Isaac of Montjoie

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Isaak von Montjoie or Monschau , also Isaac von Brühl u. Ä. (* 1st half of the 14th century, probably in Cologne ; † after 1382 , probably before 1386 , probably in Cologne or Bonn ) was a German Jewish entrepreneur and community leader who worked in Monschau , Brühl , Cologne and Bonn.

Life

Isaak von Montjoie, like his brother Mannus von Köln († after 1386), probably came from Cologne. His father Simon († between 1349 and 1377) was apparently able to escape the pogrom of 1349 in Cologne with his family and found acceptance in the Eifel town of Montjoie ( Monschau ).

Monschau

Simon and his son Isaak called themselves Simeon Munschau and Isaak von Montjoie or Monschau (Monzauwe, Moynioye, etc.) after their refuge. At that time, the Monschau rulership was owned by Johann I von Falkenburg († 1352) and his daughter Philippa von Falkenburg as a Brabant fiefdom . In 1353 it was transferred to Reinhard I von Schönau, Schönforst and Zichem († 1376), who had granted Philippa von Valkenburg and her husband and guardian Heinrich von Flandern a loan for 15,000 old gold shields to redeem pledges up to this year . These transactions and recognizable extensions of the castle and the place immediately after 1350 were probably financed by the Simons von Munschau family.

Bruehl

Isaak von Monschau lived after 1360 in Brühl, the seat of the Cologne archbishops and electors . His brother Mannus (Manne, Man) of Cologne settled in Worms before 1362 and his brother Vyvus (Vivelin) of Brühl in Strasbourg in 1369 .

Cologne

When Jews were allowed to resettle in Cologne for the first time after 23 years of expulsion from the city in 1372, Isaak von Brühl and his family were among them. "Isaac van deme Broele" paid 400 guilders admission allowance and 100 guilders annually; "Isax brother van deme Brule " - d. H. Vyvus (Vivelyn) and "Isax eydûm Lievermann" (his son-in-law), who were admitted at the same time, paid a total of 300 guilders for admission and 100 guilders annually.

Isaac von Montjoie became a " Jewish Bishop " (community leader) under the supervision of Archbishop Friedrich III. von Saar Werden (* around 1348; † 1414) in Cologne.

Count (later Duke) Wilhelm II. Von Berg (1348–1408) took out a loan of 5,100 (= 2 × 2,550) guilders in 1373 from the two Jews Bunheim Schaiff († around 1392/94) from Cologne and “Isaak van dem Bruele " on. He used two crowns and other valuables as a deposit. In August 1374, Isaak von Monschau acknowledged the count's delay in this contract with a " damage fee " of 450 guilders. A seal hangs on the certificate with the inscription "YSAC VN MVNSVE" and the three Hebrew initial letters "יצח" of the name Isaac and, after a gap, a legible letter "מ", which is interpreted as the "M" from the father's name "Simon" can be; the seal picture shows a rising ibex in a shield.

In April 1374 Johann Schürmann († 1411), bailiff and cellar in Brühl, "onse judebuschof" Isaak von Montjoie (Ysaac von Monyoye), his son Lewe and son-in-law Levermann praised the Lübeck citizens Giselbrecht Nuwestat, Siward (Syuart) Ridder, Henrich Molenstrate , Hermann Rodenwerder and Hermann and Gerart Dersauw , the Friedrich III. had borrowed 5,000 guilders in total to pay off 2,000 guilders of debt within four years. As security, the Archbishop ordered Burg, Stadt und Amt Brühl, even after his death.

Escape in the lay judges' war

Isaak von Montjoie supported the archbishop in the so-called "lay jury war" (1374 to 1377) between Friedrich III. and the city of Cologne. His former business partner Bunheim Schaiff, on the other hand, financed the city of Cologne with large sums between 1375 and 1391. Around 1376 Isaac had to be a follower of Frederick III. flee from Cologne.

Bonn

After fleeing Cologne, Isaak von Montjoie settled in Bonn. The Poppelsdorfer Burg was an administrative center of Archbishop Friedrich III near Bonn . from Saar Werden.

The city of Cologne confiscated goods or money that Isaak's brother Mannus and his son-in-law Gottschalk von Worms had deposited with him. Mannus filed 1376 claims on the money loaned to Count von Berg. The city justified the confiscation to the dukes of Bavaria ( Rheinpfalzgrafen ) in a letter saying that Isaak von Moynioye had become " Scheffener " of the archbishop, with whom she was at war. A feud between the city of Cologne and Count Diether VIII von Katzenelnbogen (1340–1402) arose over this from 1378 to 1386 , under whose protection Mann and Gottschalk stood.

In 1381, after the plague pogrom of 1348/49, “Isack de Montjoie” was the first time a Jew residing in Bonn was mentioned in a document. Adolf von Virneburg († around 1391) issued this year a letter of indemnity for his "nephews" Konrad von Tomburg († around 1398) and Friedrich I. von Tomburg and Landskron († 1420) because of a guarantee for a loan from Isaac.

Isaak von Monschau (Munszauwe) confirmed Archbishop Friedrich III. 1382 the receipt of an advance payment of 400 Rhenish guilders on a debt of 400 shields .

In 1386 Mannus of Cologne had to waive the repayment of the loan from his brother Isaak from 1373 to Duke Wilhelm II von Berg in the amount of 2,550 guilders. Presumably Isaac of Montjoie had already died by this time.

family

The children of Isaac of Montjoie are named:

  • Lewe,
  • (Daughter), married to Lievermann, admitted to Cologne in 1372.

The brother Mannus of Cologne († after 1386) worked as a money dealer in Worms (see above).

Isaak's brother Vyvus (Vivelin) was admitted to Strasbourg for five years in 1369 and in Cologne in 1372. He was probably identical with Vyvus von Bryle (Broele, Bruele, etc.), the son-in-law of Jakob von Jülich (Guylge, Gylche, Guilch) ( † 1379/81) to Koblenz and his wife Gertrude († after 1381). Vyvus von Brühl zu Cologne appears between 1381 and 1401 as the lender of the city of Andernach , which belonged to the Archbishopric of Cologne .

Gomprecht von Bonn zu Andernach is referred to as the brother of Vyvus of Cologne in 1401. Between 1388 and 1407 he was a lender to the city of Andernach.

In 1372 Anselm, Isaak's brother, was admitted to Cologne.

swell

  • Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine or the Archbishopric of Cöln, the principalities of Jülich and Berg, Geldern, Meurs, Kleve and Mark, and the imperial monasteries of Elten, Essen and Werden , Vol. III. H. Voß, Düsseldorf 1853 ( digitized version of the Düsseldorf University Library)
  • Leonard Ennen (Hrsg.): Sources on the history of the city of Cologne , Vol. IV, V and Vol. VI. M. DuMont-Schauberg, Cologne 1870, 1875 and 1879 (Vol. IV: Google Books , Vol. V: Digitized and Vol. VI: Digitized )
  • Wilhelm Janssen (arr.): The Regests of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Vol. VII 1362-1370 (Adolf von der Mark, Engelbert von der Mark, Kuno von Falkenstein) . (Publications of the Society for Rhenish History 21/7) Droste, Düsseldorf 1982
  • Norbert Andernach (edit.): The Regests of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Middle Ages , Vol. VIII 1370-1381 (Friedrich von Saar Werden) and Vol. IX 1381-1390 (Friedrich von Saar Werden) . (Publications of the Gesellschaft für Rheinische Geschichtskunde 21 / 8–9) Droste, Düsseldorf 1981 and 1983

literature

  • Carl Brisch: History of the Jews in Cöln and the surrounding area from the earliest times to the present , Bd. II. Carl Warnitz, Cologne 1882 (reprint Sendet, Wiesbaden 1973 ISBN 3-500-26580-4 ) ( digitized version of the Freimann collection in the University Library Frankfurt am Main)
  • Edith Ennen , Dietrich Höroldt: Small history of the city of Bonn , Wilhelm Stollfuss, Bonn 1968
  • Matthias Schmandt: Judei, cives et incole. Studies on the Jewish history of Cologne in the Middle Ages . (Research on the history of the Jews, Dept. A. Treatises 11). Hahn, Hannover 2002 ISBN 3-7752-5620-2
  • Matthias Schmandt: Cologne: Jewish Center on the Lower Rhine . In: Christoph Cluse (Ed.): Europe's Jews in the Middle Ages. Contributions to the international symposium in Speyer from 20. – 25. October 2002 . Kliomedia, Trier 2004, ISBN 3-89890-081-9 , pp. 443-454
  • Birgit E. Klein : “Court Jews” in the Rhineland. About titles and privileges, their backgrounds and consequences . In: Monika Grübel, Georg Mölich (Ed.): Jewish life in the Rhineland. From the Middle Ages to the present . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2005, pp. 46–78
  • Axel Kolodziej : Duke Wilhelm I von Berg (1380-1408) . (Bergische Research 29). Schmidt, Neustadt an der Aisch 2005

Remarks

  1. ↑ Older literature probably used the translation "martyr" too one-sidedly for "קדוש" ("holy, blessed, deceased").
  2. ↑ 1378 bailiff in Arnsberg and provost zu Soest and Rees , confidante ("secret") of the archbishop, nephew of Johann von Heesfeld zu Carthausen, donor of the Nikolaustafel attributed to Conrad von Soest in the Nikolaikapelle ; see. Othmar Rütting: The Nikolaus iconography in the Nikolai memorial chapel of the provost . In: Ilse Maas-Steinhoff (ed.): City citizens in the protection of their saints. New contributions to medieval art and urban culture in Soest . Klartext, Essen 2003, pp. 55–79, especially pp. 58 and 66f.
  3. ^ The brothers Hermann and Gerhard Darsow, later both councilors from Lübeck, were among the founders of the circle brotherhood in 1379 .
  4. ↑ Cf. in detail with references → Mannus von Köln .
  5. ↑ Sons of Werner von Tomburg and (⚭ 1330) the Ermesinde (Irmeswyntis) von Blankenheim.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Cf. Mannys, a Jew from Worms, renounces the 2550 guilders that he had to demand from the city of Cologne. 1386, May 30th. In: In: L. Ennen (Ed.): Quellen , Vol. V, 1875, pp. 515f.
  2. ↑ a b Cf. Historical Archive of the City of Cologne (holdings 1 main document archive, U 1 / 3761A, 3761B and 3762).
  3. ↑ See Worms City Archives (Section 1 AI, No. 217); 1377 May. - The Jews of Worms give the city of Worms a compulsory loan of 20,000 gold guilders . In: Heinrich Boos (Ed.): Document book of the city of Worms , Vol. II 1301–1400 . Weidmann, Berlin, 1890, pp. 463–467 (No. 723) ( digitized version from Heidelberg University Library). In the document Mannus (Hebrew name מנחם - Menachim ) is called "בן הבןר׳ [= הקדוש רב] שמעון - son of the blessed Rav (= Lord) Simon".
  4. ↑ a b c See M. Schmandt: Köln , 2004, esp.p. 451.
  5. ↑ Cf. Friedhelm Burgard: High finance in the west of the empire. 1150-1500 . Trier Historical Research Publishing House, Trier 1996, p. 293
  6. ↑ See Elmar Neuss: Die Burg Monschau 1198–1998 . (Contributions to the history of the Monschauer Land 4). Monschau, History Association of the Monschauer Land 1993.
  7. ↑ See M. Schmandt: Judei , 2002, pp. 118ff.
  8. ↑ Cf. Alex Lewin : Die Gotschalke von Bacharach and Kreuznach. A contribution to the history of d. Jews in Frankfurt around d. J. 1400 , part I. In: community sheet of the Israelite community Frankfurt. 11/11 (1933), p. 279 f, esp.p. 279 ( PDF ; 7.2 MB, Frankfurt University Library, accessed on February 12, 2016).
  9. ↑ Cf. “deme modest Juden manne von Colle bûrger zû Wormesze” in the document 1370. December 17th - Jakob Schnittlauch von Kestenburg, knight, confesses to the Jew from Cologne, citizen of Worms, to be owed 28 gold guilders and offers security for it . In: H. Boos (Ed.): Urkundenbuch , 1890, p. 430f (No. 666) ( digitized version of the Heidelberg University Library).
  10. ↑ a b document dated August 23, 1369; Strasbourg accepts six Jewish families for five years under certain conditions. In: Hans Witte and Georg Wolfram: Documents and files of the city of Strasbourg : Bd. V / 2 Political documents from 1332 to 1380 . KJ Trübner, Strasbourg 1896, p. 647f.
  11. ↑ Certificates from 3.-8. October and December 29, 1372; Historical archive of the city of Cologne (holdings 1 main document archive, U 1 // 2771A and U 2/2784 / 1-2); Th. Lacomblet: Urkundenbuch , 1853, pp. 646-648 (No. 752); L. Ennen: Quellen , Vol. V, 1875, pp. 1-4 (No. 1).
  12. ↑ a b c cf. C. Brisch: Geschichte , 1882, p. 2 note 2 ( digitized version ).
  13. ↑ a b c Cf. list of Jews admitted in 1372 and the admission fees they paid. - 1372, July 1st . In: L. Ennen: Quellen , Vol. IV, 1870, pp. 647f (No. 549) ( Google Books ).
  14. ↑ See this designation in the letter of indemnity dated April 4, 1374 and in a letter from Archbishop Friedrich to the citizens of Lübeck on April 1, 1374; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Düsseldorf (101.03.01 Kurköln I, Kartulare und Repertorien, Kartular 2, p. 307); see. Receipt from 1382 (Kurköln, 1.1.1.2 Lehen, Generalia AA 0054, 19 II 1, sheet 20b).
  15. ↑ See document of September 7, 1373; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Düsseldorf (102.01.01-02 Berg, documents, 455).
  16. ^ Document dated August 2, 1374; State archive NRW Rhineland Duisburg department (Duchy of Berg, No. 436).
  17. ↑ See A. Kolodziej: Herzog Wilhelm I. , 2005, pp. 355f.
  18. ↑ Cf. Alfred Haverkamp, ​​Jörg R. Müller (edit.): Corpus of sources on the history of the Jews in the late medieval empire . Trier, Mainz 2015, JS02, No. 15 ( digitized from Medieval Ashkenaz, accessed on June 20, 2017).
  19. ↑ Cf. document of April 1 and letter of indemnity from April 4, 1374; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Düsseldorf (101.03.01 Kurköln I, Kartulare und Repertorien, Kartular 2, p. 307); N. Andernach (arr.): Regesten , Vol. VIII, 1981, pp. 253-255 (No. 976-980).
  20. ↑ a b Cf. Winfried Reichert: Finanzpolitik und Landesherrschaft. On the development of the County of Katzenelnbogen from the 12th to the 14th century . Auenthal, Trier 1985, pp. 134f.
  21. ↑ a b Cf. B. E. Klein: "Hofjuden" , 2005, p. 49.
  22. ↑ Cf. Regest of December 1, 1376; Kaspar Keller ( edit. ): The city of Cologne copy books. Regesten I. 1367-1387 . In: Mitteilungen aus der Stadtarchiv von Köln 1, Heft 1 (1883), pp. 61–98, esp. P. 91; N. Andernach (arr.); Regesten , Vol. VIII, 1981, p. 441.
  23. ↑ See E. Ennen, D. Höroldt: Geschichte , 1968, p. 61.
  24. ↑ See harmless letter of March 11, 1381; Historical archive of the city of Cologne (Best. 1 main document archive, U 1 / 3376GB).
  25. ↑ Cf. Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Düsseldorf department (Kurköln, 1.1.1.2 Lehen Generalia 19 II 1, sheet 20b).
  26. ↑ See Adam Goerz: I. Stadtarchiv zu Andernach. IA documents from the city of Andernach . In: Annalen des Historisches Verein für den Niederrhein 59 (1894), pp. 1–170, esp. Pp. 64, 69f, 77, 79 and 82 ( Google Books , limited preview).
  27. ↑ Ibid., P. 82.
  28. ↑ Ibid., Pp. 75, 82f, 85 and 157; see. Wolf-Heino Struck (arr.): The Cistercian monastery Marienstatt in the Middle Ages. Deeds, registers of goods and necrology . Self-published by the Historical Commission for Nassau, Wiesbaden 1965, pp. 258 and 269.
personal data
SURNAME Isaac of Montjoie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ysaak de Monyoye; Isaac von Monschau; Isack von Munszauwe; Isaac von Brühl; Isaac van deme Broele; Yizhaq ben Shimon (Hebrew name); יצחק בן שמעון (Hebrew name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Jewish entrepreneur and community leader
DATE OF BIRTH uncertain: between 1300 and 1350
PLACE OF BIRTH uncertain: Cologne
DATE OF DEATH uncertain: between 1386 and 1389
Place of death uncertain: Cologne or Bonn