High definition multimedia interface

HDMI logo

HDMI connector

Modern AV receivers have a larger number of HDMI inputs, here seven (top row in the middle) for playback devices such as e.g. B. DVD player and Blu-ray Disc player, as well as two HDMI outputs (same row on the far left, marked in light gray) for TV or video projector .

High Definition Multimedia Interface ( English spoken [ haɪ ˌdefɪˈnɪʃən ˌmʌltiˈmiːdiə ˈɪntəfeɪs ], or HDMI for short ) is an interface developed since mid-2002 for digital image and sound transmission in entertainment electronics . It unifies existing procedures, can produce higher quality and also has a coherent copy protection concept ( DRM ).

Through HDMI z. For example, a DVD player , Blu-ray Disc player or game console can be connected directly to a television, with both picture and sound being transmitted digitally via just one cable. Especially in home theater systems (e.g. for Dolby Digital surround sound from DVD), HDMI simplifies and standardizes the cabling of the central AV receiver with various audio and video playback devices as well as with the display devices such as smart TV or video projector . With earlier types of connection, depending on the playback device or display device, very different types of cables and plugs were usually available or required, with image and sound information often being routed via separate cables.

The current HDMI version is 2.1, which was presented to the public in 2017. Products for HDMI 2.1 are available, but these are currently hardly visible to end users. According to the license terms for HDMI products, since January 1, 2012, these may no longer be marked with version numbers.

history

Connection sockets of a modern DVD player: The single HDMI connection on the far left replaces the other, older connection variants component video (the three cinch sockets green / blue / red for YCbCr ) by simultaneously transmitting audio and video to the AV receiver or television set , the poorer quality composite video (yellow) and SCART . With all three connection variants, at least one additional cable (digital coax connection or TOSLINK ) was required for Dolby digital sound (5.1) .

The specification for HDMI was developed by an industrial consortium for the area of ​​privately used entertainment electronics ( English home entertainment ).

The founders of the HDMI consortium Hitachi , Matsushita Electric Industrial ( Panasonic , National, Quasar), Philips , Silicon Image , Sony , Thomson and Toshiba began to jointly develop the new HDMI AV connection standard on April 16, 2002 . HDMI is a further development of DVI and is backwards compatible with it. Both use the same signal coding TMDS .

HDMI 1.0 was designed to have a smaller connector than DVI. In addition, it should extend the functions of DVI to audio transmission, extended support for YCbCr and a user-controlled control function (English Consumer Electronics Control ). The HDCP 1.1 (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) copy protection provided in the HDMI specification was developed by Intel . It should prevent the tapping of video and audio material within the connection between transmitter and receiver.

The first manufacturer to bring HDMI-compatible components onto the market at the end of 2003 was Pioneer with the DVD players DV-668AV and DV-868AVi , the DVD recorder DVR-920 HS and the plasma televisions PDP-434HDE and PDP-504HDE .

As a new milestone in the development of HDMI, the Japanese electronics group Panasonic was able to present the DMP-BDT700, the world's first Blu-ray player with HDMI 2.0 and native 4Kp60 resolution, in April 2014 . This was the first time that data for 4K resolution was transmitted to an ultra-high-definition television or monitor with the HDMI 2.0 interface.

Formats

The HDMI standard distinguishes between formats that an HDMI-compatible device must be able to receive / output and optional formats. Most advanced capabilities (high resolution, many audio channels, etc.) are optional and do not need to be offered by a device to be considered HDMI compliant.

In the optional components of the HDMI standard, advanced formats can be transmitted:

With its high data transfer rate , HDMI processes all of the digital video and audio formats known today in entertainment electronics . HDMI 1.2 transmits audio data up to a frequency of 192 kHz with word widths of up to 24  bits on up to eight channels. For HDMI 1.3, Dolby Digital Plus and Dolby TrueHD were added as new audio formats . The maximum pixel frequency for video data with single-link is 165 MPixel / s (Type A) for HDMI 1.2 and 340 MPixel / s (Type A / C) for HDMI 1.3. This allows image resolutions of up to 2560 × 1600 pixels at 75 Hz to be transmitted without any loss of quality. This includes the image and sound formats introduced in consumer electronics, including HDTV . HDMI 1.3 also added support for higher color depths of 30 bits, 36 bits and 48 bits with 10/12/16 bits per color component (RGB 4: 4: 4, YCbCr 4: 4: 4). So far, only 24 bits (RGB 4: 4: 4, YCbCr 4: 4: 4, YCbCr 4: 2: 2), 30 bits and 36 bits (YCbCr 4: 2: 2) were possible. In addition to the previous formats SMPTE 170M / ITU-R BT.601 and ITU-R BT.709-5, HDMI 1.3 supports the new xvYCC color space model , which is defined in the IEC 61966-2-4 standard, and thus enables a very large color space to improve the color representation. For this purpose, special color space metadata is transmitted.

Data transfer rates

HDMI 1.2 offers data transfer rates of up to 3.96 Gbit / s (type A, 19-pin; except for the connector compatible with single-link DVI ) or 7.92 Gbit / s (type B, 29-pin, never gained importance ; Compatible with dual-link DVI except connector). With HDMI 1.3 and 1.4 up to 8.16 Gbit / s (type A and C, 19-pin), with HDMI 2.0 up to 14.4 Gbit / s and with HDMI 2.1 up to 42.667 Gbit / s are possible.

Specifications

The specification versions, which are listed in the following table, describe the specifications given by the HDMI organization for the highest possible, optional formats that an HDMI-verified device of the corresponding version offers. The minimum requirements are significantly lower. New specifications are published at irregular intervals. This includes specifications for the properties of the end devices, cable properties and transmitted signals and their function.

The cables used to be numbered according to the same scheme as the specification versions (e.g. specification 1.2 led to new cables with version number 1.2), as a newer number meant a more powerful cable. When no better cables were defined in the newer specifications (from 1.4), but the cables in the trade were equipped with the newer numbers and these suggested higher performance, the HDMI organization decided to define new names for the cables (see section HDMI cable types and properties ).

version	specified	Max. Data rate	new video formats	new sound formats	new color formats	Connector type	Others
HDMI 1.0	12/09/2002	Type A: 3.96 Gbit / s ( 165 MHz  × 8 bit × 3)	1920 ×  1080p  @ 60 Hz	8-channel PCM , MPEG , Dolby Digital , DTS	RGB and YCbCr with 8 bits each, color space ITU-R BT.709	Type A (standard HDMI)
HDMI 1.1	05/20/2004	Type A: 3.96 Gbit / s ( 165 MHz  × 8 bit × 3) Type B: 7.92 Gbit / s ( 165 MHz  × 8 bit × 6)		DVD-Audio		Type A (standard HDMI) Type B (dual-link HDMI, never-existent)
HDMI 1.2	08/08/2005			SACD
HDMI 1.2a	12.2005						CEC support , testing for cable lengths
HDMI 1.3	06/22/2006	Type A / C: 8.16 Gbit / s ( 340 MHz  × 8 bit × 3)	2560 × 1440p @ 60 Hz	Dolby Digital Plus , TrueHD and dts-HD	RGB and YCbCr with 10/12/16 bit each, color space  xvYCC  (IEC 61966-2-4)	Type A (Standard HDMI) Type C (Mini HDMI)	Lip sync
HDMI 1.3a / b / c	11.2006						Bug fixes for specification 1.3, 3D (up to 1080i, playback devices only)
HDMI 1.4	05/28/2009		3840 × 2160p @ 24 Hz 1920 × 1080p @ 24 Hz             (3D)		Color Space sYCC-601, color space Adobe RGB , color space Adobe YCC 601	Type A (Standard HDMI) Type C (Mini HDMI) Type D (Micro HDMI)	4K2K resolution, HDMI Ethernet Channel, Audio Return Channel, 3D (no uniform standard) , at 1080p up to 120 Hz possible
HDMI 1.4a	03.2010						3D transmission standards (side-by-side horizontal and top-and-bottom) , 3D standards (frame packing) for films 1080p / 24 Hz and games 720p / 50 Hz or 60 Hz
HDMI 1.4b	10.2011		4096 × 2160p @ 24 Hz 3840 × 2160p @ 30 Hz 2560 × 1600p @ 60 Hz	High bit rate audio (HBR), sampling rate × number of channels max. 384/768 kHz, 1-bit audio	Color subsampling YCbCr 4: 2: 2		1080p (3D) video at 2 × 60 Hz
HDMI 2.0	04.09.2013	Type A / C / D: 14.4 GBit / s ( 600 MHz  × 8 bit × 3)	3840 × 2160p @ 60 Hz 1920 × 1080p @ 48 Hz             (3D)	32-channel audio, sampling rate × number of channels max. 1536 kHz	Color space ITU-R BT.2020
HDMI 2.0a	04.2015						HDMI 2.0a officially supports HDR (High Dynamic Range) CEA 863.1
HDMI 2.0b	07.2016						HDMI 2.0b enables the dynamic synchronization of multiple audio and video streams.
HDMI 2.1	11/28/2017	Type A / C / D: 42 GBit / s ( 666 MHz  × 16 bit × 4)	7680 × 4320p @ 60 Hz 3840 × 2160p @ 120 Hz             (3D)		RGB with 14 bits each, color subsampling YCbCr 4: 2: 0, video compression DSC 1.2		Dynamic HDR, variable frame rate for games, lossy compression with high quality, change to 4 lanes (without additional clock) and to 16b18b line code

Data rate:

• 1 GBit / s = 10 ⁹ bit / s
• The data rate is given , not the symbol rate . The symbol rate with HDMI is exactly 25 percent higher because of the 8b10b code used (for comparison, other symbol rates: S-ATA: 1.5 / 3/6 GHz, 10 MBit / s Ethernet: 20 MHz, 100 MBit / s-Ethernet: 125 MHz, 1-Gbit / s-Ethernet: 312.5 MHz)

HDMI version	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	2.0	2.0a	2.1
sRGB
YCbCr
8-channel LPCM , 192  kHz , 24-bit audio capability
Full resolution Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD video and audio
Consumer Electronics Control (CEC)
DVD-Audio support
Super Audio CD support ( DSD )
Deep Color (30-bit color depth )
xvYCC
Auto Audio to video synchronization lip-sync
Dolby TrueHD bitstream capability
DTS HD Master Audio Bitstream Capability
Updated list of CEC commands
3D with HDMI
Resolution 1920 × 1080 ( 1080p ), 120 Hz
Ethernet channel
Audio return channel (ARC)
4K resolution support
4K 50 / 60p support
4K 3D support
32-channel audio support
1536 kHz audio support
1080p 3D HFR support
21: 9 Cinemascope support
Multi stream audio and video support
High dynamic range
4K 3D 50 / 60p support
Support of 14 and 16 bit color depth
HDMI version	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	2.0	2.0a	2.1

HDMI and resolutions above Full HD and HDMI 2.0

From version 1.3, HDMI also specifies resolutions with 1440p (2560 × 1440), i.e. H. larger Full HD. There is a problem when higher-resolution devices incorrectly report only Full HD as the maximum resolution and the graphics card driver therefore does not offer higher resolutions. With modified Windows drivers or graphics drivers that allow freely programmable video timings, the native resolution can still be used. Version 1.4 offers 4K support, but without 4K 3D and without HDR

The biggest innovation in HDMI version 2.0 compared to version 1.3 is the increase in the possible transfer rate from 8.16 to 14.4 GBit / s. This is enough to reproduce Ultra High Definition Television and up to 32 audio channels at the same time. HDMI 2.0 offers improved 4K support, but without 4K 3D 50 / 60p and without HDR.

In April 2015, the HDMI Forum passed the HDMI 2.0a revision, which officially supports HDR video . The support for Ultra-HD at 50/60 Hz refresh rate can, however, be limited to the transmission of a 4: 2: 0 undersampled YCbCr signal in order to make do with a transmission bandwidth of only 8.16 Gbit / s. This leads to a decreasing color resolution and the blurring of colored contours. Similar restrictions apply to UHD 3D content.

HDMI 2.1 On January 4, 2017, the new HDMI format 2.1 was presented for the first time at the CES in Las Vegas. The official HDMI 2.1 standard was published on November 28, 2017.

The innovations are:

• Higher video resolutions support a range of higher resolutions and faster refresh rates including 8K (60 Hz) and 4K (120 Hz).
• Dynamic HDR ensures that video is displayed with ideal values ​​for color depth, detail, image brightness, contrast and a wider range of colors on a per-scene or even frame-by-frame basis. All 4 dynamic HDR technologies, which are specified at SMPTE under the designation ST-2094 and are based on the PQ curve ST-2084 invented by Dolby, are supported as transmission. These would be: Dolby Vision, SL-HDR1 (Philips), Advanced HDR (Technicolor) and HDR10 + (Samsung).
• 48G cables allow bandwidth up to 42.666 Gbps for uncompressed HDMI 2.1 feature support including 8K video with HDR. The cable is backwards compatible for uncompressed HDMI specification and can be used with existing HDMI devices.
• eARC supports audio formats such as object-based audio and enables control options for the audio signal including automatic detection of the device.
• VRR mode allows a variable refresh rate that enables a graphics processor to display images immediately after they have been calculated. This enables games and technical presentations to be displayed with the lowest possible latency, without frame tearing and without stuttering.

HDMI cable types and characteristics

Since November 2010, HDMI cables have been divided into five and now nine new classifications:

Cable type	Data rate 1	Max. Video image format	3D		Network channel	Deep color	Connector type				Supports 1
			FHD	UHD			A.	C.	D.	E.	<1.3	1.3-4	2.0x	2.1
HDMI standard	min. 1.782 Gbit / s (74.25 MHz × 8 bit × 3)	720p / 60Hz 1080i / 60Hz
HDMI standard with ethernet
HDMI standard automotive
HDMI high speed	Type A + C: min. 8.16 Gbit / s (340 MHz × 8 bit × 3)	4K / 30Hz
HDMI high speed with Ethernet
HDMI high speed automotive
HDMI Premium High Speed	14.4 Gbit / s	4K / 60Hz
HDMI Premium High Speed ​​with Ethernet
HDMI Ultra High Speed	42.666 GBit / s	4K / 120Hz 8K / 60Hz 10K /? 2

¹This just means that cables of this class support at least this specification. Some of the cables can also support higher specifications, especially with short cables.

² According to the manufacturer, only for industrial or other special applications.

At the same time, a ban on the sale of HDMI cables with the old HDMI version numbers was issued with a one-year deadline until November 2011. Since January 1, 2012, the specification of an HDMI version number has also been prohibited on devices, and all functions that the interface supports must be listed, since the version number does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the functions supported, because an interface of version 1.4 does not have to support more functions than a version 1.0 interface. This happened in the course of the changeover to the new cable designations in order to ensure better orientation aid when choosing a cable. The reason for the ban is the irritating numbers that often came from the marketing departments of the cable manufacturers and gave the impression that only the latest cable version meets all requirements. But since z. B. HDMI 1.3 cables have the same performance characteristics as 1.4 cables, but without an additional HEC cable, these are often sufficient. A direct comparison of the new designations with the old numbers is therefore not possible.

A comparison of the new cable names with the different HDMI specification versions is also not possible, since the specifications also specify requirements for devices that are not necessarily dependent on the cables.

HDMI standard automotive

Standard HDMI cables with connector type E were developed specifically for the requirements in the vehicle sector; For example, they are better able to withstand temperature fluctuations and vibrations. The resolution is limited to 720p / 1080i.

HDMI high speed

These cables transmit full HD 3D and deep color up to 1080p at a frequency of at least 340 MHz. The maximum gross data rate that can be transmitted is 10.2 GBit / s (3 TMDS connections × 340 MHz × 10 bits per data word). After deducting the overhead of the 8b10b coding used, this results in a maximum net data rate of 8.16 GBit / s. Moreover 4K2K (24 Hz) is possible. With high-speed HDMI cables, a cable length of up to 7.5 meters is possible.

HDMI high speed with Ethernet

Like high-speed HDMI cable, only with an additional HDMI Ethernet channel ( HEC ) for a network connection.

Cable length and quality

Up to now, the HDMI organization has provided cables with a maximum length of ten meters. In some cases, lengths of up to 20 meters are also available, but these do not work without problems in all cases. There are also special cables with optical fibers that allow a length of up to 100 meters. Long cables generally have to have better high-frequency properties in order to ensure error-free data recovery in the HDMI receiver. The cable quality as well as the reception properties of the HDMI receiver are decisive for error-free transmission. With cable lengths of up to five meters, poor quality cables are also sufficient due to the digital transmission.

From a cable length of approx. 10 meters, transmission errors are to be expected, which can be reduced with high-quality cables. The TMDS coding used with HDMI makes it very easy to judge whether errors occur based on the resulting image quality. This can be recognized by the colored "flashing" of image points (pixels) or entire rows of pixels. Image noise in the conventional sense or artifacts such as in analog data transmission can therefore generally be excluded with HDMI, provided that the HDMI transmitter or the HDMI receiver does not limit the video data resolution (for example 8-bit instead of 12-bit color component resolution in YCbCr - 4: 2 : 2 format).

In order to further increase the data rate for HDMI 1.3, two cable categories with different high-frequency properties have been defined. A category 1 cable can transmit pixel rates of up to 74.25 MHz, a category 2 cable up to 340 MHz. In HDMI 1.3, cable properties such as attenuation , signal propagation time differences and crosstalk are specified for the first time in order to ensure error-free transmission even over longer cables . In order to counteract the unavoidable cable attenuation, a cable equalizer is provided on the receiver side with HDMI 1.3 for pixel rates above 165 MHz to increase the higher-frequency signal components.

The distance can be doubled with signal repeaters (for example in an AV receiver ). Extenders are available for greater distances that convert the signal and transmit it via fiber optic cables. With the appropriate converters, conversion to HD-SDI and back is also possible, the advantage being that HD-SDI can also bridge larger distances via a coaxial cable with BNC connectors . The use of SDI connections has proven itself particularly with professional users, for example on the film set.

plug

Overview of the different connector types

• 

  HDMI device socket

• 

  HDMI connector

• 

  Micro (type D), mini (type C) and HDMI connector (type A)

With HDMI 1.1 / 1.2, two connector types (type A and type B, approximately 4.5 mm × 13/21 mm cross-section) are defined. For HDMI 1.3, a small connector (type C or mini connector, about 2.5 mm × 10.5 mm cross-section) for compact devices has also been added. In HDMI 1.4, an even smaller connector type D (micro connector, approximately 5.8 mm × 2.2 mm cross-section) was defined. In addition, connector type E is defined in the HDMI 1.4 specifications, but this is not used with 1.4 cables, but only with HDMI standard automotive cables.

Types A, C and D are based on a single-link connection in which three TMDS signal line pairs are available. Type B allows double the data rate thanks to a dual-link connection with six TMDS signal line pairs.

Occupancy

Assignment of the contacts of an HDMI device socket

Assignment of the most common (device) socket type A (contact side) or (cable) connector type A (solder side) as well as the usual micro-HDMI type D connections and mini-HDMI type C on tablet computers:

Contact signal Type a Type c Type D Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 TMDS Data2 + Pin 2 Pin 1 Pin 4 TMDS Data2 screen Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 5 TMDS Data2– Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 TMDS Data1 + Pin 5 Pin 4 Pin 7 TMDS Data1 screen Pin 6 Pin 6 Pin 8 TMDS Data1– Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 TMDS Data0 + Pin 8 Pin 7 Pin 10 TMDS Data0 screen Pin 9 Pin 9 Pin 11 TMDS Data0– Pin 10 Pin 11 Pin 12 TMDS Clock +

Contact signal Type a Type c Type D Pin 11 Pin 10 Pin 13 TMDS clock screen Pin 12 Pin 12 Pin 14 TMDS Clock– Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 CEC Pin 14 Pin 17 Pin 2 reserved (HDMI 1.0-1.3), HEC Data- (HDMI 1.4) Pin 15 Pin 15 Pin 17 SCL ( I²C serial clock for DDC ) Pin 16 Pin 16 Pin 18 SDA (I²C serial data line for DDC ) Pin 17 Pin 13 Pin 16 Ground for DDC / CEC / HEC Pin 18 Pin 18 Pin 19 +5 V supply voltage (min. 55 mA) Pin 19 Pin 19 Pin 1 Hot-plug detection (all versions), HEC Data + (HDMI 1.4)

compatibility

HDMI-DVI adapter (exactly: HDMI plug to DVI-D single link socket)

DVI-HDMI adapter (exactly: DVI-D single link plug to HDMI socket)

HDMI is so similar to DVI Single Link that it often only requires adapters connecting contacts without converters for compatibility . In contrast, professional users have been using the SDI interface since the late 1990s . The HDCP copy protection may be activated by the video material manufacturer (e.g. in CSS -coded DVDs) via control bits and, according to regulations, then requires a hardware chip at both interfaces that encodes the video signal on the digital output line or then decodes it in the display . Without an HDCP chip, the screen will otherwise remain dark (or only show colored noise), and in so-called HD-ready devices, any existing analog output interface ( progressive component signals YPbPr ) can be influenced (e.g. standard resolution only) to prevent high quality copies.

The DVI interface on newer HDCP-capable video devices (e.g. DVD players) is therefore not compatible with DVI interfaces in computers, unless HDCP is implemented on these components (which was the case with many PCs as of January 2009 Flat screens is the case). With such devices that have a DVI input with HDCP support, the copy-protected image signal can be output with an adapter from HDMI to DVI. Audio can also be output and received via DVI; the audio signal is transmitted digitally with the image signal, as is the case with HDMI, in the TMDS signal.

In the meantime, graphics cards with an HDMI interface are on the market that contain an HD audio chip in order to be able to output audio signals directly via the graphics card's HDMI output. This audio chip appears in the operating system as a second sound card and can also be used that way. This means that computers equipped in this way can be connected directly to a flat screen TV or HD projector if necessary. That makes the possibilities of home theater with a home theater PC even more interesting.

HDMI 1.2, which is fully backward compatible with HDMI 1.0 / 1.1, was officially adopted on August 23, 2005. A 1-bit audio stream was recorded as an extension, as is used, for example, in the SACD . In addition, some new secondary video formats have been added, for example to support higher refresh rates of up to 240 Hz and more video formats commonly used in PCs.

• A problem has arisen when connecting different makes of playback devices and screens because the industry has often implemented the digital image level formats "DVI-PC" or "DVI-Video" (HDMI contains the same video format as DVI connections) in their devices without to think of a subsequent changeover option. The difference: While the brightness values ​​for computers (DVI-PC) range from Y = 0 to Y = 255, for home electronics (DVI-Video) a range is reserved below or above the black and white level (the ITU-601R specification defines black with Y = 16 and white with Y = 235). Only some video projectors and flat screens can be switched between PC level or RGB (“extended”) and video level or YCbCr (“standard” / “normal”) using the settings menu. Black is either too bright or lower areas of brightness are swallowed up (i.e. dark areas of the image become completely black), the white level is not maximum or is overdriven, all depending on the combination of devices. Only if the digital video level happens to be the same in both devices is the contrast range at the HDMI input correct, which cannot be changed using the brightness or contrast controls.

• Another problem has arisen from the new sound formats such as DTS-HD or Dolby TrueHD : Flat-screen televisions often simply loop the HDMI audio signal through S / PDIF, making it accessible to sound receivers . The data rate is currently not sufficient to transmit the new HD sound formats 1: 1. With DTS-HD, the DTS core is output here with ≈1.5 Mbps. For other formats, a real-time downmix from around 6 Mbit / s to 1.5 Mbit / s is provided so that a signal can also be output via S / PDIF. Basically, however, this is accompanied by a correspondingly lower sound quality. With LPCM multi-channel sound, only an AC3 / DTS live encoder would help.

Alternative multimedia interfaces

• DVI (Digital Visual Interface)
• SDI (Serial Digital Interface)
• UDI (Unified Display Interface)
• DisplayPort
• HDBaseT
• Thunderbolt

See also

• HDMI stick

Web links

Commons : High Definition Multimedia Interface  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• HDMI Licensing, LLC (English)
• Background information on the HDMI interface
• HDMI connector assignment
• HDMI FAQ

Individual evidence

1. ↑ After Samsung and Sony: LG televisions should not support full HDMI 2.1 either . .chip.de. May 7, 2020. Accessed June 10, 2020.
2. ↑ Major Updates to Trademark and Logo Guidelines — January 2012. HDMI Licensing, LLC, accessed December 15, 2014 . 
3. ↑ HDMI Adopters & Founders. HDMI Licensing, LLC, accessed July 27, 2011 . 
4. ↑ Understanding Digital Interconnects. Audioholics, LLC, accessed July 27, 2011 . 
5. ^ Bob O'Donnell: White Paper. (PDF; 420 kB) HDMI: The Digital Display Link. IDC , December 2006, accessed July 27, 2011 . 
6. ↑ HDMI 1.3 also supports 3D. tweakpc.de
7. ↑ HDMI 1.4 3D Specifications HDMI Licensing Organization LLC
8. ↑ HDMI 1.4 120Hz support. 144hz-monitor.de; accessed on September 13, 2016.
9. ↑ HDMI 1.4a 3D transmission standards. HDMI Licensing Organization LLC
10. ↑ HDMI 1.4a 3D Standards for Movies and Games HDMI Licensing Organization LLC
11. ↑ Major features in HDMI 1.4b (PDF) keysight.com
12. ↑ FAQ for HDMI 2.0a. In: HDMI.org
13. ↑ ^{a b} HDMI 2.0a supports HDR for more realistic images. In: heise.de
14. ↑ That brings HDMI 2.0b. In: player.de
15. ↑ HDMI 1.4-120Hz support accessed September 14, 2016.
16. ↑ en.community.dell.com (via Nvidia control panel or PowerStripe)
17. ↑ HDMI 2.0 with extended 4K support. In: heise.de , accessed on September 9, 2015.
18. ↑ Ulrike Kuhlmann: More bandwidth for 4K - that brings HDMI 2.0. In: c't 21/2013, p. 40.
19. ↑ Nico Jurran: Speed ​​doubled - The new functions of the digital audio / video interface HDMI 2.0. In: c't 25/2013, p. 192 ff.
20. ↑ hdmiforum.org
21. ↑ SMPTE Standards Update: SMPTE ST 2094 and Dynamic HDR. (PDF) Retrieved November 29, 2017 . 
22. ↑ heise.de
23. ↑ Premium HDMI Cable Certification Program. HDMI Forum, Inc, accessed January 29, 2018 . 
24. ↑ ^{a b} HDMI 2.1. Overview. HDMI Forum, Inc, accessed January 29, 2018 . 
25. ↑ Premium HDMI Cable Certification Program. FAQ. HDMI Forum, Inc, accessed January 29, 2018 . 
26. ↑ Press release , HDMI Licensing Organization LLC. In: hdmi.org , November 19, 2009.
27. ↑ HDMI. In: reicheltpedia.de. Retrieved October 28, 2011 . 
28. ↑ What are the rules for referencing HDMI version numbers? (PDF; 401 kB) HDMI Licensing Organization LLC, April 2011, accessed on June 23, 2011 (English). 
29. ↑ Cleanup: HDMI consortium wants to eliminate version numbers. In: golem.de. June 2, 2010, accessed September 11, 2011 . 
30. ↑ The new HDMI standard is called high-speed. In : was-hdmi-kabel.de. February 26, 2012, accessed March 9, 2012 . 
31. ↑ hdmi.org HDMI Automotive , accessed April 25, 2011.
32. ↑ HDMI - Resources - FAQ. Retrieved November 22, 2017 . 
33. ↑ 100 meter long HDMI cable ( Memento from September 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
34. ↑ Stiftung Warentest : HDMI cable: a question of length. In: test.de 4/2011, accessed on February 1, 2013.
35. ↑ Hi-Fi controller 1.4 FAQ
36. ↑ HDMI - Resources - Knowledge Base. Retrieved February 22, 2017 . 
37. ↑ Unraveling the mess of connections: DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort . In: c't . December 23, 2014, p. 148 ( heise.de ).
38. ↑ DTS-HD Audio Consumer White Paper for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD Applications , p. 8.