Snowtown murders

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Snowtown murders ( Snowtown Murders ) or Bodies in barrels murders ( bodies-in-barrels murders ), a series of murders in South Australia refer to operations between August 1992 and May 1999 eleven people were killed. The name refers to the town of Snowtown where the victims were found. But only one of the victims was killed there and none of the victims and none of the perpetrators came from Snowtown. The murders were uncovered when the remains of eight victims were found on May 20, 1999 in a rented bank. They were in barrels filled with acid.

The city of Snowtown is 145 km north of Adelaide , the capital of South Australia. The bodies were held in various locations in South Australia and were only taken to the bank in early 1999, when it became known that police had started investigations into several missing persons cases. The eight bodies were found buried in six plastic barrels in the bank vault and two more bodies three days later in the back yard of a suburb of Salisbury . By the end of June, nine out of ten victims had been identified. The discoveries were followed by a lengthy undercover police investigation. During the investigation, the police concluded that the murders must have been committed by the same perpetrators. Another victim, who was discovered in 1994, could only be identified and assigned later. Investigations into another death, the possible murder of Suzanne Allen, have been closed for lack of evidence.

Four men were arrested and charged with the murders. Three of them were sentenced to life imprisonment for murder. The court found that John Justin Bunting was the leader of the group. More than 250 ordinances prevented the publication of details of the crime. The latter were lifted in 2011 when a request was made to do so by the producers of The Snowtown Murders .

Perpetrator

John Bunting was identified as the main culprit. He was convicted of all murders except the unsolved death of Suzanne Allen. Several people helped him with the murders.

  • John Justin Bunting was born in Inala , Queensland in 1966 . Even as a young man, Bunting took pleasure in killing. So his favorite pastime was killing insects with acid. He was also active as a neo-Nazi at this time . Later, Bunting developed a strong hatred of homosexuals and pedophiles . The forensic psychiatrist Professor Kevin Howells attested Bunting lack of emotions and the ability to empathy to feel. According to his observations, Bunting is a psychopathic murderer who took pleasure in controlling his victims.
  • Robert Joe Wagner became friends with Bunting in 1991 and was encouraged by him to assist him in the murders.
  • Mark Ray Haydon was not convicted of any murder. He confessed to having helped remove the victims' bodies.
  • James Spyridon Vlassakis , like his mother and half-brother, lived with Bunting. Over time he became a helper in the torture and murders. He refused to cooperate with the investigative authorities while his mother was involved in the cases. After her death, he became a key witness .
  • Elizabeth Harvey was the mother of James Vlassakis. She knew about the murders and helped with one after Bunting encouraged her to do so. She died of cancer after Bunting, Wagner, Haydon, and their son were arrested.
  • Thomas Trevilyan was involved in the 1997 murder of Barry Lane. He was murdered by the other group members before the investigation began.
  • Jodie Elliott was the sister of Mark Haydon's wife Elizabeth. Elliott had a sub-par intelligence and was mad about bunting. She pretended to be a late acquaintance of Bunting, Suzanne Allen, in order to get at their financial reserves. Her son Frederick Brooks was later murdered by the group.

The murders

Bunting moved to a house in Salisbury North in 1991 and quickly became friends with Wagner, his friend Barry Lane and Mark Haydon, who all lived nearby.

The victims were mostly chosen by John Bunting on a whim, due to imaginary misconduct. Bunting particularly hated pedophiles, and some of the victims were murdered for just that reason after hearing about their alleged relationships with children. This was usually based on flimsy evidence or rumors. Other victims were murdered because of their obesity, their homosexuality or because of their drug use. Most of the victims were friends or acquaintances of at least one person in the group, others were relatives who sometimes even lived in the same house as one of the murderers.

Usually the social security number and bank details were used by the victims and the killers or their supporters took their role in drawing their pensions. In total, the perpetrators raised $ 97,200 in this way. Still, welfare fraud was not the main motive for the murders.

The last murder was carried out in the bank after the barrels were already stored there. A police officer reported about the scene found there:

“It was a scene from the worst nightmare you've ever had; I don't think any of us was prepared for what we saw. "

“It was like a scene from the worst nightmare you ever had. I don't think any of us were prepared for what we saw there. "

Numerous tools were found in the bank building, which the perpetrators used for torture and killing. These included knives, a blood-stained saw, a double-barreled shotgun, coiled ropes, duct tape, rubber gloves, clothing and an improvised stun gun, which the perpetrators used to shock the victims with electric batons on the genitals and other sensitive areas.

The pathologists found that the victims had been tortured for long periods of time before they were murdered. Everyday tools such as tweezers, pliers and screw clamps were used. All these tools were in the vault. Wendy Abraham, Crown Prosecutor and deputy chief prosecutor, told the Supreme Court that the victims were forced to address their tormentors as "God," "Lord," "Chief Inspector" and "Lord Sir".

Two of the victims are known to have been tortured. Ray Davies was strangled with a rope , mistreated with a tire lever, clubbed and repeatedly tortured with blows in the genitals. One of his toes was also crushed with pliers. Frederick Brooks was tortured with electric batons on his genitals. A sparkler was inserted into his urethra and lit, and this was later repeated. Afterwards, his toes were crushed and his ears and nose were burned with cigarettes. He then suffocated on his gag.

Some of the meat of the eleventh and final victim, David Johnson, had been fried and eaten by Bunting and Wagner.

The series of murders

  • Clinton Trezise was 22 and had a sexual relationship with Barry Lane, which incensed Bunting. During a visit to Bunting in Salisbury North in August 1992 he was killed by Bunting in the living room with a blunt object. Bunting called Wagner and Lane who helped him dispose of the body. She was found in Lower Light in 1994, but the identity was unknown for another five years.
  • Ray Davies was a 26-year-old mentally challenged man who repeatedly accompanied Lane when he spoke to men in bars. He was also known for exposing himself to school children. He began a relationship with Suzanne Allen and moved into a trailer in Allen's back yard, one block from Bunting's house. On December 26, 1995, Allen's grandson told her that Davies was abusing him. While Allen and her daughter Anette went to report to the police, Bunting and Wagner grabbed Davies and drove him out of town. They took him to a property rented from Bunting in Riverland , 127 km away , near Nildottie . There he was beaten repeatedly, often in the genitals. Davies was later taken back to Bunting's house, where they invited Elizabeth Harvey to participate in the torture. Harvey repeatedly stabbed Davies in the legs after strangling him with Wagner. The body was buried in Bunting's back yard. Bunting later told Harvey's 15-year-old son, James Vlassakis, that his mother killed Davies. Davies was never reported missing.

In 1996, Bunting, Harvey and their son moved to Bakara . Allen was fond of bunting and followed them to spend a weekend at the Bakara house. After sleeping with her, he told her there was nothing between them and she drove home. She was very hurt and started writing emotional letters to Bunting. Bunting stayed in Bakara for several months before moving to Murray Bridge .

  • Suzanne Allen was 47 when she died in 1996. Vlassakis explained that Bunting had told him that he and Wagner had gone to Adelaide to see her. There they would have found Allen dead in their bathroom. She died of a heart attack . Bunting then started what he called a "slice and dice operation". All of them were dismembered and their remains were packed in eleven plastic bags. They were buried 1.5 m above the remains of Davies by the house in Salisbury North. Her death was covered up and the group continued to receive their pension. Based on the evidence presented at the trial, the coroner was unable to determine a natural death with certainty and the jury could not agree on whether she was murdered.
  • Michael Gardiner was a 19-year-old openly gay cross-dresser and boyfriend of a cousin of Wagner's girlfriend at the time. One day, Gardiner was babysitting the children of Wagner's friend. He watched Gardiner hold a hand over the mouth of one of the children as part of a game. Wagner misinterpreted the situation and became angry. Some time later the cousin went on vacation and Gardiner agreed to take care of the house. Gardiner told the cousin that as soon as he got back he would move to Goolwa . Bunting and Wagner grabbed him and took him to Bunting's house in Murray Bridge, where they strangled him. Gardiner was not missed as everyone assumed he had moved to Goolwa. Frederick Brooks slipped into Gardiner's life and, at Bunting's instruction, called friends of Gardiner to make them believe he was still alive.

Barry Lane was a non-operated ("pre-op") transsexual who lived under the name "Vanessa". Lane had a relationship with Wagner at the time Bunting was moving to the area. Bunting accepted Lane among his circle of friends as he provided him with information on local pedophiles. From this information, Bunting created a diagram with the names of current and potential pedophiles on notes tied with pink and blue threads. Bunting referred to this as the "spider wall", after the Australian slang term "spider" for pedophiles. After Lane was suspected of molesting a local boy, his and Wagner's house was set on fire. Bunting told Lane that he should never come back to the area and made further threats. Wagner left Lane and got together with a woman, while Lane befriended another woman who had numerous children. He moved into her home in Hectorville . Lane also began a relationship with Thomas Trevilyan, who moved in with him in April 1997.

  • Barry Lane was 42 years old when he died. Lane was traumatized by Tresize's murder and had spoken to his mother and Bunting's then-girlfriend about it. Said friend asked Bunting what Lane's claims were all about. He replied that they were true. At the same time, Trevilyan told Bunting that Lane was abusing him. On October 17, 1997, Bunting, Wagner, and Trevilyan Lane snapped up. The next morning, Lane's mother received a phone call from him. Lane insulted her on Bunting's orders and eventually informed her that he was going to Queensland . Then she hung up. They took him to Lane's house and tortured him there to get his bank details. After crushing his toes with pliers, they strangled him. When his fiancé came home and couldn't find Lane, he reported him missing to the police. In fact, the body stayed in the house for four days before Bunting and Wagner picked it up and disposed of it.
  • Thomas Trevilyan , who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, was only 18 years old when he died . He imagined he was a soldier and always wore camouflage clothing , had a knife with him and believed that the godfather was on the hunt for him. He moved in with Wagner after Lane's death, but his girlfriend didn't like him. On November 4, 1997, the son of Wagner's girlfriend was playing with a doll when Trevilyan started hunting the doll and tried to kill it with his knife, which stopped him. That afternoon, Bunting told Wagner and Vlassakis that Trevilyan was going to go nuts and go crazy. He was going to be a risk and Bunting and Wagner took him on a joyride. The next day, Trevilyan was found hanged from a tree in Humbug Scrub in the Adelaide Hills near Kersbrook . Aware of his previous suicide attempts, the coroner ruled that Trevilyan suicide had committed.
  • Gavin Porter died in April 1998 at the age of 29. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia and spent many years undergoing treatment in psychiatric hospitals . After his mother's death in 1997, he moved from Victoria to Adelaide, where he met 17-year-old Vlassakis and moved in with him. Both were addicted to heroin . After Bunting, Elizabeth Harvey, and their children, including Vlassakis, moved to Murray Bridge in late 1997, Porter followed them. Bunting decided that Porter should be the next victim after stabbing himself on a used syringe that Porter left on the couch. Bunting and Wagner attacked Porter while he was sleeping in his car. He woke up and injured Bunting's hand with a screwdriver before being overpowered and strangled. The body was shown to Vlassakis before it was disposed of.

When police investigated Lane's disappearance, they found that money continued to be withdrawn from Lane's account every payment day. The surveillance cameras filmed Wagner getting the money. Because of his association with Bunting, both were placed under surveillance and their phones tapped .

  • Troy Youde was 21 years old when he was murdered in August 1998. He was the half-brother of Vlassakis and son of Elizabeth Harvey. Youde had sexually abused Vlassakis when he was younger and told Bunting as well. One night, Bunting, Wagner, and Mark Haydon woke Vlassakis up and told him that Youde was next. They beat Youde while he was still asleep and Vlassakis handcuffed him . They threw him in the bathtub and hit him repeatedly to get him to give them his account information. Youde was forced to address the four as "Lord", "God", "Master" and "Chief Inspector". His toes were crushed if he mixed up the names. Then, at Bunting's instruction, he had to repeat a series of numbers, words and phrases that Bunting had recorded. Youde was then strangled.

With the help of a program called Sound Forge , Bunting used the recordings of Youde and later victims to create messages that were sent to the friends of the opera. These announced that they were moving away. This news later became known as the "Voices of the Dead". He later combined this with a backing track called "Selling the Drama" and an anti-pedophile text. From now on, Bunting used a language code regarding the murders. People he didn't like were "garbage", pedophiles were "rock spiders" and people who took drugs or ate or drank too much were "dirty" people. Potential victims should go to “the clinic”. Wanting to kill someone was "wanting to play". If someone “did something well” he was murdered. Bunting himself described his actions as " producing Smurfs " and declared: First they turned blue and then turned to shit .

  • Fred Brooks was the 18-year-old mentally challenged son of Jodie Elliott, sister of Elizabeth Haydon. Elliott moved to South Australia in 1997 to live near her sister. Bunting got the idea that Brooks would "touch" little girls and explained to the others that something had to be "done" to Brooks. In September 1998, Brooks received news that he had been accepted as a cadet in the Australian Air Force . Brooks was invited to a party that evening, but also to a break-in with Bunting, Wagner and Vlassakis. He chose the latter. He went to Bunting's house and was asked to be handcuffed to see if he could break free if the police caught her. While he was handcuffed, the four of them beat him, shocked him with electric batons, and burned his nose and ears with cigarettes. Bunting burned a smiley face on his forehead with a lighter and inserted a sparkler into his urethra . This was lit and then this procedure was repeated. Afterwards, his toes were crushed and then suffocated on his gag.
  • Gary O'Dwyer was 29 and had been mentally and physically challenged for an accident five years ago. In 1998 he moved from a care center to Murray Bridge in order to live independently again. He happened to be moving near Bunting. Though a complete stranger to the perpetrators, he was selected as a victim only because he resembled Troy Youde. Vlassakis became friends with O'Dwyer and in December 1998 got him to invite Bunting and Wagner to have a drink together. O'Dwyer was handcuffed and tortured by Bunting, Wagner and Vlassakis in his home on Frances Street . They then first left him handcuffed and later strangled him. His body was stowed in a barrel at Mark Haydon's house.

Bunting got annoyed with Elizabeth Harvey and began hanging out with Jodie Elliott. He told Harvey's son Vlassakis that he would only sleep with Elliott to keep her from talking about her activities. Vlassakis believed him and supported him by driving him back and forth between the houses. Bunting told Harvey that he had taken a job driving a truck and that he was spending a lot of time away from home. Behind her back he referred to her as the " village idiot " and used her to withdraw money from the victims' accounts.

  • Elizabeth Haydon was 37 and the wife of Mark Haydon. The latter told Bunting that he had spoken to her about the murders. Bunting, who hated Elizabeth Haydon, told Vlassakis that her complicity would be a problem. On November 20, 1998, Elliott was asked to go into town with Mark Haydon to get him out of the house. Bunting and Wagner killed her in the bathtub. When her husband returned later, Bunting told him that his wife had made him sexual offers and that when he refused, she stormed out of the house.

Up until this point, the barrels had been stored in a Haydon shed. But Bunting decided it was time to move them to another place. He transported her in Haydon's Toyota Land Cruiser to a friend's estate in the Adelaide Plains , near Clare Valley . He told the friend that there were kangaroo carcasses in the barrels.

A few days after her disappearance, Elizabeth Haydon's brother reported her missing. The latter did not believe her husband's story because he was entangled in contradictions. Nor did he believe that she would disappear without her children. The police found it suspicious that her husband had not reported her disappearance. During the investigation into her disappearance, they learned of their relationship with Bunting, Wagner and thus the Barry Lane missing person case. They searched Haydon's property, including the shed in which the barrels were stored. But nothing was found. Only the absence of Haydon's Land Cruiser was noted.

The barrels were still in Haydon's Land Cruiser and Bunting took them to Vlassaki's house in Murray Bridge, where they were stored in a car. A short time later Vlassakis moved to Strathalbyn , but the barrels, forgotten by Vlassakis, remained in Murray Bridge. A few months later, Bunting's friends announced they were moving to Snowtown and he asked if they could take the barrels with them. They agreed, but said that the barrels would start to stink and that they would have to be picked up again. So Bunting and Haydon traveled to Snowtown and signed a lease for the house with the old bank. The barrels were locked in the safe. While checking the barrels, Bunting found that the barrel containing Elizabeth Haydon's body was missing. He called Vlassakis and was told the keg was still in Murray Bridge. They picked it up and put it in the bank vault.

In January 1999, Jodie Elliott was admitted to a mental hospital after suffering a nervous breakdown . Elliott spent the rest of her days rocking back and forth in a rocking chair while holding a china doll she called "Jodie Bunting".

  • David Johnson was 24 and the step-brother of Vlassakis. Bunting didn't like him as he put a lot of emphasis on cleanliness and appearance. He saw him as a " yuppie " and repeatedly referred to him as a "fagot" and felt that he should die. It had been about six months since the last murder when Bunting started talking about getting his hands on Johnson, and he convinced Vlassakis to lure him to the bank in Snowtown. On May 9, 1999, Vlassakis told Johnson that there was a cheap computer for sale in Snowtown, and Johnson agreed to buy the computer with him. As soon as he entered the bank, he was overwhelmed and the ritual of beatings, torture, and voice recording began. Bunting continued to play his Voices of the Dead band. After receiving his bank details, Wagner and Vlassakis went to a roadhouse in Port Wakefield and tried to withdraw money, which failed. Only the message “No authorization. Cancel. "Is displayed. Back in Snowtown, Bunting assumed the account was empty. Johnson had already died and Bunting declared that he was "free" and stabbed the corpse with a knife. Wagner cut a piece of meat from the body and the three went back to Adelaide. There and cooked ate Wagner and Bunting the meat. Johnson was the only victim who was murdered in Snowtown.

arrest

On May 16, 1999, a police patrol discovered a Land Cruiser on a private road and carried out a vehicle inspection, the result of which was that the vehicle was a "vehicle of interest" in a missing person case. The police knocked on the house, which includes the private driveway, and learned that the vehicle had been parked there after it was used to bring barrels to Snowtown. The owner of the vehicle took them to a bank on the other side of the rails. The next morning, the police opened the bank vault in the bank where the barrels were. On May 21, Bunting, Haydon, and Wagner were arrested for the murder of Elizabeth Haydon.

The disposal of corpses

The bodies were first stored in barrels and kept in various locations until they were eventually moved to Snowtown's bank vault. These storage locations included a shed behind Bunting's house in Murray Bridge in April 1998. The three barrels stored there were later moved to Smithfield Plains . Five kegs were stored in a Toyota Land Cruiser in Hoyleton , along with a sixth keg in a Mitsubishi Sigma . Both vehicles were later brought to Snowtown and the barrels locked in the bank vault, which Haydon hired under the name "Mark Lawrence".

About Snowtown as a location, a local police source explained:

“From what I understand there was no person involved in those murders from within Snowtown or the surrounding district. They were murdered elsewhere and the drums were brought to Snowtown because it was a quiet little town and there was a premises ideal for the persons involved. "

“From what I know, there was no person involved in these murders from Snowtown or the district around it. The murders happened elsewhere and the bodies were brought to Snowtown, as it is a quiet, small town and these were the best conditions for the people involved. "

When the barrels were opened, the examiners found mummified and undissolved remains as the bodies were stored in hydrochloric acid .

The discovery of the barrels in Snowtown in May 1999 was the result of two years of investigation. First investigations followed the disappearance of Barry Lane in 1997. After Elizabeth Haydon's disappearance, wiretapping systems were installed in Mark Haydon's home in Smithfield Plains, and the recordings were later used as evidence in court. The unloading operations in the old bank led to its search.

The remains that were later found in Lower Light were identified as those of Clinton Trezise, ​​who was murdered in Bunting's living room in Salisbury North. Ray Davies and Suzanne Allen were found buried in the back yard of this house.

Processes

After a series of hearings, James Vlassakis was the first accused to be tried. He pleaded guilty to four counts of murder and was sentenced to four life terms on June 21, 2001 . Later that year, Bunting, Haydon, and Wagner pleaded not guilty to ten murder cases. Much of the evidence brought against Haydon was later dismissed as inadmissible.

On October 15, 2002, the trial of Wagner and Bunting began in the Supreme Court and there were problems with the jury. Finally, a juror resigned, which was justified by the cruelty of the evidence presented, some sources even report that a total of three jurors had withdrawn for this reason. Bunting and Wagner were finally found guilty on September 8th. Bunting was sentenced to life imprisonment for eleven murders and Wagner, who confessed to three, for seven murders. Both appealed the judgments. Presiding Judge Brian Martin ruled that the two men had made a real business of killing for pleasure and that they were "incapable of real rehabilitation."

The trial against Haydon lasted until August 2, 2004, when he was charged with double homicide and aiding and abetting in six other cases. Haydon himself stated that he was not involved in the murders. On December 19, after four days of deliberation, the jury reassembled and found Haydon guilty of five acts of accessory to murder. In the case of the two murders and another case of aiding and abetting, the jury could not reach a verdict. In May 2005, the Supreme Court rejected an appeal by Bunting and Wagner, exhausting the legal appeals. In December 2005, the two remaining murder charges against Haydon were downgraded to aiding and abetting murder, as was the trial of the murder of David Johnson.

The last trial of Bunting and Wagner over the unexplained death of Suzanne Allen ended on May 7, 2007, when the jury was unable to pass judgment. After the trial, several jurors went to psychological treatment to deal with what they had experienced.

After the verdict was pronounced, Wagner addressed the prosecution and put on record:

“Pedophiles were doing terrible things to children. The authorities didn't do anything about it. I decided to take action. I took that action. Thank you."

“Pedophiles commit horrific crimes against children. The authorities are not doing anything about it. I decided to do something. I did something. Thank you."

- Snowtown murderers get life in Lateline

While serial murders usually don't involve more than two people, in this case six people were directly involved in the murders. Numerous other people suspected or were told about the murders. But none of these people ever went to the police.

The most important factor that allowed the murders to last nearly seven years was social attitudes towards pedophilia. Bunting had a tremendous hatred of pedophiles and homosexuals, which was evident to anyone who spoke to him. After a tirade from Bunting in the courtroom explaining what he thought should happen to pedophiles, a father was asked by one of his victims if that attitude might have indicated that Bunting was a murderer. He replied that many people shared Bunting's attitude and that in a conversation with Bunting he spoke about how he was going to kill the man who molested his ex-wife's children.

Public reactions

Bunting and Wagner, along with The Backpacker Murderer Ivan Milat , have been called "Australia's worst serial killers".

The details of the case, especially the way in which the victims were found, created a mixture of horror and fascination among the public. Snowtown gained unwanted notoriety through the murders, and the city is now best known for these murders. According to the residents, this resulted in a veritable stream of visitors who wanted to photograph the bank building. This continues to this day and visitors can often be photographed in front of the building. A souvenir shop was also opened.

At the time the film was released, according to the local press, consideration was given to changing the name of the city in order to remove the stigma that weighs on the city. One possible name was "Rosetown", but the renaming proposal was rejected. In Snowtown itself, the murders are often referred to only as "the situation".

The house in Salisbury North, owned by the South Australian Housing Trust , was demolished and a retirement home built. The Bank, together with an associated 4-room apartment, was released in February 2012 to be sold, half the value of 200,000 $ . After an "open house" at which - with free entry - around $ 700 was raised for a good cause, the bank was sold on September 27th for $ 185,000. The new owners announced that they would live in the house, while the bank would go about business. A memorial plaque should be placed in memory of the victims.

Movie

The film The Snowtown Murders is based on the life of John Bunting and the murders. Writer and director was Justin Kurzel , the leading roles were played by Daniel Henshall (John Bunting) and Lucas Pittaway (Jamie Vlassakis). The film was released on May 19, 2011 in Australia.

literature

  • Andrew McGarry: Snowtown Murders: The Real Story Behind the Bodies in the Barrels Killings , ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2005, ISBN 0-7333-1482-1
  • Jeremy Pudney: Snowtown: The Bodies In Barrels Murders: The Grisly Story of Australia's Worst Serial Killings , HarperCollins Australia, 2010, ISBN 0-7322-6716-1
  • Susan Mitchell: All Things Bright And Beautiful: Murder In The City Of Light , Bookwood, Melbourne 2004, ISBN 1-4050-3610-9

Web links

news article

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Sydney Morning Herald : Chamber of horrors , September 9, 2003, accessed June 19, 2013
  2. ↑ a b c The Age : Gruesome trail of killing , September 9, 2003, accessed June 19, 2013
  3. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation : Snowtown killers 'cooked victim's flesh' , published September 19, 2005, accessed June 22, 2013
  4. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation : Final Snowtown murder charge dropped , published May 8, 2007, accessed June 22, 2013
  5. ↑ The Advertiser : Tourists snap up souvenirs of Snowtown's past , published July 15, 2012, accessed June 21, 2013
  6. ↑ The Age : Snowtown: Living with a death penalty , published May 7, 2011, accessed June 21, 2013
  7. ^ The Australian : If walls could talk , published June 30, 2012, accessed June 21, 2013
  8. ^ The Advertiser : THE infamous Snowtown Bank has sold , published August 29, 2012, accessed June 21, 2013
  9. ↑ The Age : Snowtown bank sold , published September 29, 2012, accessed June 21, 2013
  10. ^ IMDb : Snowtown , accessed June 21, 2013
  11. ↑ Moviepilot.de: The Murders of Snowtown , accessed on June 21, 2013