of the day in order to reach the shelter set up for such emergencies and other possible locations for survivors. Four core holes (progress 20 m / day) were directed towards the stretch in front of the shelter, another hole should reach the workshop at a depth of 400 m . The other four holes (percussion drilling method, progress 100 m / day) were directed towards the shelter. The rescue work was made more difficult by the fact that the mountains were riddled with cracks of unknown locations.

The newest drill was moved to its most promising position on August 8, but had drifted in the wrong direction for the 312 meters that had been drilled by Monday. On the second attempt they reached a cavity at a depth of 509 meters after seven days, but the lowered camera showed nothing but an empty room. On the third attempt they changed their position and drilled out of an inconspicuous gorge. At 5:40 am local time on August 22, 2010, one of the drilling workers noticed that his drill was working without resistance. They lowered the drill and measured a cavity height of 3.80 meters. At 6:30 a.m., all machines were turned off and the drill hit three times. One heard an answer in a moment. It took four hours to pull up the 108-piece drill rod, a total of 688 meters in length. On the last section of the rod there was a plastic bag attached with adhesive tape that contained two pieces of paper: a letter from a miner to his family and a piece of paper with the inscription "We 33 are fine in the shelter" .

Life in the collapsed pit

The trapped miners, among them the former Chilean national soccer player Franklin Lobos , were provided with the essentials through the borehole until they could be rescued through a new borehole with a larger diameter. In order to optimize communication and care for those trapped, two more small holes were drilled in the following days, as it was assumed that they would have to remain in the shelter for a longer period of time until they were rescued.

The group leadership by the shift supervisor, Luis Urzúa, was confirmed by the 33. There was a daily gathering of survivors to co-ordinate life underground. The group elder, Mario Gómez (63), was responsible for the spiritual guidance - a corner was set up for daily prayers. The underground medical management was carried out by Yonni Barrios (alias Johnny Barrios), who had acquired medical knowledge while caring for his diabetic mother. He carried out the vaccinations against tetanus and diphtheria underground.

The electricity for light was obtained from the batteries of the mining vehicles, which were available in the kilometers of accessible tunnels and shafts around the shelter. On the one hand, water was obtained from mountain water that was collected in the shovels of the clearing equipment, and on the other hand, cooling water from the vehicles was drunk. The high temperatures created a high demand. A daily supply of 4 liters was sought via the supply shafts, but this has only been possible since the breakthrough of a larger rescue bore on September 17th. The air quality was initially problematic so that the miners stayed outside the 50 m² shelter. When a second core bore was reached, air enriched with oxygen was blown in over it.

Upper end of the supply hole

Bags with glucose drinking solution were initially provided via the first core drilling . Sedatives were used against the intestinal cramps caused by the insufficient supply. However, the survivors had already lost 8 to 9 kg of weight in the 17 days up to reaching the first core drilling. About 1.5 m long bags, called palomeras (pigeon nests), with supplies were lowered through the first core hole. On September 17th, a rescue hole 30 cm in diameter reached the trapped.

Psychologists described the mood as relatively good after the discovery, also because roles and responsibilities were clear and it allowed the miners to concentrate on daily goals. Three groups were divided up: one group worked on the drill shafts and distributed the palomeras, a second group took care of security work and reinforced the shelter and access points against further collapses, and the third group took care of medical issues. When drilling the rescue shaft with the Schramm T-130XD during the expansion phase, 500 kg of rubble per hour had to be cleared away by the miners in the shaft - this is seen as beneficial for psychological stability.

Rescue work

Artist's impression of the rescue with the Dahlbusch bomb (1963, by Helmuth Ellgaard )
The Phoenix 2 escape pod - exhibited in Copiapó

The buried miners were individually rescued with a modified version of the Dahlbusch bomb . This was first used in 1955 in a mine accident in Gelsenkirchen and later in the Lengede mine accident . Three rescue holes were drilled with different drilling rigs.

Plan A: Strata Raisebore 950

The state copper company CODELCO ordered from a mine in Saladillo, near Los Andes , the large drill Strata Raisebore 950 to San Jose, thereby saving a bore with 66 cm diameter to sink . In the Saladillo the machine was used to drill weather shafts 160 m deep and 5.2 m in diameter. The Raisebore 950 can drill holes down to a depth of 1000 meters with a maximum advance of 20 meters per day. According to the engineer André Sougarret, who was responsible for the rescue, the recovery was expected to take about three to four months, and the buried miners should be involved in the recovery work. The rescue well began on August 30, 2010 after a delay of several days.

Plan B: Schramm T-130 XD Telemast

The rescue management also considered opening two alternative rescue routes. The first was to widen one of the three existing 12 cm supply holes, namely to drill the hole that the workshop had made to a diameter of 25 cm and later to a diameter of 70 cm, which should facilitate and improve the supply of miners. The second alternative was to drill closer to the buried subjects in a more stable location within the mine; this bore would have been only 300 meters long.

On September 17, 2010, the second bore with a diameter of 30 cm was completed up to the workshop. The Schramm T-130 drill rig that was used had progressed faster than anticipated. The trapped miners were provided with a gala dinner on the Chilean national holiday thanks to the larger bore. Subsequently, the bore hole was enlarged to a diameter of 70 cm.

Plan C: RIG-422D

As a third option, a RIG-422D from the Canadian company Precision Drilling was set up - although it had not yet started drilling when the Schramm T-130 had already broken through. According to Mining Minister Laurence Golborne , the huge drill, which had to be loaded onto 42 flatbed trucks , required a floor space the size of a football field (approx. 60 × 80 m) and is normally used for oil production. In contrast to the other drilling rigs, the drilling direction can be precisely controlled - the directional drilling motor can hit an area the size of an A4 sheet of paper at a depth of several hundred meters. The drill drives a 60 cm wide drill pipe in one pass, as fast as the Strata-950, and the submerged drill pipe is stable, while the uncovered drill shaft of the Strata-950 can give way.

Drilling work

On October 2, 2010, all three machines were in operation. The first borehole (Plan A, Strata-950, target depth 702 meters with 90 ° shaft) came to 575 meters (82%), but this was the pilot borehole that had to be expanded later. The second borehole (Plan B, Schramm-T130, target depth 638 meters at 82 ° shaft) was 399 meters (63%). The third hole (Plan C, RIG-422, target depth 597 meters at 85 ° shaft) had reached 180 meters (30%), but this hole was the only one that would have been wide enough to lower the escape capsule in the first penetration .

Originally it was estimated that the rescue drilling would take around 4 months (Plan A), so it was already considered a challenge to get the miners up by around Christmas 2010. However, the drilling work progressed much faster than expected.

On October 9th, the Schramm T130 succeeded in reaching the miners again. This time the drill hole width of 66 cm required for the deployment of the escape capsule was also achieved. Before the operation, however, it was checked whether the borehole still had to be lined with steel pipes, the total weight of which would be 150 t. This would have delayed the rescue by six to eight days. This was to prevent rocks from falling on the escape pod or blocking the borehole. However, according to information from the Chilean Mining Minister Laurence Golborne, the escape capsule could also get caught on this casing. Should the ascent then begin, the miners would be on the way up in about 15 minutes.

Extending the miners

Shift leader Urzúa alongside President of Chile

On October 13th, all buried miners were brought to the surface one after the other with the Fénix 2 escape pod (German: " Phönix 2"). This capsule is a further development of the Dahlbusch bomb from 1955 and was equipped with an intercom system and an autonomous breathing air system. The rescue capsule has a diameter of 53 centimeters, resulting in an annular gap of 6.5 centimeters to the rescue bore of 66 centimeters. The guide rollers attached to the capsule run in it, which ensure smooth, quiet rope travel and protect the borehole wall from excessive wear. The Fénix 2 is one of three capsules built by engineers from the Chilean Navy with support from NASA .

The shaft hoisting system consisted of a headframe and a shaft winch from the Austrian company ÖSTU-Stettin from Leoben , which also provided the operating personnel.

Florencio Ávalos was the first miner to reach the surface safely on October 13, 2010, shortly after midnight (local time), and the last shift supervisor, Luis Urzúa , left the mine at 9:55 pm (local time) on the same day. With the final exit of the six-person rescue team, the rescue work was completed.

Since the drilling proved to be relatively stable, the rescues could be carried out at increasing speed. The exit of the last six rescuers only took about two and a half hours.

The next day after the rescue at the hospital for a press meeting with the president.
Ten days later in the Blue Room of the Presidential Palace with Chile's President and his wife.
Then the rescued play a game of football with their rescuers in the national stadium.
Surname Age Time of rescue
(local time) 		Duration
h: mm
1. Florencio Ávalos 31 October 13 00:11 0:51
2. Mario Sepúlveda 40 October 13, 1:10 am 1:00
3. Juan Illanes 52 October 13, 2:07 am 0:57
4th Carlos Mamani 23 October 13, 3:11 am 1:04
5. Jimmy Sánchez 19th October 13, 4:11 am 1:00
6th Osman Araya 30th October 13, 5:35 am 1:24
7th José Ojeda 46 October 13, 6:22 am 0:47
8th. Claudio Yáñez 34 October 13 7:04 am 0:42
9. Mario Gomez 64 October 13, 8 a.m. 0:56
10. Alex Vega 31 October 13, 8:53 a.m. 0:53
11. Jorge Galleguillos 56 October 13, 9:31 am 0:38
12. Edison Peña 34 October 13 10:13 0:42
13. Carlos Barrios 27 October 13 10:55 0:42
14th Victor Zamora 33 October 13 11:32 am 0:37
15th Victor Segovia 48 October 13, 12:08 pm 0:36
16. Daniel Herrera 27 13 October 12:50 0:42
17th Omar Reygadas 56 October 13 13:39 0:49
18th Esteban Rojas 44 October 13 2:49 pm 1:10
19th Pablo Rojas 45 October 13 3:28 pm 0:39
20th Dario Segovia 48 October 13 3:59 pm 0:31
21st Yonni Barrios 50 October 13, 4:31 pm 0:32
22nd Samuel Ávalos 43 October 13 5:04 pm 0:33
23. Carlos Bugueño 27 October 13 5:33 pm 0:29
24. José Henríquez 54 October 13, 5:59 p.m. 0:26
25th Renán Ávalos 29 October 13 6:24 pm 0:25
26th Claudio Acuña 44 October 13 6:51 pm 0:27
27. Franklin Lobos 53 October 13, 7:18 pm 0:27
28. Richard Villarroel 27 October 13, 7:45 p.m. 0:27
29 Juan Carlos Aguilar 49 October 13 8:13 pm 0:28
30th Raúl Bustos 40 October 13, 8:37 pm 0:24
31. Pedro Cortez 26th October 13 9:02 pm 0:25
32. Ariel Ticona Yáñez 29 October 13th 9:30 pm 0:28
33. Luis Urzúa 54 October 13 21:55 0:25

Consequences of the accident

On August 10, 2010, the Chilean President Sebastián Piñera dismissed the director of the Chilean mining authority Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile , also called Sernageomin, their department head for mining and the head of the responsible regional mining authority. On August 30, the regional representative of the Ministry of Health Secretaría Regional Ministerial in the Atacama region resigned. On July 28th, he approved the reopening of the mine.

For the time being, Sernageomin withdrew 18 mines from mining permits due to non-compliance with legal standards. Either the shelters, the ventilation or the two necessary escape routes were missing . These measures mean the loss of 300 jobs.

The government ordered a safety at work commission to develop measures to improve working conditions, especially in the mining industry. The laws, safety and hygiene standards should be checked and it should be ensured that compliance with the regulations is monitored by the competent authorities. Also, the Congress appointed a commission of inquiry.

reception

Chile's President promises to save the "33"

The events near the city of Copiapó were initially considered to be another national tragedy after Chile was only shaken in February 2010 by the fifth-strongest earthquake ever recorded, with 521 dead and 200,000 homeless. The news that the miners were still alive pleased the whole country and in several cities the fire departments let their sirens wail. According to the El País newspaper, out of respect for the miners and their families, the government has banned the publication of images showing the miners' weight loss.

Worldwide media reported intensively on the accident and the rescue measures. More than 1,700 journalists were present during the recovery. Communication scientist Mauricio Tolosa criticized the fact that reporting sometimes followed the rules of a reality show : "An enclosed group, a camera that follows them and a selection of images that nobody knows what criteria are used to hit them." in a reality show, however, the miners do not give express consent to the distribution of their images. There are also signs that the miners are suffering from the events. Sepúlveda said of the media hype : "When I think back to the beautiful moments that we experienced and the people I learned to love, I would rather be there again". Tensions in families, alcohol abuse, sleep problems and panic attacks are also reported.

Some of the miners acted as media stars after the accident. Edison Peña impersonated Elvis Presley on the late night show on US talk show host Letterman, while others danced with Mickey and Donald at Disney World. Some, including Luis Urzúa, the foreman of the troop, visited the Pope and the Holy Land. On the anniversary of the rescue, a number of international media reported the fate of the miners. After that, many would not be doing well even a year after the rescue operation. Edison Peña, the Elvis impersonator, was admitted to a clinic in the fall of 2011 for alcohol addiction. Since the accident, two of the miners have been selling vegetables at the Copiapó market . One of the 33 miners had disappeared for months, but reappeared in October 2011. Jimmy Sánchez, the youngest of the 33 workers, said he was doing better underground. Many of the former miners could not cope with the loss of popularity in their own country. Mario Sepúlveda, who was the second to get out of the escape pod, complained that the public thought they were "rip-offs". Sepúlveda advises managers on how to behave in crisis situations. Most of the other miners hoped to capitalize on the film and book rights, which were sold in 2011 to Mike Medavoy , producer of Black Swan , and journalist Héctor Tobar . In 2015 the film 69 Days of Hope was released.

The 33 had not received any compensation until October 2011, the lawsuits against the mining company and the state were still ongoing. In March 2012, the state and the mining company reached a settlement of US $ 5 million as compensation for the salvage costs that the state had to bear. The total was less than a quarter of the cost, but was the maximum the company could pay. 14 men were granted a special pension, they receive around 350 euros per month.

President Piñera did not attend the celebrations marking the first anniversary of the rescue, but gave a speech on the second anniversary. On that day, a five-meter-high cross was unveiled on the now closed mine.

The song Human Spirit by the Scottish musician Amy Macdonald is about saving the miners. It was released on the album Life in a Beautiful Light in June 2012 .

See also

literature

  • Jonathan Franklin : 33 men, buried alive . The exclusive inside story about the Chilean miners. Bertelsmann, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-570-10094-3 (American English: The 33. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz, Werner Roller).
  • José Henríquez: 70 days underground . I never stopped believing in a miracle from God. Brunnen, Gießen 2012, ISBN 978-3-7655-1187-5 (American English: Miracle in the mine . Translated by Anja Findeisen-MacKenzie).
  • Héctor Tobar : Deep Down Dark . Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York City 2014, ISBN 978-0-374-70920-4

Web links

Commons : San José Mine Disaster  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ C. Galindo: Una explosión de roca provocó el derrumbe. El País , August 26, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 (Spanish).
  2. ^ Buried miners in Chile: two spoons of tuna every 48 hours. In: Spiegel Online. August 23, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  3. ↑ a b Buried miners - rescue can take months. In: Welt Online. August 24, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  4. ↑ Gobierno chileno reprocha la actitud de los dueños de la mina siniestrada. (No longer available online.) In: LosTiempos.com. August 23, 2010, archived from the original on August 26, 2010 ; Retrieved on August 26, 2010 (Spanish, website of the Bolivian newspaper Los Tiempos, from Cochabamba).
  5. ↑ Miners in Chile could not escape because of the lack of a ladder. (No longer available online.) In: Stern.de. August 24, 2010, archived from the original on September 2, 2010 ; accessed on October 22, 2016 .
  6. ↑ 'Señor presidente, no nos abandonen', le dijo minero atrapado a Sebastián Piñera vía telefónica. El Tiempo , August 22, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 (Spanish).
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  10. ↑ Equipo Qué Pasa: Heroes. Nelson Flores: Operador de sondaje de Terraservice. (No longer available online.) Que Pása magazine, August 27, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved October 10, 2010 (Spanish).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.quepasa.cl  
  11. ↑ Joy in Chile: 33 miners trapped 17 days are alive. (No longer available online.) In: Yahoo News. August 22, 2010, archived from the original on August 24, 2010 ; accessed on October 10, 2010 (English).
  12. ^ A b Laing, Aislinn and Nick Allen: Chile miners give video tour of cave. The Daily Telegraph , August 27, 2010, accessed August 27, 2010 .
  13. ↑ First rescue drilling reaches buddy. (No longer available online.) In: Stern.de. September 17, 2010, archived from the original on October 17, 2010 ; Retrieved October 10, 2010 .
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  20. ↑ Rescue drilling in Chile has started. NZZ Online, August 31, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  21. ↑ Confirman “plan B” for sacar a mineros atrapados en mina San José. El Mercurio newspaper, August 28, 2010, accessed August 31, 2010 (Spanish).
  22. ↑ Se esperaba que esta madrugada comenzaran faenas de perforación. (No longer available online.) La Nación , August 30, 2010, archived from the original on November 7, 2014 ; Retrieved August 31, 2010 (Spanish).
  23. ↑ "Gift" for Independence Day: The first well reaches miners. In: n-tv.de. September 17, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  24. ↑ Georg Küffner: Buried buddies: drilling and flushing. Only one unit of two machines drills efficiently. In: FAZ.NET. September 24, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  25. ^ San José Mine Rescue Operation. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Ministry of Mining, Republic of Chile, p. 5 , archived from the original on July 7, 2011 ; accessed on October 10, 2010 (English).
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  27. ↑ Conny Bischofberger: "We owe this masterpiece to Austria". (No longer available online.) In: kurier.at. October 15, 2010, archived from the original on October 17, 2010 ; Retrieved October 16, 2010 .
  28. ^ Conny Bischofberger: Chile: Four Austrians as media stars. (No longer available online.) In: kurier.at. October 14, 2010, archived from the original on October 16, 2010 ; Retrieved October 16, 2010 .
  29. ↑ Technology: Cable winch from Leoben company in use. In: derStandard.at. October 13, 2010, accessed October 17, 2010 .
  30. ↑ Jubilation as Chile mine rescue ends. Profiles. BBC, October 13, 2010, accessed October 17, 2010 .
  31. ↑ Eight hours of rescue brings eight miners freedom. CNN, October 13, 2010, accessed October 17, 2010 .
  32. ↑ Piñera destituye plana mayor de SERNAGEOMIN. El Mercurio de Valparaiso, August 11, 2010, accessed August 23, 2010 (Spanish).
  33. ^ San José Mine in Chile: First personnel consequences. In: Sueddeutsche.de. August 31, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  34. ↑ Chile cierra 18 minas por falta de seguridad tras el accidente de Copiapó. In: Spanish newspaper El País. August 25, 2010, Retrieved August 26, 2010 (Spanish).
  35. ↑ Chile: Umbilical Cords for the Like Newborns. In: FAZ.NET. August 24, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  36. ↑ Philip Frank, Elisa Simantke, Sandra WeissK: How dangerous is the situation for the buried miners? Der Tagesspiegel, August 26, 2010, accessed October 10, 2010 .
  37. ↑ The Miracle of Chile: Rescue can take three months. Frankfurter Rundschau, August 23, 2010, accessed on October 10, 2010 .
  38. ↑ Chilean miners: The misfortune as a media event. Zeit, October 13, 2010, accessed October 14, 2010 .
  39. ↑ "I'd rather be down there again" Spiegel Online from October 24, 2010
  40. ↑ http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/chilebergarbeiter100.html ( Memento from October 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
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  42. ↑ Luis Andres Henao: Chile marks second anniversary of mine collapse ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , WashingtonExaminer.com, August 5, 2012, accessed December 20, 2012  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / washingtonexaminer.com
  43. ↑ Jens Bauszus: Amy Macdonald - "Life In A Beautiful Light". The timeless beauty of the Anti-Gaga. focus.de, June 12, 2012, accessed on August 17, 2012 (record review).

Coordinates: 27 ° 9 ′ 36.7 ″  S , 70 ° 29 ′ 48.4 ″  W.