Manor Mallenchen

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Manor Mallenchen (2009)
19th century lithograph

The Mallenchen manor is a historic building in Mallenchen , Oberspreewald-Lausitz district , which was built as a manor building in 1787.

Location and surroundings of the property

The Gutsdorf Mallenchen is about ten kilometers west of Calau and 15 kilometers south of Lübbenau , not far west of Autobahn 13 . Geomorphologically , the place is on the western edge of the Lückauer basin and at the foot of the steeply rising glacial plateau, in the area in front of the Niederlausitzer border wall of the Saale III glaciation (Lausitz glaciation ). The tangent Schrake drains, running south-northeast, over the Dobra in the lowlands of the Spreewald into the main Spree . However, the Schrake stream was cut by the Schlabendorf-Süd opencast mine, which opened in 1974, and channeled into a new creek bed on the southeastern edge of the mine . In 1991 the opencast mine, which had advanced to the immediate western edge of the village, was shut down. The mine railway systems and their turning loop destroyed the old manor mill and the western area of ​​the manor park, which was once characterized by its special system "with many old oaks" and special design elements with pavilion and bowling alley. The remaining trees withered by the massive subsidence of the groundwater of up to 70 m below the top of the ground. The remainder of the garden monument , beginning in 1985, was only removed in the upheaval phase from 1989 to 1991, during the dissolution of VEG Mallenchen through the construction of homes in the former estate park. Residents remember the masses of dredged logs that came to light in the construction pit of their own home, which is located directly to the west of the manor house, and were burned without being evaluated. To the east of the manor house, in the area of ​​a pond that was filled in in the 1970s, also around 40 m from the central area of ​​the manor house, “thick planks and a lot of big wackers” are said to have come to light in recent years. It is very likely that these are traces of the former fortifications - the moat around the old castle . Already I. Walk referred to the Mallenchen manor house as a former moated castle , based on the remains of a moat that can still be seen on the Urmes table sheet from 1846 .

Mallenchen Manor House Monument

The manor building from 1787, with an extension from 1858 in the " Swiss country house style" , is a baroque building with later " rustication ashlar" and a mansard hipped roof . According to the construction contract of the Bautzen master builder JG Staude with the landlord EGB von Patow from 1887, the construction was carried out with extensive inclusion of the old substance of a previous building, whereby this was removed "except for the massive vaults" and "then a floor was built on it " has been. No other written sources or building plans have been preserved for the manor house, as the Calau town archive, to which the municipality of Mallenchen belongs, burned down in the last days of the war in 1945 and the manor house itself has been looted several times since 1945. First inspections of the building fabric reveal traces of probably two previous buildings, which were combined into one building by the baroque construction. In the southern part of the manor house , a clear offset in the facade can be seen on the outer facade as an indication of a previous building, and in the inner area the cross vaults of the 14th-16th centuries. Jhs. there are traces of a younger " black kitchen " from the Renaissance to the Baroque period . The previous building to the north is particularly interesting, with an almost square floor plan and significantly thickened masonry with a wall thickness of over 1 meter. Below the cross and barrel vaults, a small-scale structure with lintels and niches can be seen, whereby the floor level was raised by embedding building rubble so that the connecting passages only have a low passage height of approx. 1.5 meters. This is probably the oldest preserved area of ​​the manor house, which was originally part of a high medieval donjon or a moth located on a slight hill , or more generally speaking, comes from a former square residential tower, which was surrounded by a moat and the lower one Area was integrated into the subsequent buildings.

Archaeological research

In the course of a new laying of the sewer pipe from the west side of the manor house, almost parallel to the annex to the sewage collection pit, archaeological monitoring of the measures became necessary in the summer of 2004 and 2005. The old sewer ditch was dug 40-60 cm wide by hand in order to expose and remove the defective sewer pipe. When excavating and creating the profiles, the finds were "bagged" according to stratigraphic contexts, although most of the find material comes from the already disturbed trench filling. For this purpose, the excavation of the old sewer from the 1960s was worked through with a 2 mm sieve and the lateral profiles of the undisturbed course of the layers were documented.

Findings

Due to the low intervention depth of only 40–70 cm in the area of ​​the old sewer pipe, only 3 findings could be documented in the section brine. Finding 1 is a modern pot bottom from the 18th to early 19th centuries, which was still in situ , in a 60 cm deep, irregular brick debris and was topped by a younger layer of rubble. In the pot there was discolored, reddish, slightly loamy fine sand and a few small bone fragments. It is probably a storage pot for food in the cool ground ("modern refrigerator"), which was later used as a domicile by a mouse or the like . However, ritual building sacrifices or child burials that were brought down near buildings are also known in modern times , so that these interpretations were also possible and can only be made more precise through an anthropological examination of the bone material. The overlapping leveling layer is related to the construction of the extension from 1858, during which the building rubble was distributed over a large area around the new extension.

Another finding (2) is a disturbed, linear course, double brick layer in the east and a single layer of brick laid in the light bed of fine sand in the west . The course, which is almost cross-cut, could only be recorded in a very detailed manner due to the given trench width of approx. However, the orientation could be recognized, whereby it became clear that it leads from the northeast to the southwest, or from the southeast entrance door of the extension in the direction of the former nursery of the estate. It will be a 1.30 m wide water or sewage canal formerly made of bricks, especially since a contemporary witness from the neighborhood reports a "moat or pipe" from the manor house to the former garden nursery in the southwest. In the adjoining building, the former laundry room, there was the only water tap from a well until the end of the 1970s, which was located in the inner manor building and whose sewage was used for a second time in the nursery. Due to the disruption of the water channel findings by the old sewer pipe, the stone setting in the profile could only be partially recorded. The leveling layer above dates the finding to before 1858 as terminus ante quem . A final finding (3) consists of a cat's head field stone setting and the remains of a brown glazed earthenware pipe with a diameter of about 280 mm, which shows the location of a (septic tank) that was abandoned with the construction of the sewage collection pit (1950s) at the western end of the extension has been. In the house connection area of ​​the sewage pit, there was also a faecal canal of a former dry toilet made with split field stones and clay joints . At the site of today's collecting pit, a former dung heap can be opened up. In the corner of the foundation of the toilet building on the manor house extension, a crushed but probably complete storage vessel from the late 19th century could be found. are exposed in the disturbed edge area, which was not recovered, since the findings in its existence as a soil monument were not endangered and so will be preserved for future building foundation investigations. It could possibly also be a ritual building sacrifice (see above, finding 1).

Finds

The finds are mainly ceramic shards of hard-fired earthenware ( glazed , unglazed and engobed ), fast stoneware, stoneware and earthenware as well as a few porcelain shards . In addition, some pieces of bone and horn were found. There are also numerous broken glass (mostly from simple building glass and thin-walled vessels) as well as iron objects such as forged nails and hooks. The time span of the finds extends from the High Middle Ages (hard-burnt gray earthenware) to the recent past (broken glass and porcelain as well as clear hard plastic parts). Extraordinary finds are two late Paleo- or Mesolithic flint implements in the form of a burin and a point . Both finds were discovered between the cat's head pavement of the septic tank findings (2) and have been relocated. They could indicate a deeper or more obvious site or they could come from a meal heap in the field marrow . Such grinding heaps were and continue to be used in rural areas for paving and masonry as a source of raw materials. In the process, very small flints and rubble are sometimes relocated. From the district of the devastated neighboring town Gliechow and the eastern area of the adjoining county Luckaus are Stone Age localities known, that may be the primary places the Fund in Malle Nchen found flint represent. In this context, the finds of small pieces of iron ore slag can also be seen, which were found in a secondary location in the upper area of ​​the modern leveling layer. In the neighboring village, in Groß Jehser , large blocks of lawn iron ore and smaller pieces of cinder were used as corner stones for the construction of the church tower from the 14th century , which are to be regarded as evidence of a nearby iron smelting site from the Roman Empire . In Mallenechen, these contemporary witnesses of Germanic iron production, which are still plowed up during agriculture today, were used as paving material around the manor house. Older residents of the village still vividly remember the paved estate area, which made it possible to cross safely with dry feet even in rain and snow, something that was only possible in a few paved areas of the village until the 1980s. However, the pavement was severely damaged by the larger agricultural machinery of the state-owned estate as early as the 1960s and is now only fragmentary in the house connection area.

The unusual finds include two faceted edge or wall fragments of the white hard-fired earthenware. This can be seen in the late Roman Empire and is only known sporadically from the Germania Inferior and Libera. They can be found relatively frequently in south-western Poland, in the area of ​​the Przeworsk culture , although there they are also to be regarded as imports from the Roman Empire. The shards were also exposed in the modern leveling layer in the southwest of the sewer ditch. There may be a connection with the late Germanic burial ground of Groß Jehser about 2000 m northeast. In this, influences of the Wielbark culture, which is also oriented to the east, can be seen. In addition, the grave field is also in a similar topographical location, in the edge area of ​​a small stream, the Schrake, as the site of Mallenchen, so that a similar find context seems likely due to the similar geomorphological situation.

From the same modern leveling layer, but a little further to the west, a late Slavic belt groove shard emerged. In this context, of particular interest are the finds of fragments of pottery of blob-like, red-painted Hellen earthenware (the " Pingsdorf similar ceramics") obtained by dendrochronology dated compared findings from Luckau attributable to 1200, the time and one of the high medieval castle originate previous settlement could. The location of this late Slavic to early German settlement fits into the well-known settlement pattern on the Schrake stream and could well be in connection with the mid-late Slavic castle wall of Groß Jehser , 1400 m north . In the field, about 100 m north of the manor house, numerous high-late medieval fragments of the hard gray ware are known and can be found in large numbers. A desolate village area of ​​the outer bailey settlement of Mallenchen is apparently located here.

Also north of the cultivation, but from the topmost vegetation layer , which was removed to contain the rising damp, a thickened edge fragment and an internally smoothed, coarsely leaned wall fragment as well as three pieces of burnt clay could be sifted out. They are not from the Middle Ages, but from the Early Iron Age, belonging to the Billendorfer group of the Lausitz culture. Corresponding finds were discovered about 95 m east of the manor house, on the southern street “Am Schloß”, during an archaeological cable trench escort in the summer of 2005, in the form of a burial from the Young Bronze Age. The total extent of this burial ground of Lusatian culture is even further is in the direction of "Castle" (Castle street corner Grabenweg) in the area of the former VEG-Warehouse, as even in their demolition in 1999 bronze- early Iron Age sherds were recovered. Even further, about 700 m southeast of the village, directly on the east side of Autobahn 13 , a settlement of the Lauster culture became known in the course of the roadway widening in 1995, which could be connected to the graves.

Among the modern finds, the shards of a heavily fragmented, light brown glazed stoneware storage vessel with the dark blue inscription "Pathow (Mallen) chen" should be mentioned, which was found in the leveling layer from 1858 and is not much older. It is a larger storage jar bearing the name of the von Patow family as a trademark. The first investigations have already shown the high potential for future, multi-layered archaeological and monument preservation research in the rural manor of Mallenchen.

literature

  • Entry in the monument database of the State of Brandenburg
  • Felix Biermann : Slavic settlement between the Elbe, Neisse and Lubsza. Archaeological studies on settlement and material culture in the early Middle Ages. (= University research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 65; Writings on the archeology of Germanic and Slavic early history. Volume 5). Habelt, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-7749-2988-2 .
  • F. Bönisch: Berlin, Berline and Berlinchen in Niederlausitz. In: Excavations in the Niederlausitz lignite area 1998. (= work reports on the preservation of monuments in Brandenburg. 3). Pritzen 1999, pp. 145-164.
  • H. Bönisch: The first Slavic lime kiln in Lower Lusatia from Schlabendorf. In: Excavations in the Niederlausitz brown coal area 1998. (= work reports on the preservation of monuments in Brandenburg. 8). Pritzen 1999, pp. 177-182.
  • City of Calau, village renewal planning 2003. Calau 2003.
  • Ch. Dienel: Chronicle of the community Gross-Jehser with Erpitz and Mallenchen. Gross Jehser 1993.
  • G. Dehio: Handbook of the German art monuments. Founded on the Day of Monument Preservation in 1900. The districts of Cottbus and Frankfurt / Oder. Kunst-Verlag, Munich / Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-422-00384-3 .
  • A. Duncker: The rural residences, castles and residences of the knightly landowners in the Prussian monarchy together with the royal family, house fideicommiss and casket goods in lifelike, artistically executed, colored representations and accompanying text. Published by Alexander Duncker, Court Bookseller to His Majesty the King. Volume 4 (of a total of 16 volumes between 1857–1883), Berlin 1861–1862.
  • G. Eckhardt: Water balance and lignite extraction in the Lausitz. In: JH Schroeder, W. Nowel: Guide to the geology of Berlin and Brandenburg. No. 3: Lübbenau - Calau. Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-928651-04-8 , pp. 232-236.
  • S. Eickhoff: City center investigations in Calau, Niederlausitz. In: excavations and finds. 39, 1994, pp. 315-330.
  • P.-M. Hahn, H. Lorenz (Ed.): Manor houses in Brandenburg and Niederlausitz. Annotated new edition of the visual work by Alexander Duncker (1857–1883). 2 volumes. Berlin 2000.
  • G. Heinrich: Handbook of the historical sites of Germany. Volume 10: Berlin Brandenburg. Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-87584-024-0 .
  • G. Frasheri: Archaeological and architectural studies at Altdöbern Castle, Oberspreewald-Lausitz district. In: Insights - Archaeological contributions for the south of the state of Brandenburg 2000. Wünsdorf 2001, ISBN 3-910011-22-5 , pp. 25–42.
  • J. Henning: Moving times - research program on the early medieval castle walls of Niederlausitz. In: Archeology in Berlin and Brandenburg 1995–1996. ISBN 3-8062-1331-3 , pp. 31-39.
  • C. Ihde: Archaeological investigations in the town center of Calau, Oberspreewald-Lausitz district. In: Insights - Archaeological Contributions for the South of Brandenburg 2002. Wünsdorf 2003, pp. 11–24.
  • H. Jentsch: 750 years of Zinnitz. The district through the ages. Part I. In: Calauer Heimatkalender 2005. Calau 2004, pp. 40–48.
  • K.-H. Marschalleck: Prehistory of the Luckau Kirchhain / NL district. Luckau 1944.
  • R. Mülling: Stone Age grave , Bronze Age settlement and Germanic smelting site on the Schlabendorf-Süd opencast mine. In: Excavations in the Lower Lusatian lignite area 2001. In: Work reports on the preservation of monuments in Brandenburg. 11, Calau 2001, pp. 65-78.
  • Family von Patow, Ch. Dienel: Mallenchen in old pictures and views. Salzgitter 1995.
  • M. Peter-Patzelt: Archaeological investigations in the castle of Fürstlich Drehna, Dahme-Spreewald district. A review. In: Insights - Archaeological Contributions for the South of Brandenburg 2002. Wünsdorf 2003, pp. 45–56.
  • V. Schnöke: Brandenburg farms. 3 volumes. Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-00-013804-8 .
  • J. Schuster: The western border of the Wielbark culture and the problem of the so-called cultural influences from the eastern Pomorze. In: Ethnographic Archaeological Journal. 1996/3, pp. 399-422.
  • I. Walk: Medieval castles between the middle Elbe and Bober. (= Research on archeology in the state of Brandenburg. 6). Wünsdorf 1999, ISBN 3-910011-15-2 .
  • A. Ströbel: News from old Luckau. An overview after five years of intensive excavation work. In: Insights - Archaeological Contributions for the South of Brandenburg 1999. Wünsdorf 2000, pp. 125–146.
  • K.-U. Uschmann: Last traces of the desert "Berlinchen" near Zinnitz, Oberspreewald-Lausitz district. In: Excavations in the Niederlausitz brown coal area 1998. (= work reports on the preservation of monuments in Brandenburg. 3.) Pritzen 1999, pp. 137–144.
  • A. Volkmann: First historical preservation and archaeological investigations of the manor house of Mallenchen (district OSL). Excavation report to the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation (Calau 2006).
  • A. Volkmann: Medieval land developments and settlement processes in the lower Warthere region (Woj. Zachodnio-Pomorskie, Lubuskie and Wielkopolskie or former Neumark). (= Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. 44). Langenweissbach 2006.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duncker 1861–1862, p. 11.
  2. ↑ Eckhardt 1995, p. 232.
  3. ^ Walk 1999, p. 184.
  4. ↑ Lorenz & Hahn 2000, p. 379.
  5. ↑ The contract is still owned by the von Patow family in Salzgitter.
  6. ↑ Inquiries to the State Main Archive Potsdam , Secret State Archive Berlin- Dahlem and the archive of the Department of Monument Preservation of the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation in Wünsdorf did not lead to the hoped-for success. Only in the Märkisches Museum Berlin (Stadtmuseen Foundation) are some samples of elaborate “ pseudo-leather wallpapers ” of the manorial living spaces from the 1st half of the 18th century. has been preserved (cf. Hahn & Lorenz 2000, p. 380).
  7. ↑ Volkmann 2006, pp. 3–5.
  8. ↑ Marschallek 1944, p. 28.
  9. ↑ Schuster 1996, p. 420.
  10. ↑ Ströbel 2000, pp. 142f.
  11. ↑ Bönisch 2000, p. 181.
  12. ↑ The investigation was carried out on behalf of the Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and Archaeological Museum (BLDAM), Ms. E.-I. Putrid.
  13. ^ Kind advice from Mr. D. Westendorf (BLDAM).

Coordinates: 51 ° 45 ′ 45 ″  N , 13 ° 51 ′ 22 ″  E