Julius Froebel

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Julius Froebel 1848. Chalk lithograph by Valentin Schertle

Carl Ferdinand Julius Fröbel (pseudonym: C. Junius) (born July 16, 1805 in Griesheim ( Thuringia ), † November 6, 1893 in Zurich ) was a German geologist , mineralogist and leading politician of the democratic movement in Vormärz . He was a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly and, after returning from exile in America, editor and diplomat.

Life

Froebel was initially trained at the General German Education Institute of his uncle Friedrich Froebel in Keilhau . He then studied in Munich , Jena and Berlin , the natural sciences . During his studies he became a member of the Jena fraternity in 1830 .

In 1833 he was employed by Alexander von Humboldt at the industrial school in Zurich, where one of his students was the young Gottfried Keller . In 1836 he became professor of mineralogy at the University of Zurich .

In 1840 he founded the publishing house Literarisches Comptoir Zurich and Winterthur and operated under the name C. Junius as a publisher and editor for democratic literature banned in Germany. There appeared writings by Bruno Bauer , Friedrich Engels , Ludwig Feuerbach , Arnold Ruge , Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz and David Friedrich Strauss ; also poems by Georg Herwegh , Hoffmann von Fallersleben and Gottfried Keller .

In 1848 he became a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (only in October) . He was initially a representative of a left-wing Republican stance, took part in the first Democrats' Congress in Frankfurt (June 14-17, 1848) and played a leading role in the Central March Association . Later he took a more moderate pro-Austrian stance. As a member of the delegation to Vienna led by Robert Blum , he took part in the Vienna October Uprising in 1848 . After his suppression by Prince Windisch-Graetz , he was first sentenced to death like Blum, but shortly afterwards pardoned while Blum was shot. Froebel was able to emigrate to America, where he ran a law firm together with Franz Heinrich Zitz . He was also politically active in the USA and predicted the abolition of slavery in the event of a conflict between northern and southern states .

In 1857 he was able to return to Germany after an amnesty. He was involved in the German unification efforts for the Greater German Solution . His memorandum, The Direction of Greater German Affairs, influenced the Frankfurt Reform Act of 1863.

After the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War and the resulting sealed impossibility of greater German solution he explained in which he edited from 1867 to 1873 Süddeutsche Press Prussia the leading force of the agreement.

At the age of 68 he entered the diplomatic service of the German Empire and became consul in Smyrna and later in Algiers . He did not retire until 1888.

family

His parents were Christoph Fröbel († 1813) and his wife Christiane Sophie (* 1771). His brother Theodor (1810–93) was a landscape architect in Zurich.

He was married twice; his first wife was Kleophea Zeller in Zurich in 1838. After her death in 1856, in exile in New York, he married Karolina Mördes (1821-1888), the daughter of the former Greek Prime Minister Joseph von Armansperg and widow of Florian Mördes, who died in 1850 .

reception

Jürgen Habermas discussed Froebel's system of social politics (1847), in which Froebel tied the normative correctness of democratic decisions to the open discussion of those involved and the majority principle. According to Habermas, Froebel was a pioneer of discourse theory and deliberative democracy .

Works

  • About the distinction between geography as actual natural science and historical geography . In: Annals of Geography, Ethnology and State Studies, Volume VI, Issue 1, G. Reimer , Berlin 1832 ( BSB )
  • Editor (with Oswald Heer ): Mittheilungen from the field of theoretical geography . Orell Füssli and Compagnie , Zurich 1834 ( Google Books )
  • Editor (with Oswald Heer): Communications from the field of theoretical geography ., First volume, Orell Füssli and Compagnie, Zurich 1836 ( archive )
  • Physical geography, as a systematic science, is generally presented . Orell Füssli and Compagnie, Zurich 1836 ( Google Books )
  • About the nature of education in general and especially about the nature of popular education. Zurich 1837
  • The importance of the church and of cult at the level of free human education. Zurich 1840
  • The crime of religious disorder under the laws of the Canton of Zurich. Zurich + Winterthur 1844
  • Basic features of a system of crystallology or the natural history of inorganic individuals . Zurich 1843. 2nd edition 1847 ( Google Books )
  • System of social politics . 2 vol. Mannheim 1847.
  • The Republican. Drama. 1847/8
  • Monarchy or republic? A judgment from Julius Froebel . Mannheim 1848.
  • Vienna, Germany and Europe . Vienna 1848.
  • Basic features of a republican constitution for Germany. Presented to the constitutional assembly that met in Frankfurt . Mannheim 1848.
  • From America. Experiences, travel and studies. 2 vols. 1857-1858
  • German emigration and its cultural and historical significance. Fifteen letters to the editor of the Allgemeine Emigration Newspaper . Leipzig 1858. Digitized
  • America, Europe and the Political Aspects of the Present . Berlin 1859 ( digitized version )
  • Germany and the Peace of Villafranca. Frankfurt a. M. 1859 ( digitized version )
  • Theory of politics as the result of a renewed examination of democratic doctrines .
    • 1st vol .: The demands of justice and equality in the state . Vienna 1861 ( digitized version ).
    • 2nd vol .: The facts of nature, history and the present world situation as a condition and motivation for politics . Vienna 1864.
  • Small political papers . 2 volumes. Stuttgart 1866.
  • The errors of socialism . Leipzig, Wigand, 1871.
  • The economy of the human race from the standpoint of ideal and real interests. 2 vols., Leipzig 1870–1876 online
  • The viewpoints and tasks of politics. A pamphlet on different sides . Leipzig 1878.
  • The realistic worldview and utilitarian civilization. Leipzig 1881.
  • A résumé. 2 vol., Stuttgart 1890-1891 (edited by Wilhard Grünewald in the Heidenheim publishing house, 1971)

Literature until 1945

  • Ehrlich, Johannes Nepomuk: Marginal glosses on J. Froebel's system of social politics . Krems 1849
  • Rammelmeyer, Eugenie: Movements of the radically minded Germans in Switzerland 1838-1843 . Diss Frankfurt 1922
  • Müseler, Werner: Julius Fröbel's thoughts on cultural philosophy in his mature period . Diss Berlin 1931
  • Feuz, Ernst: Julius Froebel. Its political development until 1849. A contribution to the history of the Vormärz . Diss Bern 1932
  • Lülfing, Hans: The development of Julius Froebel's political views in the years 1863-1871 with special consideration of the German question . Phil. Diss. Leipzig 1931

New literature

  • Rainer Koch: Democracy and the state with Julius Froebel 1805 - 1893. Liberal thinking between natural law and social Darwinism . Wiesbaden 1978, ISBN 3-515-02694-0 .
  • Rainer Koch : Julius Froebel. Democracy and the state. In: Sabine Freitag (Ed.): The Forty-Eight. Life pictures from the German revolution 1848/49. Munich 1998, pp. 146–159.
  • Wilhelm Mommsen: Julius Froebel. Confusion and foresight . In: Historical magazine . Vol. 181, Munich 1956.
  • Jürgen Zinnel: Julius Froebel and the German constitution . In: Study Society for Direct Democracy and Socialist Ideas (SDS) (Hrsg.): Utopie und Zeitgeschichte. Materials, documents, impulses, discussions . No. 3. Basel 2000, pp. 3-6.
  • Dietmar Schuler: State, Society and German Question with Julius Froebel (1805-1893). Studies on the origin and development of German liberalism in the 19th century . Diss., Innsbruck 1984.
  • Dietmar Schuler: Julius Froebel (1805-1893). A life between liberal claims and national realpolitik . In: Innsbruck historical studies . Vol. 7/8. Innsbruck 1985. pp. 179-261.
  • Herbert P. Carlin: The Repentant Forty-Eighter. Julius Froebel and the Politics of Federalism . Diss., Virginia 1976.
  • Ferdinand Sander:  Froebel, Julius . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 49, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1904, pp. 163-172.
  • Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 2: F-H. Winter, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8253-0809-X , pp. 80-82.
  • Wentzcke, Paul:  Froebel, Carl Ferdinand Julius. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , pp. 644-646 ( digitized version ).
  • Philipp Erbentraut: Radical democratic thinking in the Vormärz. On the topicality of the party theory of Julius Froebel. In: MIP 15, 2008/09, pp. 5-15.

Web links

Commons : Julius Fröbel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Julius Froebel  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ see also here (the reason for the pardon was his Austria-friendly writing "Vienna, Germany and Europe")
  2. ↑ From America. Experiences, trips and studies (Volume 1, 1857, p. 172 ); Daniel Nagel (2012): From Republican Germans to German-American Republicans. A contribution to the identity change of the German forty-eight in the United States 1850-1861 , Röhrig Universitätsverlag ( ISBN 978-3861105046 ), p. 278 ( online )
  3. ↑ Jürgen Habermas (1988), Popular Sovereignty as a Procedure ; as a preliminary study in: derselbe (1992), factuality and validity: contributions to the discourse theory of law and the democratic constitutional state, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ​​pp. 600–631.
personal data
SURNAME Froebel, Julius
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Froebel, Carl Ferdinand Julius; Junius, Carl (pseudonym); C. Junius (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German geologist, mineralogist, politician and member of the National Assembly in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt
DATE OF BIRTH July 16, 1805
PLACE OF BIRTH Griesheim near Arnstadt
DATE OF DEATH November 6, 1893
Place of death Zurich