Joan van Hoorn

Portrait of Cornelis de Bruijn .

The twenty year old Emperor of China, Kangxi

Joan van Hoorn , also Johan (nes) Petrus van Hoorn, (born November 16, 1653 in Amsterdam ; † February 21, 1711 ibid) was Governor General of the Dutch East Indies from 1704 to 1709 .

Life

Joan van Hoorn was the son of the gunpowder manufacturer Pieter Janse van Hoorn (1619-) and Sara Bessels, a granddaughter of the merchant, ship owner and VOC governor general Gerard Reynst . Since the gunpowder trade was no longer going so well, thanks to the intercession of friends, he was appointed to the Extra-ordinair raad van Indië on December 22, 1662 , and the family sailed after on the ship Alphen Batavia .

As early as 1665, when he was just 12 years old, Joan van Hoorn held the position of onder-assistant , which gave him access to a commercial career in the company. From July 1666 to January 1668 he accompanied his father on a mission to China. After the collapse of the Ming dynasty , the company tried to come to an understanding with the new Qing dynasty and organized four embassies between 1655 and 1685. a. with Zacharias Wagener , Joan Nieuhof , Balthasar Bort (1626–1684) and Pieter van Hoorn. In Beijing , young Joan also attended a reception given by Emperor Kangxi , who was almost the same age .

Joan van Hoorn rose step by step in the hierarchy of the company: 1671 to assistant ( assistant ), 1673 to sub- merchant ( onderkoopman ) and 1676 to merchant. In 1677 the governor general Joan Maetsuycker removed four notable people from their offices because of a corruption affair : Pieter Anthonijszoon Overtwater , Pieter van Hoorn, Constantin Ranst and Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede dead Draakenstein . However, this had no effect on the career of Joan van Hoorn, who in 1678 became secretary to the High Government ( Hoge Regering ) and in 1682 an extraordinary member of the Council of India ( Raad van Indië ). Shortly afterwards the company sent him to Bantam , which he visited a second time in 1685. In that year he finally rose to the ordinary council ( Raad ordinair ).

In 1691 Joan van Hoorn was appointed Director-General . In the same year he married Anna Struis. From this marriage the daughter Petronella Wilhelmina emerged, but the mother died soon afterwards. In 1692 he married Susanna van Outhoorn, the daughter of Governor General Willem van Outhoorn (1635-1720). As Director-General he undertook a vigorous reorganization, and when his father-in-law asked the Directory in the Netherlands (the so-called Heren XVII) for exemption from office, Joan van Hoorn was appointed as his successor in September 1701. However, this caused some protests and charges of nepotism . Van Hoorn therefore did not take up the position until August 15, 1704, after the Council of India had been filled with three new members proposed by him.

In that year the conflict over the succession, which had been smoldering since 1677, flared up again in the Sultanate of Mataram . Pakubuwona I, who ascended the throne with the support of van Hoorn in the so-called First Javanese War of Succession, concluded an agreement with the company in 1705 that significantly expanded its influence on Java.

On the advice of the learned Amsterdam mayor Nicolaes Witsen (1641–1717), van Hoorn also began to experiment with coffee plants. In determining the prices, the traders in the Arab played Mocha (Mocha) a major role. In order to break their dominance, van Hoorn encouraged cultivation in other regions, especially in the "Priangan" (Parahyangan) region near Batavia.

After the death of his second wife Susanna on November 16, 1706 he married Joanna Maria van Riebeeck, widow of the governor of Ceylon Gerard de Heere and eldest daughter of the general director Abraham van Riebeeck .

The allegations of favoritism repeatedly made against him were probably not out of thin air. The pressure grew. In 1708, the Directory in the Netherlands granted the resignation. On October 30, 1709 he handed over the office to his successor and father-in-law Abraham van Riebeeck. Actually he would have preferred to stay in the East Indies, but he was ordered back to the Netherlands.

Van Hoorn had a great skill in increasing his fortune. François Valentijn reports that few in the East Indies have earned so much. During his tenure he accumulated a capital of more than one million guilders. With his wife Johanna, their daughter Pieternelletje, the Chinese personal physician "Tjoebitia" and a large entourage, he went on board the Zandenburg at the end of October 1709 as admiral of the return fleet .

In Amsterdam he bought a house in the Herengracht for 60,000 guilders . The company's board of directors honored him with a gold chain and a medallion, but his constitution had been damaged on the crossing to Europe, and only six months after his arrival and three months after he had chosen his grave, he blessed it on February 21, 1711 Temporal and was buried on the evening of the same day in the Nieuwe Kerk.

Works

• Corte beschrijvinge van het Noord-Oostelijckste Gedeelte van Javas opkomst en voortgangh (1700)
• Copia written door d'Edele Heer directeur generaal Joan van Hoorn, 23 August 1700. Aan hair Edele Agtbare overgelevert, Nevens de daar toe belonging extracts of the brieven van de Edele Hoogh Agtbare Heeren en Meesters, Excepto eenige die bij de Colombose Secretarije niet te vinden sijn, En bij de Notitie hiervoor ingebonden komt te blijcken 1700
• Aantekening van mij, Joan van Hoorn, gouverneur-generaal van Nederlants India ... op ons vertreck van Batavia naar 't Lieve Vaderlant (1709)
• Resolutions to the army governor general Joan van Hoorn or the breden raad der retourvloot genomen Tusschen Batavia en Cabo de goede Hoop, Volgende aan de Caab, [en] Tusschen de Caab en't Patria (1709)
• Report concerning the toestants van saaken of the Nederlandse Compagnie in India by Joan Pietersz. van Hoorn, van Amsterdam, jongst has been governor generaal in East India, en sodanig met de retourvloot der eerste en tweede besendinge van Batavia as van Ceijlon te seeds sterke 20 scheepen over Caab de Goede Hoop to the witnesses of the Almagtigen, authorities in de havenen des Lieven Vaderlands gearriveert met het schip Zandenburg the 16 July 1710 en overgelevert aan [de] Bewinthebberen dead gassing from 17 dead Amsterdam

literature

• Bruijn, JR / Gaastra, FS / Schöffer, I. et al .: Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries . Volume II, Outward-bound voyages from the Netherlands to Asia and the Cape (1595-1794). The Hague: Nijhoff, 1979.
• Dapper, Olfert: Gedenkwaerdig Bedreyf Der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Maetschappye, op de Kuste en in het Keizerrijk van Taising of Sina: Behelzende het Tweede Gezandschap Aen den Onder-Koning Singlamong en veldheer Taising Lipoui Door Jan van Kampen en Konstantijn Amsterdam, Jacob Nobel Meurs, 1670. Vervolgt met een verhael van het voorgevallen des jaers zestien hondert three en four en zestig, op de Kuste van Sina, en ontrent d'Eilanden Tayowan, Formosa, Ay en Quemuy, onder 't gezag van Balthasar Bort: En Het derde Gezandschap Aen Konchy, Tartarsche Keizer van Sina en Oost-Tartarye: or accompanied van zijne Ed. Pieter van Hoorn. Beneffens een beschryving van geheel Sina
• Nieuhof, Joan: Het Gezandtschap of the Neêrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, aan the great Tartarian Cham, the Tegenwoordigen Keizer van China: Waarin de most memorable divorced, who or the irritation door de Sineesche landtschappen, Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, en Xantung aan het Keizerlijke Hof te Peking, sedert den jaren 1655 tot 1657 zijn voorgevallen, op het most bondigste negotiated. Beneffens een Naukeurige Beschrijvinge of the Sineesche Steden, Dorpen, Regeering, Weetenschappen, Hantwerke, Zeden, Godsdiensten, Gebouwen, Drachten, Schepen, Bergen, Gewassen, Dieren, etcetera en oorlogen tegen de Tartars. 5th edition, Amsterdam: Wolfgang, Waasberge, Boom, van Somerten, en Goethals, 1693.
• Haan, Fonger de: Priangan. De Preanger-Regentschappen onder het Nederlandsch Bestuur to 1811 . Eerste Deel, II: Personalia. Batavia / 's Hage: Kolff / M. Nijhoff, 1910.
• Molhuysen, PC / Blok, PJ: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek . Leiden: AW Sijthoff, 1911, Deel 6, p. 804f. ( Digitized version )
• Putten, LP van: Ambitie en onvermogen: gouverneurs-generaal van Nederlands-Indië 1610-1796 . 2002.
• Valentijn, François: Oud en Nieuw Oost-India, vervattende een naaukeurige en Uitvoerige Verhandelinge van Nederlands Mogentheyd in the west, benevens eene vydluftige Beschryvinge the Moluccos, Amboina, Banda, Timor, en Solor, Java, en alle de Eylanden onder dezeloor behzelve Landende ; het Nederlands Comptoir op Suratte, en de Levens of the Groote Mogols; als ook een keurylke Verhandeling van 't wezentlykste dat men behoort te weten van Choromandel, Pegu, Arracan, Bengal, Mocha, Persia, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Malabar, Celebes of Macassar, China, Japan, Tayouan of Formosa, Tonkin, Cambodia , Siam, Borneo, Bali, Kaap der Goede Hoop en van Mauritius | te zamen dus behelzende niet alleen eene zeer nice description of everything, what Nederlands East-India concerns, maar ook 't voraamste dat eenigzins tot eenige other Europeers, in the west , betrekking heeft; Met meer dan 1050 Prentverbeeldingen verrykt: everything zeer naaukeurig, in opzigt van de Landen, Steden, Sterkten, Zeden der Volks, Boomen, Gewasschen, Land- en Zeèdieren, met alle het Wereldyke en Kerkelyke, van d'Oudste tyden af ​​tot nu toe aldaar voorgevallen, beschreven, en met veele zeer nice daar toe vereyscht Kaarten opgeheldert . Dordrecht: van Braam; Amsterdam: de Linden, 1724-26, Deel IV. P. 335ff. (Facsimile print, Franeker, 2003, Deel IV / A).
• Zandvliet, Kees: De 250 rijksten van de Gouden Eeuw , Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, 2006, no.26

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sara's father Adam Bessels was in Russia with Coenraad van Klenck and Balthasar Coyett, the son of Frederick Coyett ( [1] )
2. ↑ Departure on April 16, 1663, arrival in Batavia on November 14, 1663. The Alphen was finished in April of that year. Bruin / Gaastra / Schöffer, Vol. II, pp. 144f.
3. ↑ http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/amh/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=nl&id=5293  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/amh/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=nl&id=5294  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ This inspired Pieter van Hoorn to write a book about Maximes over de kunst wel te leven met moeielijke Menschen (1682)
6. ↑ Petronella Wilhelmina later married the mayor's son Jan Trip and, after his death, the extraordinarily wealthy Lubbert Adolf Torck, Baron von Roozendael.
7. ↑ These were Mattheus de Haan, Hendrick Zwaardecroon and Willem Matthijs de Roo. http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/personalia/vanhoorn.html
8. ↑ The company was given the right to build fortresses at any point on the island, to install a garrison at the court at the court's expense, plus substantial deliveries of rice for 25 years and a severe restriction of the range of action of Javanese ships ( http: // countrystudies. us / indonesia / 8.htm )
9. ↑ A son born on February 2, 1708 soon died.
10. ^ Departure from Batavia on October 31, 1709; Stay at the Cape of Good Hope from January 10 to April 2, 1710; Arrival in Texel on July 16, 1710. Bruijn / Gaastra / Schöffer, p. 196f.