Joshua Schwartz

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Josua Schwartz (also Black; born February 5, 1632 in Waldau, Pomerania (now Wałdowo, a district of Sępólno Krajeńskie ); † January 6, 1709 in Rendsburg ) was an Evangelical Lutheran theologian and general superintendent of the royal portion of Schleswig-Holstein .

Life

Schwartz's father was a pastor in Waldau. Schwartz attended school in Stolpe and then studied in Wittenberg as a student of Quenstedt . After graduation, he went on a long trip through Europe.

On his return home, he drew attention to himself through polemics against Calvinism . However, since Waldau belonged to the Reformed Brandenburg-Prussia , Schwartz had to flee. Via Danzig he came to Stockholm , where the Swedish Queen Hedwig Eleonore appointed him professor at the Lund University , which she founded in 1668 . There he received his doctorate in theology in 1672 and served as rector in 1673 . However, he soon got into an argument with his colleague Samuel von Pufendorf , whose views on nation and international law appeared to him to be incompatible with right Christian teaching. Although the judge decided for him in this case, a sermon in which Schwartz spoke positively about the Danish King Christian V , Sweden's opponent in the Skåne War , made his further stay in Sweden impossible.

Schwartz fled to Denmark, where he was appointed court preacher in Copenhagen in 1680 . But even there he attracted negative attention with his polemics. In 1684 he was first general superintendent for the royal portion of the Duchy of Schleswig . In 1689 he followed Justus Valentin Stemann as general superintendent for the royal portion of the Duchy of Holstein . In 1693 Schwartz relocated the combined general superintendent to Rendsburg, whose provost office was transferred to him in 1690. In addition, in 1694 he received the Flensburg provost's office. As a general superintendent, he committed the preachers subordinate to him to the formula of concord . They were also prohibited from changing church customs. In 1693 he made confirmation mandatory.

Schwartz was a strict follower of Lutheran orthodoxy and thus a declared opponent of Pietism . On his initiative, the formation of conventicles was forbidden prophylactically in 1691 . He also got involved in disputes with his pietistic colleagues Caspar Hermann Sandhagen and Heinrich Muhlius , as well as Johann Wilhelm Petersen in Lübeck, whom he accused of adhering to the heresy of chiliasm . With this he stimulated a dispute between Pietism and Orthodox Lutheranism. His successor Theodor Dassov continued this policy and in 1711 obtained an ordinance from the regent Christian August von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf against any kind of "swarming" and "secret Coventicula".

Works

(Selection)

  • Denied tolerance or compatibility of the Calvinist teaching As long as the Calvinists among other things also do not believe this / that the man united with God / the power to do miracles / is given: Again the various contract and peaceful areas / offer / and in part also accept: So that the Christl. Behind-Pomeranian Church from the Calvinist side is highly endangered at these times (1662).
  • Consolation Sermon: Beydes To the Enlightened and High Born Graffen and Mr. / Hn. Magnus Gabriel De La Gardie , The Rich Sweden Great Cantzler / [et] c. Graffen zu Lecköö / Arnsburg and Pernaw / Freyherrn zu Eckholm / Herr zu Hapsal / Magnus-Hoff and Hohendorff / [et] c. [Etc. And also to the most transparent princess and Fraw / Fraw Maria Euphrosina / Born Pfaltz-Gräffin bey Reyn / in Beyern / to Gülich / Cleve and Bergen Hertzogin / Countess to Lecköö / Arnsburg and Pernaw / [et] c. Held on the third Sunday after Epiphaniae, apart from the regular Evangelio Matth. VIII. To Jacobs-Thal (1667).
  • Thorough rebuttal, an almost half part of the Schleßwig-Holstein Ministerii, in the majo of the 1696th year, written for the penitential sermon, but consistently serving the Chiliasmo of the Seventh Chapter Michae : After such rebuttal, on the 1st of September. On it, from EE Renßburgischen Synodo the Königl. Proud of the duchy of the duchy, to maintain correct, pure teaching in the country, to be publicly announced, was deemed necessary. The also attached is a theological act with Mr. HB because of several chiliastic teachings; also how, and for what reasons, He willingly renounced it (1697).
  • True report of the Sabbath: Against Doct. Francisci Burmanni, Professoris Theologiae in Utrecht; Germanized false ones What a preacher in Holstein; with a preface and Laconismis Marginalibus, approved of evil consequence in the country and made it known by printing (1701).
  • Chiliastic Preludes, Principia, and Chiliasmum itself, contained in his Apodoxi and Paraenesi (1705).
  • Theological teachings from a new doctrine that arose in Holstein, that the believers have and possess eternal life in this life, from the beginning, in fact and in fact (1706).
  • Extended refutation, The pietistic dangerous doctrine now particularly tearing into Holstein ... (Hamburg, 1709).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friedhelm Ackva, Johannes van den Berg: History of Pietism: The Pietism in the eighteenth century ; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Göttingen) 1995; Pp. 457-459, 466.
  2. ↑ Hoch-Fürstl. Schleswig-Holstein Ordinance / Again the SECTARIOS that are now and then, also FANATICOS creeping in from strange places, and how otherwise the knowledge of truth is to be promoted to godliness among those commons ; Schleswig 1711.
predecessor Office successor
Christian von Stökken General superintendent for
Schleswig's royal share
1684 - 1709 		Theodor Dassov
Justus Valentin Stemann General superintendent for
Holstein royal share
1689 - 1709 		Theodor Dassov
personal data
SURNAME Schwartz, Joshua
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Black, Joshua
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German theologian and general superintendent
DATE OF BIRTH February 5, 1632
PLACE OF BIRTH Waldau, Pomerania (now Wałdowo, a district of Sępólno Krajeńskie )
DATE OF DEATH January 6, 1709
Place of death Rendsburg