Good Hebscheid

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Gut Hebscheid in 2011

Gut Hebscheid is a listed manor in Aachen- Lichtenbusch , near the German - Belgian border crossing on the federal highway 44 . The property is entered in the list of architectural monuments in Aachen-Forst . In the encyclopedic representation The Art Monuments of the Rhine Province and the Bibliography général Les délices du duché de Limbourg , Hebscheid is described as a remarkable secular architectural monument .

In addition to the historical importance, the current use deserves attention. In an exemplary project for the Aachen region , Hebscheid has been serving the rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities since the turn of the millennium.

Historical meaning

A bird's eye view of Gut Hebscheid from the east
Hebscheid - a pond surrounded by moats and ponds

The historical fort was built in the Middle Ages as a pond house with an economy . The living tower carries a chimney which, according to tradition of her age as a demarcation between the Duchy of Limburg , the Duchy Jülich and the Kornelimünster Abbey served. It is processes such as enfeoffment, inheritance, marriage, purchase, division, foundation, donation, and forcible occupation that have determined the fate of these territories over the centuries. After all, in the 18th century the emperor in Vienna, the elector in Munich and the abbot in Kornelimünster were sovereigns and owners of Hebscheid.

It was this exposed location as a border point between the territories of sovereign princes that gave Hebscheid its historical importance until the 19th century. On behalf of the French government, the engineer and geographer Colonel Jean Joseph Tranchot surveyed and mapped the region in 1804/07. The sheet 95 Eynatten shows Hebscheid with the age-old territorial boundaries between Limburg, Jülich and Kornelimünster, meet the the chimney of the mansion.

It is this territorial interdependence to which the court owes its first documentary mention. Several lay judges' certificates of the Hochbank Walhorn , an administrative district in the Duchy of Limburg, have been preserved, which mention Hebscheid as a border point. The earliest is set to be in 1391. In another document dated October 19, 1423, King Sigismund confirmed Hebscheid as a border mark almost in literal agreement with the lay judges' protocol from Walhorn. Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy , who inherited Limburg, also tested the chimney of Hebscheid as a border point on August 12, 1431.

In the centuries that followed, Hebscheid repeatedly appeared in lay judges' letters, tax lists, fief books , court records and other documents - albeit in different spellings. Even in the year books for Prussian legislation, jurisprudence and legal administration from 1835 the apex of the border on Hebscheid is described.

The name and its meanings

The name Hebscheid is a compound that is interpreted differently. First of all, the basic word ... divide a territorial border, a road or watershed. Another interpretation is related to the settlement. During the major clearing in the 12th and 13th centuries Numerous settlements with the syllable ... Scheid in the name emerged on the left bank of the Rhine . The word is interpreted differently: it can mean the land that has been separated for the settlement or the name is related to the older Celtic / Gallic word keiton / cetum in the meaning of forest / heather . This interpretation is also supported by the fact that Hebscheid was also called Vorstbusch at the end of the Middle Ages , actually a duplication for forest , which is to be understood here in the sense of Busch (forest) near the church village Vorst. It is that Vorst or forest that is mentioned in a deed of ownership from the Lords of Schönforst from 1369. In the place name Burtscheid there is also the basic word –scheid : In the earlier spelling, Burtscheid was called borcetum - meaning either forest on Biberbach, forest on brown brook, forest for pig fattening. Similar elements in the formation of place names that indicate location and settlement are the basic words ... rod , ... hagen or ... busch . The latter is preserved in the place name Lichtenbusch , the district of Aachen to which Hebscheid today belongs.

The determinant Hep- / Heb- could be derived from a proper name as it appears in the Old High German anthroponyms Habi , Habo or Happo . It is less likely that the determiner can be traced back to the definite article in Dutch het (das). In any case, the name also suggests that Hebscheid existed well before it was first mentioned in a document. It should be noted that there is another Hepscheid in Walhorner Land - a village in the municipality of Amel , Malmedy district .

The owners of the farm

Hebscheid was a knight's fiefdom that was owned by low-ranking nobles until the end of the 18th century. The feudal lord and owner - in Hebscheid these were the dukes of Jülich and Limburg as well as the abbot of Kornelimünster - let the feudal sub-owner own and use the property, who in return had to pay the feudal lender in kind or in cash. Upon the death of the Lord ( Herr case ) or the vassal ( man case ), the successor had to re-borrow against and the landlord pay homage . This process was recorded in feudal books or fiefdom registers, for example Theodor von Brachel was enfeoffed with Hebscheid in 1729 and was sealed in Schönforst's fief book. However, fiefs became hereditary in the early Middle Ages, so that there was a right to fief. Initially, only the sons of knights who were capable of holding arms and who were in full possession of the honor were considered capable of feuding. If these conditions were not met, a lieutenant was required. When Johann de Corte von Landau was enfeoffed with Hebscheid in 1657, he was presumably appointed as the fiefdom of the Hebscheid heiress, Gertrude von Bock, who was not fully defensible as a woman.

Gut Hebscheid - the coat of arms of the von Bock / von Goltstein and von Brachel / von Hompesch families in the gateway

The owners of the manor in the early days are not known. The first preserved document from 1431 alloy Aachen alderman Peter Buck of the four Aachener monasteries, including the Augustinian Monastery Aachen , the Hofgut Vorst bush or Hebscheid. As early as 1459, the three other monasteries sold their shares to the Augustinians , who had already acquired the neighboring Schellartshof with forest in 1431, partly by donation and partly by purchase. In 1544 Junker Colyn von Bock or Colin Buck is named as the owner, he is probably the builder of the manor house. In a notarial act of January 13, 1537 it is confirmed that the Junker married Catharina von Weims, called Wambach. According to the fiefdom register of the Aachen Marienstift , the marriage still existed in 1565. In another entry from 1574, Catharina von Weims is named as the widow of Colyn Buck. However, this is opposed by the fact that the Keilstein in the gateway from Hebscheid bears the alliance coat of arms of Bock - von Goltstein with the year 1544. That would speak for a liaison between the Junker and the respected House of Goltstein, whose family seat was Burg Goltstein in the Duchy of Jülich.

Except for a short interlude (1657), the farm was passed on from generation to generation through inheritance or marriage over more than 200 years (until 1780). Colyn's son, Johannes von Bock, was the owner at the beginning of the 17th century. At least now, the von Bock family bears the title of baron. Johannes von Bock was married to Margarethe Katharina von Lysur (Lisoir) in Freilingen. The daughter Gertrude, named in a purchase contract in 1651 as the daughter of Hebscheid , was her first marriage to Johann Crümmel von Eynatten zu Raaf. After his death (before 1637) she married Hermann Adrian Theodor von Hanxler. Her marriage property was Hebscheid. In 1657 Johann de Corte von Landau was enfeoffed with Hebscheid. It is not known what relationship existed between Gertrude von Bock and Johann de Corte. The circumstances that led to Johann de Corte being enfeoffed are also unclear. It is possible that Gertrude von Bock took Johann de Corte as her fiefdom holder for Hebscheid, because as a woman she was not fully feeble.

Then the estate came to the von Brachel family by marriage. The daughter of Gertrude von Bock (married. Crümmel / v. Hanxler) was Agnes Isabella Crümmel von Eynatten zu Raaf. In 1649 she married Philipp von Brachel zu Angelsdorf. This family was now named after the new property v. Brachel to Hebscheid . In the Prussian nobility lexica there are corresponding entries about the family of the Barons von Brachel or Brackel:

This noble family split up into the houses Hebscheid, Angelsdorf, Breidtmar, Oberembt etc.

Philipp von Brachel and Agnes Isabella Crümmel von Eynatten had seven children. Two sons inherited the Hebscheid estate. Initially Johann Lambert, who was enfeoffed with Hebscheid in 1692. Brother Karl Theodor Egide took over the farm from him. His son, Friedrich Theodor Egide von Brachel, received the Hebscheid and Oberembt estates . He married Anna Luise Elisabeth von Hompesch zu Rurich and immortalized himself and his wife in 1736 in the alliance coat of arms above the gate to Hebscheid. The couple left two daughters. The older daughter Wilhelmine Franziska, the wife of the Electorate Lieutenant Colonel and Jülich Land Commissioner Johann Wilhelm Theodor Freiherr Kolff von Vettelhoven since 1752, inherited the knightly seat of Oberembt and the free estate of Hebscheidt, the value of which was estimated at 3,500 Reichsthaler. Baroness Wilhelmine von Brachel was still the owner of Hebscheid around 1780.

After 1780 an English Count de Rice appeared. His personal details are not known, only it is known that he was traveling from Ireland with 15 families and that he had big plans. He wanted to build a racecourse ... for the education and entertainment of the strangers and similar season guests, a large and comfortable place was to be set up in the city-Aachian area ... He bought 700 acres near Brand and Stolberg . To this end, he leased some manors for 100 years, including Hebscheid. However, his project failed and he became insolvent. Before he went into hiding, de Rice signed all of his rights - including those to Hebscheid - to Baron Joseph Wilhelm Ghysens in 1788 and disappeared.

In 1792/94 the troops of the French revolutionary government occupied the region. The territories on the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France. According to a consular resolution of 1802, the church and imperial nobility on the left bank of the Rhine lose their sovereign rights and privileges. Spiritual and secular landlords are expropriated, and their property is declared a national property (bien national) .

From 1803 to 1813 the auctions of national goods took place in Aachen, the capital of the Roer department . The lists of the national goods to be sold have been preserved. Hebscheid was in aristocratic ownership, but was not expropriated because the French administration left the landed property to the lower nobility.

The secularization caused a reallocation of the Company and a redistribution of property and assets. The new early industrial elite followed in the footsteps of the feudal lords and acquired the monasteries, castles, country estates and goods of the outcasts - they are the upper-class factory owners, merchants and tradesmen. Hebscheid, too, came into bourgeois hands after more than 400 years in aristocratic ownership. Hebscheid was no longer the summer residence of noble families. The new owners handed the farm over to tenants for management.

Johannes Joseph Fell was around the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Century owner. In the list of prelates of the cathedral chapter at the royal crown pin - later the High Cathedral of Aachen - he was named as honorary canon and archivist.

On the 9th Ventôse of the year XI (February 28, 1803) Johann Joseph Fell sold the farm to Konrad Gotthard Pastor, cloth manufacturer in Burtscheid. He came from the respected Pastor family , who were active in the international cloth trade in the city of Aachen as early as the 14th century. The ancestors adopted the Lutheran denomination in the 16th century and emigrated to the territory of the free imperial abbey of Burtscheid. The Pastor family's cloth and needle factories were soon one of the most important companies here. The factory owner and landowner Konrad Gotthard Pastor died in 1816, his brother Wilhelm Anton took over Hebscheid. He too was a cloth and needle manufacturer and landowner. After his death in 1818, the farm went to his wife Katharina Elisabeth born. Fabricius. The Prussian original cadastre from 1825 shows Wittib Wilhelm Pastor as the owner.

Hebscheid remained in the possession of the Pastor family until 1878. Then the property went to the industrialist Robert Hasenclever , head of the Rhenania chemical factory in Stolberg- Atsch . It is said that he acquired the Hebscheid and Schellartshof farms at the same time and paid 30,000 thalers (90,000 marks) for them. Hebscheid passed on to his son Edwin in 1902. He was married to Irma Prym , daughter of the company William Prym GmbH & Co. KG, also based in Stolberg . Edwin Hasenclever died in 1928, heiress was his wife Irma Hasenclever nee. Prym. Since she had no direct descendants, she left the farm to the Hasenclever community of heirs in the 1960s; from whom Josef and Elisabeth Zintzen, tenants on Hebscheid, bought the farm together with their son Herbert in 1978.

Hebscheid had lost so much ground through division and road construction that the farm could no longer exist as a full -time business. The farm was closed in 1988 after more than 600 years of existence, but a new concept was found that can secure the future of the farm. In 2000, the Hebscheid estate became the property of VIA zu Aachen. The non-profit organization is dedicated to the rehabilitation and integration of people with disabilities. As part of the rehabilitation through work concept , organic horticulture is now practiced at Gut Hebscheid , the historic buildings are used for catering . WABe eV Diakonisches Netzwerk Aachen has been responsible for the Hebscheid project since 2005.

House and yard

Gut Hebscheid in Codex Welser 1723

Hebscheid was built as a pond house in the source area of ​​the Holzbach. This gave the farm a constant supply of water for the moats and ponds that surrounded it on three sides. In addition, water was introduced from an abundant spring on the Dachsberg - field name am Pütz . The moats and ponds are still preserved at the beginning of the 19th century, as the Tranchot map from 1807 shows. In the bibliography générale on castles and mansions in the Duchy of Limburg, Hebscheid is described as château-ferme , as a manor. It would also be appropriate to classify it as a fortified farm - ferme fortifiée - a widespread form of medieval building that can often be found in Belgium and northern France.

The earliest depiction of the court goes back to the Freiherr von Brachel. He had his knight's fief included in the Codex Welser , an early topography of the Duchy of Jülich from 1723. However, the image of the courtyard does not correspond to reality, but was made according to stereotypical templates.

With regard to the structural condition of the courtyard, three events are remarkable: the house burned down around 1430, the economy went up in flames in 1880 and at the end of the 20th century decay threatened the house and the courtyard. In 1880 the owner Robert Hasenclever had the economy rebuilt. At the same time the house was modernized . On the courtyard side and to the west, the medieval windows were replaced by large, rectangular windows in stone frames. The three-storey porch received a hipped roof with a wooden gable porch on support beams for the elevator. To emphasize the representative character of the house, a ridge tower was added to the roof. The third important event is the structural renovation of the house and yard in the 1990s by the Kolping Educational Institute in Aachen.

The manor house from the 16th century, which is attached to the farm yard to the south, is a two-storey residential tower laid out at right angles, with three storeys in front of the courtyard. The masonry consists of Walheim limestone - also called bluestone . Of the historical substance of the house, the Gothic cross-frame windows in the east wing are worth mentioning, the only ones in their original state in the area of ​​the historical Schönforst estate.

The residential tower is a permanent house, the raised structure of which granted some protection in terms of fortification. At the same time, the tower offered a certain level of living comfort, all rooms could be heated by open chimneys. The center of the house was the large kitchen on the ground floor. On the upper floor, the rooms already show the modest living culture of the late Middle Ages. Mention should be made of a large living room with a Cologne ceiling , the hall. According to tradition, the officials of the landlords of Limburg, Jülich and Kornelimünster are said to have met in the hall for their official duties. All windows had booths - an indication of the old age of the house, because side seats in the window alcove were from 12./13. Common to the end of the 15th century.

The oblong farm yard is enclosed on three sides by buildings. The west wing of the economy consists of a barn and a cowshed. After the fire of 1880, the natural stone fire ruins were torn down and replaced by brick buildings made from a field fire. The east wing, the old forge, has been preserved in its original form. The east and west tracts of the economy are connected by a battlement-reinforced fortification wall that protects the courtyard from the land side. The alliance coats of arms of the von Bock families (1544) and von Brachel (1736) can be seen in the limestone setting above the gateway.

Agricultural

Hebscheid was obliged to pay taxes to the three landlords and the church. In a register of interest and leases from the Schönforst estate and the Kornelimünster bailiwick from 1445, it is stated that Hebscheid V Mud owes oats as a tax.

For the subsistence economy in historical times, the own lands and the rights of use to the property of the landlord or the community were essential, as they were practiced in the region according to custom. In addition to the common land and the Trift or hat justice, these were the forest justice including the wood justice . The forest law of the state of Kornelimünster and the instructions of the lay judges and men of Kornelimünster concerning the Hepscheid farm from the 16th century have been preserved.

The extensive ponds and moats that surrounded the courtyard were of particular value. They not only served for protection, but rather the type of facility suggests that the ponds were used for fish farming and to operate a mill. She stood in a corridor that is still called Mühlenfeld today and belonged to the Kornelimünster rulership. The mill has disappeared, but in addition to the field name, there is further evidence of its existence. In the register of the dead of the parish St. Stephanus zu Kornelimünster there is an entry in which the mill pond on Hebscheid is mentioned: In February 1686, Hindrich Schein drowned in the mill pond in Hebscheid .

Hebscheid Estate in 1955

The ponds were drained at the end of the 19th century and the moats silted up. When the Siegfried Line was built in 1938/40, the Hebscheid area was in the field of fire of the artillery bunker . In order not to provide cover for the enemy, the dams that bordered the ponds were removed and the ponds partially filled in. In 1944 the US Army took position with a battery of heavy artillery in the large basin east of the courtyard and bombarded Aachen. After the fall of the city, the US artillery attacked the battle in the Huertgen Forest from here .

Hebscheid can be found today at the address Aachen, district Lichtenbusch, Grüne Eiche 45 . The field name Green Oak was created after 1900. The hamlet of Grüne Eiche is located in the Augustinian Forest, which was part of the Schönforst historical office. It got its name from the Augustinian hermits in Aachen, who were wealthy here for more than 350 years. On the western edge of the Aachen forest , the Augustiner Wald forest house was built around 1870 and has been called the Lichtenbusch forest house since 1900. A customs settlement and the green oak restaurant , which gave the settlement its name, were built in the vicinity in the 20th century .

Web links

Commons : Gut Hebscheid  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Literature, individual references

  1. ↑ P. Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 10 III: The secular monuments and the collections of the city of Aachen. L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1924.
  2. ^ Guy Poswick: Les délices du duché de Limbourg. Archives veriétoises, Tome IV, Verviers 1951, OCLC 1072759191 .
  3. ^ H. Zintzen: Hebscheid, a historical farm in the Aachen region. Meyer & Meyer , Aachen 1995.
  4. ^ Landesvermessungsamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ed .: Map of the Rhineland by Tranchot and v. Müffling 1803–1820, sheet 95 Eynatten, Publications of the Society for Rhenish History XII, 2nd Division - New Series 1973.
  5. ↑ B. Willems: Ostbelgische Chronik. Volume 1 and 2, publisher of the author, Ixelles 1948/1949.
  6. ^ W. Kaemmerer: Aachener Quellentexte. Publications of the Aachen City Archives 1980.
  7. ^ Journal of the Aachen History Association . Volume 33, 1911.
  8. ↑ Yearbooks for Prussian Legislation, Law and Legal Administration. Volume 46, Berlin 1835.
  9. ↑ G. Breuer: AQUISGRANUM… from the warm waesers, settlement names of the city of Aachen. Shaker Verlag , Aachen 2003.
  10. ↑ a b F. Cramer: Rhenish place names from pre-Roman and Roman times. Dr. Martin Sendet, 1901. (Reprint 1970)
  11. ^ A b Oidtman collection: Haus Hebscheid b / Aachen. City Archives Aachen Volume 2
  12. ^ F. Mainz: The old forest. Published by Stadtsparkasse Aachen, 1985.
  13. ↑ Brockhaus Encyclopedia. Volume 13, FA Brockhaus, Mannheim 1990.
  14. ↑ Lexicon of the Middle Ages. Volume V, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2002.
  15. ^ Ch. Quix : Contributions to the history of the city of Aachen and its surroundings. Volume 2, JAMayer, Aachen 1838.
  16. ^ Hermann Ariovist von Fürth: Contributions and material on the history of the Aachen patrician families. 1. Volume / 074 Aachen 1890.
  17. ↑ Luise Freiin von Coels von der Brügghen: The fiefdom register of the propteilichen man chamber of the Aachen Marienstift. Main State Archives in Düsseldorf, signature Aachen Marienstift, 4a, books 1–12 and 4b, book 1- x
  18. ↑ Ch. Quix: Contributions to a historical-topographical description of the Eupen district. JA Mayer, Aachen 1837.
  19. ^ New Prussian Nobility Lexicon. Reichenbach Brothers, Leipzig 1839; Leopold v. Ledebur: Dynastic Research. Ludwig Rauh, Berlin 1855; New general German nobility lexicon. Friedrich Voigt, Leipzig 1860.
  20. ^ W. Hermanns: Collected works. Volume 2, Mayer, Aachen 1974.
  21. ↑ Irene Crusius (Ed.): On the secularization of spiritual institutions in the 16th and 18th / 19th centuries. Century. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996.
  22. ^ W. Schieder (Ed.): Secularization and Mediatization in the four Rhenish Departments from 1803 to 1813. Part I, Part V, 1, Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhein 1991.
  23. ↑ The royal chair and the imperial free imperial city of Aachen council and state calendar. Aachen 1786.
  24. ↑ Ch. Zintzen: It is high time, it was like that back then. Private print, Bad Laasphe 2009.
  25. ^ VIA: VIA in the service of disabled people, www.via-aachen.de, Aachen 2003.
  26. ^ O. Piper: Castle studies. R. Piper & Co. Verlag, Munich 1912.
  27. ↑ German State Library Berlin, manuscript: Ms. Boruss. Fol. 748, sheet 94r.
  28. ↑ Pastures of the municipality of Oedt etc. 1813–1815. Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland department, 141.01.01-04 Generalgouvernement of the Lower and Middle Rhine, signature IV. Division 14/15/16 No. 10 (old) / 978.
  29. ↑ Forest law of the Land Kornelimünster regarding u. a. Hof Hepscheid and Eilendorf 16th century, MW main state archive Düs-seldorf, holdings Kornelimünster, files No. 4.
  30. ↑ Wood justice Good Ritscheid 1814 NRW State Archive Department Rheinland, 141.01.01-04 General from low- and middle Rhine, Renteioberaufsicht Aachen, signature 162 (old) / 1,742th

Coordinates: 50 ° 43 '46.3 "  N , 6 ° 6' 49.2"  E