Heroini

Heroini
Heros sp. "Red wedge"
Systematics
without rank: Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae) Ovalentaria Order : Cichliformes Family : Cichlids (Cichlidae) Subfamily : Cichlinae Tribe : Heroini
Scientific name
Heroini
Kullander , 1998

The Heroini are a tribe of the American cichlid subfamily Cichlinae . The distribution area extends from the Amazon basin in northern South America to the Rio Grande on the border between the USA and Mexico . The Heroini include the angelfish ( Pterophyllum ) and the discus fish ( Symphysodon ), which are popular aquarium fish, as well as all the cichlids of Central America.

distribution

Of the 122 species described in 2010, the vast majority occur north of the Isthmus of Panama . The ancestral form of the Heroini probably lived in northern South America around 16 million years ago. From there the taxon spread to the north. This did not result in sudden adaptive radiation , but rather the diversity of species increased continuously.

features

The close relationship of these externally different genera is based on molecular biological investigations and is hardly supported by morphological characteristics. All Heroini have more than four fin spines and more than 15 soft rays in the anal fin . All are substrate spawners . The Heroini include algae eaters with specialized teeth ( Neetroplus ), omnivores, species that peck invertebrates from sand or mud ( Cribroheros ) and fish eaters ( Petenia ).

Internal system

The Heroini are divided into a few sub-tribus.

• Tribus Heroini
  • Australoheros
  • Hypselecara
  • Hoplarchus
  • Pterophyllum
  • High-backed clade (Mesonautines): Mesonauta , Uaru , Symphysodon , Heros
  • Amphilophines: Amatitlania , Amphilophus , Archocentrus , Chortiheros , Cryptoheros , Darienheros , Hypsophrys , Isthmoheros , Mayaheros , Neetroplus , Panamius , Parachromis , Petenia , Talamancaheros
  • Astatoheroines: Astatheros , Cribroheros , Herotilapia , Rocio , Tomocichla
  • Caquetaines: Caquetaia , Heroina , Kronoheros
  • Herichthyines: Chiapaheros , Chocoheros , Cincelichthys , Chuco , Herichthys , Kihnichthys , Maskaheros , Mesoheros , Nosferatu , Oscura , Paraneetroplus , Rheoheros , Theraps , Thorichthys , Trichromis , Vieja , Wajpamheros
  • Nandopsines: Nandopsis

Systematics of the Heroini	Systematics of the Amphilophines	Systematics of the Herichthyines
Heroini     Astatheroines    Herotilapia      Tomocichla      Astatheros      Rocio      Cribroheros      Australoheros       Caquetaines    Kronoheros      Heroina      Caquetaia      Amphilophines      Nandopsis      Herichthyines   Mesonautines   Mesonauta      hero      Uaru      Symphysodon      Pterophyllum      Hoplarchus      Hypselecara	Amphilophines    Chortiheros      Petenia      Parachromis      Cryptoheros      Neetroplus      Hypsophrys      Amatitlania      Mayan hero      Talamancaheros      Isthmoheros      Panamius      Darienheros      Amphilophus      Archocentrus	Herichthyines    Chocoheros      Mesoheros      Trichromes      Thorichthys      Chiapaheros      Theraps      Wajpamheros      Cincelichthys      Chuco      Rheoheros      Oscura      Vieja      Maskaheros      Paraneetroplus      Nosferatu      Herichthys

swell

• IP Farias, G. Orti, A. Meyer: Total Evidence: Molecules, Morphology, and the Phylogenetics of Cichlid Fishes. In: Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol). 288, 2000, pp. 76–92 ( ( page no longer available , search in web archives: kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de ) PDF).
• WL Smith, P. Chakrabarty, JS Sparks 2008. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlinae). In: Cladistics. 24, pp. 1-17.
• John S. Sparks , Wm. Leo Smith: Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) . In: Cladistics . tape 20 , no. 6 . Wiley Online Library, December 2004, ISSN  1096-0031 , pp. 501-517 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ C. Darrin Hulsey, Phillip R. Hollingsworth Jr, James A. Fordyce: Temporal diversification of Central American cichlids . In: BMC Evolutionary Biology . tape 10 , 2010, ISSN  1471-2148 , p. 279 , doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-10-279 , PMID 20840768 , PMC 2944184 (free full text) - ( biomedcentral.com ).
2. ^ ^{A b} Hernán López-Fernández, Kirk O. Winemiller, Rodney L. Honeycutt: Multilocus phylogeny and rapid radiations in Neotropical cichlid fishes (Perciformes: Cichlidae: Cichlinae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 55 , no. 3 , June 2010, p. 1070-1086 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.02.020 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} O. Říčan, L. Piálek, K. Dragová, J. Novák: Diversity and evolution of the Middle American cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with revised classification. In: Vertebrate Zoology. Volume 66, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1–102 (PDF, senckenberg.de ( Memento of the original from April 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ).