Jelenin (Żagań)
| Jelenin | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lebus | ||
| Powiat : | Żagań | ||
| Gmina : | Żagań (rural municipality) | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 40 ′ N , 15 ° 28 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 155 m npm | ||
| Residents : | |||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 68 | ||
| License plate : | FZG | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
| Poznan-Ławica | |||
Jelenin [ jɛ'lɛnin ] ( German Hirschfeldau ) is a parish village in the rural community Żagań in the powiat Żagań of the Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland .
geography
Jelenin is a four-kilometer-long street village in the northeast of the municipality, which is about 12 kilometers northeast of the district town Żagań (Sagan) on Voivodeship Road 296, which reaches Kożuchów (Freystadt) after another 12 kilometers . The Żagań – Kożuchów railway is offset in a north-westerly direction.
The village is surrounded by extensive forests where the Scots pine predominates. While sandy soils predominate in the southwestern part of the village, the northeastern part is characterized by more fertile soils, so that the forests there have been displaced in favor of agriculture. The village corridor is relatively flat and is about 155 meters above sea level. The highest point nearby is the 167 meter high Schöpsberg.
history
Hirschfeldau was created as a Waldhufendorf towards the end of the 12th century in the north of the Duchy of Silesia by German settlers. These came mainly from Swabia , Thuringia and today's Lower Saxony . At that time, the Niedere Straße ran through the town, and like the Hohe Straße to the south , it was a trade and military route that meandered through Central Europe. Remnants of a Rundweiler suggest that there was a Slavic settlement in the immediate vicinity, which merged with Hirschfeldau in the first years of the German settlement. Since a church can be proven for Hirschfeldau very early, it can be assumed that at least 50 farms were established during the founding phase.
Hirschfeldau was first mentioned in documents in 1299 in connection with the death of the liege lord Johann von Ponickau . The Nechern family is documented towards the middle of the 14th century. The von Knobelsdorff family, which was important for Hirschfeldau , was first mentioned in a feudal letter in 1439. Their family was represented in Hirschfeldau until 1620, when the estate was confiscated by Emperor Ferdinand II and sold to Grabus von Nechern for 16,500 thalers the following year.
In 1539 the Reformation entered Sagan, in the following year Hirschfeldau was evangelized.
In the early years of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) the Silesian Duchy of Sagan , to which Hirschfeldau also belonged, was badly affected. The preliminary climax was reached on August 14, 1626, when around 30,000 men were camped in the duchy and the villages of the region had to deliver 200 cattle, 1500 sheep, 400 Malter oats, 200 Malter Korn and large quantities of hay and straw within four days .
By donation, the duchy fell to Wallenstein in 1628 , under whose rule the city of Sagan and the villages connected to it were impoverished. Swedish troops occupied the duchy twice in 1641, devastating the city and the surrounding villages. Due to rural indebtedness towards the end of the war, around half of the Hirschfeldauer Flur fell to the estate.
In March 1668, as a result of the Counter Reformation in the Principality of Sagan, the church of Hirschfeldau was occupied by a Catholic clergyman and its Protestant pastor was expelled. West of Sagan, a Protestant border church was built behind the state border in Jeschkendorf near Sorau (Niederlausitz) , which was also visited by Protestants from Hirschfeldau. Following Swedish intervention, six Protestant grace churches were built in Silesia in the early 18th century , including in Sagan and Freystadt.
The Silesian Wars repeatedly devastated the region between 1740 and 1763. In order to strengthen the acquired province of Silesia, the Prussian King Frederick II supported the landowners financially when they created farm and cottage positions for new settlers, which increased the population within a few years. The Hirschfeldau Oberdorf, among others, benefited from this. Because of the religious freedom guaranteed by Friedrich II, around two thirds of the residents of Hirschfeldau committed themselves to Protestantism. Even so, the Church remained Catholic.
The upper village has belonged to a Wagner family since the beginning of the 17th century. After almost 200 years in family ownership, it was sold in 1787 to General von Frankenberg , who also acquired the Nieder-Hirschfeldau estate the following year. The von Knobelsdorff family, who had lived in Mittel-Hirschfeldau since 1691, sold the estate to the widowed Charlotte von Frankenberg in 1797, which meant that the entire village was under the rule of a manor. The new settlement Charlottenthal , south of the village, was named after Charlotte von Frankenberg .
The Saganer district administrator Heinrich Gottlob von Francke acquired the estate in 1805. His son sold the inheritance to Ernst von Knobelsdorff in 1817, who held it until 1853. Carl August von Sydow only owned the goods until 1856 when they were acquired by Johann Louis Bonte. Under him, the goods were modernized and partially expanded industrially. In 1867, Bonte divided the Hirschfeldau estates among his children.
With the construction of the Sagan – Neusalz railway in 1890, Hirschfeldau received a train station. In September 1913, the first houses in the village were electrified.
The district Sagan was dissolved on October 1, 1932nd Some communities were attached to the districts of Grünberg and Rothenburg ; the main part, to which Hirschfeldau also belonged, was united with the district of Sprottau .
Hirschfeldau was little affected by the Second World War until 1944. Prisoners of war, mainly from France, were used as forced laborers in agriculture and thus compensated for the men drafted for military service. That changed when the school closed in late 1944. From the beginning of January 1945, streams of refugees moved through the village. On the night of February 11th, the Red Army reached Hirschfeldau at around 1:30 a.m.
Many of the men who remained in the village were arrested as prisoners of war by the Soviet headquarters and deported to the east. On June 26, 1945, the Red Army handed over the administration of the district to the Polish administration. Until June 28, the majority of the remaining German population with the necessary things under Polish guard over Sorau and Forst (Lausitz) to the west reported . After a short stay, the Hirschfeldau convoy moved on almost completely via Cottbus to the Spreewald region .
The remaining German Hirschfeldauers and prisoners of war, including Germans and Italians, worked on the estate in Nieder-Hirschfeldau, which the Red Army continued to operate, as well as the associated fields. Also in the summer of 1945, Poles came to the place, most of whom were expelled from the former Polish eastern areas .
On June 28, 1946, Jelenin was incorporated into the municipality of Dzietrzychowice with other places . It was administratively in the powiat Żagań in the newly created Wroclaw Voivodeship , since 1950 in the Zielona Góra Voivodeship .
At the turn of the year 1947/1948, the Soviet military command on the estate was dissolved and relocated to another location. The majority of the remaining German population followed her for fear of attacks by Poland.
Schools in Jelenin did not start until 1950, but only for Polish children.
Since the reintroduction of the municipalities ( Gmina ) in 1972, which were replaced by Haufen ( Gromada ) in 1954 , Jelenin has belonged to the rural municipality Żagań as a Schulzenamt ( Sołectwo ). In the course of the Polish administrative reforms, the municipality was assigned to the changed Grünberg Voivodeship in 1975 and the newly created Lebus Voivodeship in 1999 .
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1786 | 864 |
| 1820 | 1001 |
| 1840 | 1086 |
| 1895 | 718 |
| 1910 | 665 |
| 1929 | 1193 |
| 1933 | 981 |
| 1939 | 915 |
| January 1945 |
~ 950 |
In the years 1786/1787 there were four manors in Hirschfeldau, to which a total of 3 estates , 6 farms , 25 farmers , 56 gardeners and 23 cottagers belonged. By 1820 the number of cottagers rose to 57.
At the beginning of 1945 the population was 55% of German origin, 24.5% of Slavic origin, 5.1% of Flemish origin and 1.4% of Jewish origin. The rest was ambiguous.
Since the expulsion of a large part of the German population in June 1945 and the subsequent settlement of Poles, the place has been practically completely inhabited by Poles.
Place name
Documented names are Hersvelde (1299), Hyrsvelt (1303), Hirsfvelde (1338), Hirsfelte (1439) and Hirsfelde (1459). The official name Hirschfeldau until 1945 is documented for the year 1596. The names Ober-Hirschfeldau and Nieder-Hirschfeldau appear in a document in 1776.
The name is probably derived from the millet that was grown by Slavic farmers before the arrival of the German settlers. This thesis is proven by the fact that the deer did not appear in the name until the end of the 16th century.
The Polish name Jelenin is a partial translation of the German name and means deer .
literature
- Inge Küken, Lothar Küken: The Waldhufendorf Hirschfeldau near Sagan and the Niedere Straße. Mosaic stones of the Silesian settlement history (= impressions from the cultural landscape of Silesia . Volume 1 ). Senfkorn Verlag Alfred Theisen, Görlitz et al. 2002, ISBN 3-935330-04-9 .
- Brigitte Tomasczewski: Expelled from Hirschfeldau. Memories of a Silesian woman . Frieling, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8280-1971-4 .
Footnotes
- ↑ a b chicks: Das Waldhufendorf Hirschfeldau , pp. 82, 84.
- ↑ Municipal directory Germany 1900 - Sagan district. Retrieved September 17, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c chicks: Das Waldhufendorf Hirschfeldau , p. 37 ff.
- ↑ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to reunification in 1990. Sprottau district (Polish Szprotawa). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
Web links
- History of Jelenin ( memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) on the website of the rural community Żagań (Polish)
- Jelenin / Hirschfeldau in Tomasz Mietlicki's collection of Lower Silesian monuments (Polish, German)
- Material on Nieder-Hirschfeldau Castle in the Duncker Collection