Hic et nunc

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Hic et nunc ( Latin , German: 'here and now') is a twin formula that means 'immediately' and 'on the spot'. The phrase comes from philosophy and describes the spatial-temporal determination of the individual and the individuality of the concrete thing.

philosophy

With this phrase the scholastic Aegidius Romanus distinguishes the individual things from the eternal universals . For Duns Scotus , reality is made up of the individuals existing in the hic et nunc in their totality, which makes individuality and singular being more important. For Scotus, general terms are actions of an individual existing in the hic et nunc who knows.

With the phrase Pietro Pomponazzi made in his treatise on the immortal soul, the requirement to take care of the present, since in his opinion there is no immortal soul. Man should not prepare for the hereafter, but should work in this life and immediately for a morally better world. Pomponazzi criticizes here the understanding of the immateriality of the mind , as it was understood going back to Aristotle , Averroes and Avicenna , whose most important argument he classifies in such a way that general forms are recognized in the cognition of the mind and this cognitive achievement is not dependent on any physical, temporal capacity hic et nunc .

Arthur Schopenhauer saw what is specific in people in the fact that he can distance himself from the hic et nunc given through his ideas as they are e.g. B. Memories, principles and maxims are.

For Edmund Husserl , an object is real and nothing else than what it is directly in the hic et nunc , such as a colored surface. In his view, there is no conceivable thing that would be conceivable without reference to the hic et nunc that belongs to the respective determining person. For Husserl, every objective determination of time has a content of understanding in its now and here, although it is changeable but necessary as a basic point.

In a review of Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger asks about the meaning of “I am” and emphasizes this question as central. The ego is the concrete factual self, which is to be understood in the historical respective personal experience. The respective person also encounters himself in a bodily-concrete life, in his own spiritual-historical situation lived in hic et nunc .

Ernst Bloch mentions the phrase in The Principle of Hope in a paragraph about Faust. A tragedy. by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . This is about the moment that is the final human problem, the intense now and there in the fulfilled moment. The moment is the “that-riddle of being”. If the moment in Faust is addressed with “Stay a while, you are so beautiful”, a “guide board” of metaphysics shows itself for a fulfilled existence. The shudder of mankind appears when the figures of restlessness coincide with the cantus firmus of the hic et nunc in the world and the aspired nunc stans .

Theodor W. Adorno develops the theory of the aura from Walter Benjamin's The Work of Art in the Age of its Technical Reproducibility and judges that traditional art, before technical reproducibility , shook the pure hic et nunc of which Benjamin spoke, as well as the aura would be confiscated from mass production.

Gilles Deleuze seeks an ally in the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead in opposition to the dominance of identity and representation in philosophy, but criticizes Whitehead's speculative metaphysics in process and reality and speaks in this context of hic et nunc . For Whitehead, the eternity of objects contrasts with the fleeting nature of actual events, with which Whitehead seeks to solve the problem of nihilism .

In the analytical philosophy called Stegmüller in dealing with the question of the reference in terms of Saul Kripke , that the concept of the language game of Ludwig Wittgenstein had to be supplemented, as meaning and reference a causal have aspect. Man stands in a complex causal chain that begins with an object in the world. The extension of a concrete word such as “lemon” depends on the space-time relationship of a person and the respective hic et nunc given piece of matter. This concept would also have consequences for the philosophy of science .

In the discourse theory of law , which is related to the consensus theory of truth , Jürgen Habermas refers to an argument by Hilary Putnam : A view that is held to be true hic et nunc must be distinguished from a true view that is thought to be timeless under ideal conditions, otherwise it is not a reflexive one Learning would be possible and rationality standards could not be improved. According to this theory, every conviction taken seriously hic et nunc has a claim to apply, which points beyond the moment of the respective conversation and in which an element that transcends space and time is inherent in at least an ideal idea. Hans-Herbert Kögler , a student of Jürgen Habermas, interprets his summary of Putnam's argument in such a way that cultural norms and standards cannot inevitably determine what is true and justified, because otherwise a criticism and reflection of the mostly unspoken assumptions of the respective speaker would be inconceivable in meeting speakers from other discourse communities . An idealizing reference point of an objective world must be assumed that can at least conceivably bridge the differences between different systems of understanding.

In the mid-1990s, Wolfgang Welsch saw the speed of electronic development enhance the slowness and uniqueness. The electronic omnipresence and the virtual possibilities of repetition aroused a longing for another uniqueness and unrepeatable presence of the hic et nunc .

theology

From the theological point of view of the present there is a hic et nunc unresolved contradiction in personal life in which moral force plays a role. From this point of view, man has the chance to act morally, but there is always a hic et nunc inscrutable wisdom of God.

sociology

Also in the sociology of the situation of the present, the human existence in space and time in its respective situation is described with the hic et nunc .

psychology

In thought psychology , attempts have been made to develop a systematic self- observation. Psychologists such as Narcissus Ach and Karl Bühler developed experiments in which the psychological facts of thinking themselves were to be grasped directly and what was experienced in the hic et nunc while thinking was to be determined.

Jurisprudence

In jurisprudence , the term is used to explain the question of how the question of justice is to be assessed in a given situation.

Literature and art

When analyzing lyric poetry , everyday speaking, in which the respective ego in hic et nunc is unambiguous, is differentiated from the lyrical ego in a poem, in which the spatial-temporal definition of the ego cannot always be determined.

Against symbolism , representatives of acmeism , futurism and other avant-garde at the beginning of the 20th century called for a return to a concrete, sensual reality of a hic et nunc, which should be revalued against the visionary attitude of symbolism. While symbolist poets preferred music as related to poetry, the futurists turned more to painting, the fine arts and architecture.

Theodor W. Adorno attributed a stagnation of the musical experience of time to neoclassicism , jazz and the works of Arnold Schönberg and Igor Stravinsky . In minimal music , which wants to demonstrate a process and use it to structure and order time, an effect of the hic et nunc sounding moment is achieved, but which is experienced in a continuous stream of sound as music without time limits. The construction of a course of time, which is formed from past memories and future expectations, is suspended.

In contemporary literature, for example, Terézia Mora's work is examined from the point of view of hic et nunc .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans-Georg Müller: eagle eye and lynx ear. German twin formulas and their use (=  Heinrich Weber , Wilfried Kürschner , Reinhard Rapp, Kazimierz Sroka, Jürg Strässler, Lew Zybatow [eds.]: Linguistics international . Volume 22 ). Lang, Frankfurt am Main [a. a.] 2009, ISBN 978-3-631-59764-4 , pp. 557 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  2. ↑ Rudolf Eisler : Hic et nunc . In: Dictionary of Philosophical Terms . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Mittler, Berlin 1904, OCLC 264982625 , p. 438 ( Zeno.org ).
  3. ↑ Carl von Prantl : History of Logic in the Occident . tape 3 . Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 1997, ISBN 3-487-10513-6 , pp. 262 ( Preview in Google Book Search - Reprint).
  4. ^ Günther Schulemann : The doctrine of the transcendental in scholastic philosophy . Felix Meiner Verlag, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-7873-3518-3 , The doctrine of the transcendental in higher scholasticism. Duns Scotus, S. 48–49 ( Preview in Google Book Search - Unchanged eBook of the edition published by Felix Meiner in Leipzig in 1929 (= Volume IV, Issue II of Research on the History of Philosophy and Education. ). Ed. By Artur Schneider and Wilhelm Kahl ).
  5. ↑ Christa Pöppelmann: Nomen est omen. The most famous Latin quotes & idioms and what's behind them . Compact-Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8174-6414-2 , p. 66 ( Preview in Google Book Search).
  6. ^ Paolo Rubini: Pietro Pomponazzis epistemology. Naturalization of the human spirit in late Aristotelianism (=  Andreas Speer [Hrsg.]: Studies and texts on the intellectual history of the Middle Ages . Volume 116 ). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-28775-4 , pp. 221 ( preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ Dieter Birnbacher : The two basic problems of ethics . In: Daniel Schubbe, Matthias Koßler (eds.): Schopenhauer manual . Life - work - effect. 2nd Edition. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-476-04558-4 , pp. 109 ( preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Edmund Husserl: Logical investigations. Supplementary volume first part . Drafts for the revision of the VI. Investigation and preface for the new edition of Logical Investigations (summer 1913). Ed .: Ullrich Melle (=  Husserliana . Edmund Husserl - Collected Works . Volume 20 ). Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht 2002, ISBN 94-010-0599-0 , pp. 162 ( preview in Google Book search).
  9. ^ Matthias Jung: The early Freiburg lectures and other writings 1919–1923 . Build your own philosophy in a historical context. In: Dieter Thomä (ed.): Heidegger manual. Life - work - effect . 2nd Edition. JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2013, ISBN 978-3-476-05344-2 , p. 15–16 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  10. ↑ Ernst Bloch: The principle of hope. In five parts. Chapters 1–37 . In: Complete Edition . tape 5 , no. 2 . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1959, OCLC 892292462 , p. 1194 .
  11. ^ Rolf Tiedemann : Aura . In: Joachim Ritter , Karlfried founder , Gottfried Gabriel (Hrsg.): Historical dictionary of philosophy . tape 1 . Schwabe, Basel 1971, ISBN 978-3-7965-0115-9 .
  12. ↑ James Williams: Deleuze and Whitehead: The Concept of Reciprocal Determination . In: Keith Robinson (Ed.): Deleuze, Whitehead, Bergson. Rhizomatic Connections . Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2009, ISBN 978-1-349-35541-9 , pp. 103-104 (English, preview in Google Book Search).
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Stegmüller: New ways of the philosophy of science . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1980, ISBN 3-642-61839-1 , Science as a Language Game , p. 91 ( Preview in Google Book Search).
  14. ↑ Vagn Andersen: Transformations of God. Treatises on the concept of the unconditional in modernity . Aarhus University Press, Aarhus 2008, ISBN 978-87-7934-682-6 , pp. 71–73 , here p. 72 ( preview in Google book search).
  15. ↑ Hans-Herbert Kögler: The power of dialogue. Critical hermeneutics according to Gadamer, Foucault and Rorty . JB Metzler, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-476-00821-5 , p. 263 ( preview in Google Book search).
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Welsch: Artificial Paradises? Reflections on the world of electronic media - and on other worlds . In: Dieter Baacke , Franz Josef Röll (Hrsg.): Weltbilder Perception Reality. Education as an aesthetic learning process (=  series of publications by the Society for Media Education and Communication Culture (GMK) . Volume 8 ). Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 1995, p. 89 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-663-11825-1 ( preview in Google book search).
  17. ↑ Konrad Stock :  Customs / Morality . In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie (TRE). Volume 31, de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, ISBN 3-11-016657-7 , pp. 318–333 (here: p. 330).
  18. ↑ Andreas Ziemann: On the philosophy and sociology of the situation . An introduction. In: Andreas Ziemann (Ed.): Open order? Philosophy and sociology of the situation (=  Hans-Georg Soeffner , Ronald Hitzler , Hubert Knoblauch , Jo Reichertz , Reiner Keller [eds.]: Knowledge, communication and society. Writings on the sociology of knowledge ). Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-01528-2 , p. 7 ( Preview in Google Book Search).
  19. ↑ Georg Eckardt: Core problems in the history of psychology . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-17372-6 , thinking and self-observation under experimental conditions (Würzburg School), p. 103–104 , here p. 104 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  20. ↑ Karl Larenz : Methodology of Law (=  Wolfgang Kunkel , Hans Peters , Erich Preiser [Hrsg.]: Enzyklopädie der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaft . Volume 35 ). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1960, ISBN 3-662-28410-3 , p. 4 ( Preview in Google Book Search).
  21. ↑ Fabian Bross, Elias Kreuzmair: Basic knowledge for the exam. German poetry (=  UTB for science . Volume 4724 ). Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 2017, ISBN 978-3-8252-4724-9 , pp. 150 ( preview in Google Book Search).
  22. ^ Wolfgang Stephan Kissel: Nabokovs Canon. For the deconstruction and reconstruction of literary authority (s) in exile . In: Klaus Städtke, Ralph Kray (Ed.): Scope of the authorial discourse . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-05-003737-7 , pp. 158 ( preview in Google Book search).
  23. ↑ Beate Kutschke: Wild thinking in the new music. The idea of ​​the end of the story with Theodor W. Adorno and Wolfgang Rihm . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2002, ISBN 3-8260-2243-2 , p. 112 ( preview in Google Book search).
  24. ↑ Beate Kutschke: New Left, New Music. Cultural theories and artistic avant-garde in the 1960s and 70s . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2007, ISBN 3-412-17906-X ( preview in the Google book search).
  25. ↑ Nathan Taylor: At the Zero Point of Realism . Terézia Mora's Poetics of hic et nunc. In: Silke Horstkotte , Leonhard Herrmann (Hrsg.): Poetiken der Gegenwart. German-language novels after 2000 (=  spectrum literary studies . Volume 37 ). De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-033655-9 , pp. 13–31 ( preview in Google Book search).