Hauzenberger granite

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Hauzenberger granodiorite, polished pattern
The light squares of the floor on level 4 of Munich Airport are made of Hauzenberger granite
Circular fountain on Leopoldplatz in Berlin-Wedding made of Hauzenberger granite

Hauzenberger granite , also known in trade as Kronreuther granite , is one of the most culturally and historically important granites from the eastern Bavarian Forest , which occurs in the Passau Forest near Hauzenberg . The second largest granite deposit in the intrusive area in Lower Bavaria originated in the Upper Carboniferous ; it is about 320 million years old. There are two types of granite and one granodiorite in the Hauzenberg quarry area.

In the traditional mining area of ​​the Hauzenberg granite, the longest strike with a duration of ten months in the history of the German trade union movement took place in the 1980s.

Geology and occurrence

In the Bavarian Forest there are multiple occurrences of granite, the largest are around Hauzenberg and Fürstenstein / Tittling . The Hauzenberger massif is the second largest occurrence and reaches an area of ​​almost 60 km². It extends surfaces near east-west of Hauzenberg 11 kilometers to Waldkirchen . There are also large-grained pegmatites and fine-grained aplites . It is part of the Bohemian Massif , which has an extension of 300 × 300 kilometers. This granite was created in the late phase of the Variscan mountain formation and penetrated into highly metamorphic rocks at depths of over 10 kilometers, cooled down and crystallized out. In the course of the earth's history, the overburden was removed and the tops of the granite pluton were exposed.

The Hauzenberg granite deposit also includes the Nammering granite, which is extracted from Nammering near Aicha on the Danube .

Geotope

Hard rock ; Granite stone wall in the former Schachet quarry

The Schachet quarry has been designated as a valuable geotope by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment (geotope number: 275A039).

Rock description

Hauzenberger granite is speckled in black and white. It contains quartz , light-gray-blue plagioclase and white-gray alkali feldspar . Biotite is distributed relatively evenly in the rock. There are two types of Hauzenberger granite, a fine-grained, a medium to large-grained and another type of stone that does not count as a granite, the Hauzenberger granodiorite . The medium to large-grain granite shows insects up to a size of 3 centimeters.

The fine-grained Hauzenberger Granite I is slightly bluish to gray and the medium-grained Hauzenberger Granite II is yellow to brownish in color. The granodiorite found in the vicinity of Wotzdorf is gray-blue.

Historical use

Radetzky monument in Prague: Base and steps made of Hauzenberg granite, erected in 1858 and removed in 1919.
Fountain in front of the university in Munich: the base and steps are made of Hauzenberger granite

There have been around 200 quarries in the Hauzenberg granite deposit in the course of history. The best-known fractions are, for example, Berbing, Freudensee, Döbling, Fürsetzing, Eckmühle, Tiessen, Lindbüchl, Kronreuth, Raßreuth, Eitzing, Bauzing, Büchlberg, Döbling, Wotzdorf, Niederkümmering, Schachet and Kaltrum.

Before the 17th century, the stone was cut from the granite blocks in the fields or in the forest. This is probably where the name forest granite comes from . The first quarries were built on the surface and deeper rock layers were only extracted from the time of industrialization .

From the 15th century

The Hauzenberg granite was used in the town of Hauzenberg for the Freudensee Castle in the 15th century for the first time in the history of the building in the form of quarry stone masonry , and then in the late Gothic church of St. Vitus. At the end of the 15th century, the construction of churches was an important task for bricklayers and stonemasons not only in the Lower Bavarian region - however, most of the buildings at that time were not made of granite, but of the softer sandstone and limestone . The stonemasons wanted to set up their own guild in Hauzenberg, but the Passau bishop refused and so the Hauzenberg stonemasons had to remain in the Passau stonemasons' guild.

The granite used for buildings was mainly collected in the fields until the 17th century, and granite quarries were only opened and operated by the episcopal in the second half of the 17th century. There were also ongoing disputes about the granting of the master craftsman's license and about the approval for commercial stonemasonry. In 1804 Hauzenberg got its own stonemasons' guild, which was converted into a trade association in 1836.

19th century

At the beginning of the 19th century, farms around Hauzenberg were provided with granite portals and built from masonry. The bridge structures in Passau, such as the Maximilliansbrücke and the Ilz-Triftsperre near Hals , were built from this granite and later the bridges of Passau over the Ilz and Inn were added.

The Bavarian King Ludwig I , who initially wanted to use Mauthausen granite from Austria, refrained from doing so because the desired sizes were not available and commissioned Munich city planning officer Karl Muffat to look for alternatives. He found the right material in Hauzenberg granite. In the spring of 1845 Friedrich von Gärtner gave the order to manufacture 18 columns for the Liberation Hall in Kelheim from the Freudensee quarry with a weight of 33 tons and a further 18 smaller columns. They were made, but after Gärtner's death on the instructions of Leo von Klenze, they were not placed there because of their design and size. Two of these columns, which have been changed, are located in front of the entrance to the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich on Amalienstraße.

Klenze traveled to Hauzenberg and in 1851 signed a contract for 72 columns for the inner column gallery of the Kelheim Liberation Hall. The columns were not finished in Hauzenberg, but polished from Fichtelgebirge granite by the pioneer of grinding technology Erhard Ackermann from the Fichtelgebirge in the years 1854 to 1858. In the 19th century, for example, Hauzenberger granite was used for the fountains at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, for the base of the Radetzky monument in Prague and for the monument to the Bavarian King Maximillian I in front of the National Theater in Munich . Furthermore, at the turn of the century, vats as acid containers for the chemical industry were made from large blocks of Hauzenberg granite, as this was particularly suitable for this. In 1882 the Kinadeter granite works in Hauzenberg received the order to produce 12,000 running meters of curb stones; Since the city of Munich was satisfied with the material for curbs and paving stones, the company delivered around 30,000 running meters of curb stones annually. The Hauzenberg granite probably received the name curb granite from this .

In 1873 a horse-drawn tram from the Danube to Hauzenberg was planned because the granite trade could not be continued successfully without suitable means of transport. In 1898, 500 stone masons and stone masons were employed in the quarries of Hauzenberg; the annual production was 12,000 tons (about 4,200 m³) of natural stone. Around 1900 there were six large granite companies: Josef Kinadeter, Johann Schwabacher, Alois and Johann Hausteiner, Gebr. Kerber, Josef Schuler and Josef Zieringer. The Josef Kusser company followed in 1907. It was only when Hauzenberg received a railway connection in 1904 that the granite industry continued to develop; However, the economy in Germany slackened before the First World War .

From 1914

During the First World War, the production of granite products declined because, on the one hand, orders were missing and, on the other hand, employees were called up for military service and quarries that were not essential to the war effort were closed.

After the First World War, the market for individual granite industries developed positively, as reparation payments for stone deliveries to France and the market in the United States of America resulted in a demand for processed Hauzenberger granite in the 1920s. Pavement production declined significantly as many streets were paved and no longer paved from the mid-1920s.

The global economic crisis of 1929 led to almost all quarries and stone works in the Bavarian Forest being closed. In 1929 there were 12,000 unemployed stone workers in the entire Bavarian Forest. However, the granite industry recovered overall from 1933 onwards due to the building plans of the National Socialists and in 1938 what was then the largest stonemasonry company in Hauzenberg, which Georg Kusser founded, allegedly employed 950 stoneworkers in Hauzenberg. However, the stone workers in the Bavarian Forest were not very receptive to National Socialist slogans, which was also evident in the fact that in Wotzdorf , a “stone workers stronghold ” near Hauzenberg, the KPD received 43 percent and the NSDAP only 7 percent of the votes in the last free state elections .

After 1945

After the Second World War , the granite industry did not develop to its previous size, because the companies had significantly lower sales and employment figures in the 1950s than before the Second World War, or they stopped production after the war. Other firms that employed hundreds of stone workers only employed 10 to 30 workers. The only exception was Martin Zankl, who opened a business with three journeyman stonemasons in the run-up to the currency reform, which still exists today. The demand for granite initially remained low and began in the years of reconstruction.

From 1950

Work on granite remained a manual activity until the 1950s, but the arrival of mechanization in the granite industry was unstoppable. Pneumatic hammers and drill hammers were used where work was previously done by hand, hydraulic presses replaced the manual work of paving. Transport with lorries was replaced by dump trucks and wheel loaders. The heavy manual labor was made easier, on the other hand the strain on the wrists and back brought signs of wear and tear and the increased accumulation of dust from mechanical equipment led to increased silicosis diseases (pneumonia). The piecework services were specified by the employers and no longer negotiated. The first warning strikes occurred in collective bargaining disputes in the 1950s. In the 1970s, the employers' side remained adamant about demands for vacation pay, annual special payments and non-seasonal employment, and so there was a first strike in 1977 with a three-week stoppage of work.

From 1980

Towards the end of the 1980s, the demand for granite from the Bavarian Forest declined because granite material from India and China was bought at the cheapest prices. That is why the employers cut piecework performance by 20 percent, which led to the longest labor dispute in the history of the German trade union movement of more than 10 months, led by the Bau-Steine-Erden industrial union.

The number of granite factories in Hauzenberg subsequently declined. Against the trend, there are developments that can be rated positively, for example the Hauzenberg granite company Zankl, which was founded in 1948, employed around 100 workers in 2009 working on stones from all over the world.

Usage today

Hauzenberger granite is very weatherproof, polishable and resistant to chemical aggressions.

Hauzenberger granite is particularly suitable for floor coverings, stairs, facade panels, outside window sills, bricks, columns, door and window frames, for tombs, wells and bowls, sculptures, curbs, small and large pavement.

In the recent past it was mainly used as a floor covering, for example in the Olympic site in Munich and as a floor covering in the new airport in Munich and in numerous other cities.

Entrance area of ​​the Granite Center Bavarian Forest in Hauzenberg

An interesting and modern structural application of the Hauzenberg granite can be seen in the granite center Bayerischer Wald , which opened in May 2005 and was created according to plans by the architects Brückner & Brückner .

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gerhard Lehrberger: Granite - The highest and the lowest. In: Helm: Granit, p. 40.
  2. ↑ The age of granites in the Bavarian Forest.
  3. ^ Bavarian State Office for the Environment, Geotope Quarry Schachet - Granite Center Hauzenberg. (accessed on March 22, 2020).
  4. ↑ Martin Ziegler (2008): Geological mapping of selected quarries in the Hauzenberg granite massif & rock-technical-petrographic investigation of a weathering profile. Diploma thesis 2009 (with geological map) available online (PDF; 6.0 MB), accessed on August 10, 2009.
  5. ↑ Paul Praxl : A main source of food in this area. The history of the granite industry in Eastern Bavaria. In: Helm: Granit, p. 118.
  6. ↑ Praxl: Granitgewerbe, pp. 121–122.
  7. ↑ Praxl: Granitgewerbe, p. 126.
  8. ↑ Illustration of a column made of Hauzenberg granite, which King Ludwig I of Bavaria commissioned ( memento of the original from September 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed August 6, 2009.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.granitzentrum.de
  9. ↑ Praxl: Granitgewerbe, pp. 126–127.
  10. ↑ Praxl: Granitgewerbe, p. 133.
  11. ^ Praxl: The rise and fall of the East Bavarian granite industry. In: Helm: Granit, p. 192.
  12. ↑ granite. P. 247.
  13. ↑ Praxl: Granitgewerbe, p. 134.
  14. ↑ Christine Lorenz-Lossin: “ ... they were a disreputable people! About the life and work of stone carvers. “In: Wilfried Helms: Granit, p. 247.
  15. ↑ Ira Mazzoni: Massives Urgestein , in: Deutsche Bauzeitung , Issue 09, 2005, accessed on April 15, 2020.
  16. ↑ Enrico Santifaller: Quarry, rearranged , in: Bauwelt 33, 2005, pp. 12–19 (pdf), accessed on April 15, 2020.

Coordinates: 48 ° 38 ′ 54.4 "  N , 13 ° 36 ′ 26.7"  E