Josefov (Jaroměř)
| Josefov | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Královéhradecký kraj | ||||
| District : | After that | ||||
| Municipality : | Jaroměř | ||||
| Area : | 285.123 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 20 ' N , 15 ° 56' E | ||||
| Height: | 270 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 2,690 (March 1, 2001) | ||||
| Postal code : | 551 02 | ||||
| License plate : | H | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Street: | Jaroměř - Třebechovice pod Orebem | ||||
Josefov (German Josefstadt ) is a district of the small town Jaroměř ( Jermer ) in Okres Náchod in the Czech Republic . The place, built as a fortress , is located on the left bank of the Metuje ( Mettau ), immediately before its confluence with the Elbe .
The historic city center was declared an urban monument reserve in 1971 .
geography
Josefov is located in the Eastern Bohemia region in the north of the Czech Republic, directly southeast of Jaroměř, from which it is only separated by the courses of the Elbe and Mettau rivers with the headland in between. State road 299 from Jaroměř to Třebechovice pod Orebem runs through the village .
Neighboring towns are Rychnovek in the north-east, Starý Ples in the east, Nový Ples in the south-east, Rasošky in the south, Dolní Ples in the south-west, Jezbiny in the west and Jaroměř in the north-west.
history
Garrison town under the Habsburgs
Construction of the fortress 1780–1787
The Josefstadt Fortress was built after the loss of the Glatz Fortress , which fell to Prussia after the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763 . It was built by Emperor Josef II to protect Bohemia from an invasion of the Prussian army.
After the foundation stone was laid by the emperor on October 3, 1780, construction of the Ples fortress began in the center of the village of the same name. At the same time, the monarch had the Theresienstadt fortress built in Bohemia .
At the Ples site, most of the town was demolished by 1782, only the upper village ( Starý Ples ) and the lower village ( Dolní Ples ) remained. The new villages Rasošky and Nový Ples were built to the south to relocate the inhabitants. Parts of the residents should also be resettled in the distant Rozběřice .
The French military architect Claude-Benoit Duhamel de Querlonde (1721–1808) provided the plans for the fortress construction . At the request of Josef II, the construction of the fortress was entrusted to the Schemnitz master builder Matthäus Cornelius Höll and 200 miners from the Upper Hungarian mining town were brought in. In 1785 the imperial colonel Franz Lauer took over the construction management.
In 1787 the 289 hectare fortress was completed. For the residents of the fortress, Joseph II issued a patent that stipulated the rights and obligations of their future residents. The first residents were mostly Czech craftsmen. The fortress Ples, which was handed over to the governor of Bohemia after its completion, became one of the seven main fortresses of the Habsburg Empire . It remained a garrison of the Austro-Hungarian Army until 1918 .
Expansion and changes
In 1791, Ples was elevated to the status of a royal city as King of Bohemia during the coronation celebrations of Leopold II . In 1793 the city was named Josefstadt in memory of his brother Josef II .
The garrison church of the Assumption of Mary was built in the center of the city between 1805 and 1810.
After Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, 7,000 French were interned in Josefstadt. Other prominent prisoners were the Austrian general Karl Mack von Leiberich between 1805 and 1808 and the Polish general Marian Langiewicz in 1863 .
In 1833 there were 1704 people in the city, two thirds of whom were in the military. Until 1848 the fortress was under the command of Field Marshal Lieutenant Maximilian Reising von Reisinger .
Lifting the status of a fortress
In the following years Josefstadt served primarily as a garrison site and prison. One of the regiments stationed here was the Imperial and Royal Infantry Regiment "Edler von Hortstein" No. 92 . The fortress remained militarily insignificant.
During the German War in June 1866, after the Battle of Skalitz , the Prussian troops only moved as far as the northeastern village of Schweinschädel and made no attempt to attack the fortress, which they bypassed on their further advance to the east.
Due to the alliance policy between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire in the three- emperor agreement and the subsequent three- emperor union , the need for a fortress against Prussia was superfluous, so that it was abolished in 1888.
Garrison and military prison
In 1891 the Jermerer and Kronentore were demolished and in 1904 the other two city gates were demolished.
In 1900 the population of Josefstadt had increased to 6127 inhabitants, of whom 1586 were Germans.
1914 was in Jaroměř the III. Battalion of the Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 11 stationed, in Josephstadt there was a much larger garrison, including the staffs of the 10th Infantry Troop Division and the 19th Infantry Brigade.
During the First World War , Josefstadt was a prisoner of war camp for 40,000 Russian, Serbian, Italian and Ukrainian soldiers; After the end of the war it was an internment place for deserted Russian military personnel until 1924.
After the First World War
After the end of the First World War and the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the cities of Jaroměř and Josefov grew into a twin city. In 1930 Josefov had 7,015 inhabitants, including 287 Germans.
After the Second World War
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After the end of the Second World War in May 1945, the fortress area was occupied by troops of the Soviet Union . The German residents were expelled on the basis of the Beneš decrees . In 1948 Josefov was incorporated into Jaroměř.
In 1970 there were 3,196 people in Josefov, in 1991 there were 2,298. In 2001 the village consisted of 362 houses in which 2,690 people lived.
The astronomer Wilhelm von Biela served in the fortress Josefstadt. In 2006 a plaque was placed on the bastion in his memory.
Since 2007 the metal and hardcore festival Brutal Assault has been held in the fortress area every year in the first week of August . Traditionally it lasts from Thursday to Saturday. In 2012, 16,000 visitors came to the area.
Local division
The district Josefov consists of the basic settlement units Josefov, Nový Josefov, Poříčí I and Poříčí II. It forms the cadastral district Josefov u Jaroměře.
Fortress
The classical complex was surrounded by heaped earth walls, which were fixed by brickwork with a casemate system inside. Four gates led into the fortress city, the Jermerer Tor in the northwest as well as the Gratzer , Neustädter and the Kronentor.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi/657425/Josefov-u-Jaromere
- ^ Dragan Damjanovic: The Hatzinger Family of Builders - From Székesfehérvár, through Osijek, Lviv, and Zadar to Vienna, in: Acta Historiae Artium, Budapest, 57 (2016); 167-186 . In: Acta Historiae Artium . ( academia.edu [accessed January 10, 2019]).
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-casti-obce/057428/Cast-obce-Josefov