Capuchin monastery Rheinfelden
| Capuchin monastery Rheinfelden | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| medal | Capuchin | ||
| founding year | 1596 and 1655 | ||
| Cancellation / year | 1804 | ||
| Start-up | new order | ||
| Patronage | Holy Trinity | ||
| location | |||
| country | Switzerland | ||
| region | Aargau | ||
| place | Rheinfelden AG | ||
| Geographical location | 47 ° 33 ' N , 7 ° 48' E | ||
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| Situation in Switzerland | |||
The Kapuzinerkloster Rheinfelden AG was a monastery of the Capuchin Order in the city of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, which was abolished in 1804 . The first foundation stone was laid in 1596 and after it was lost in 1634 through looting and burning in the Thirty Years' War again in 1655. The monastery was finally closed in 1804. The monastery complex on Kapuzinergasse, which has been rebuilt several times, is now used as a cultural center and living space.
history
founding
The construction of the first Capuchin monastery in Rheinfelden falls into the early founding phase of the Capuchin monasteries north of the Alps and followed the foundations in Baden and Solothurn . Among the initiators and donors, the Komtur in Beuggen Hartmann von Hallwil, the abbess Ursula von Olsberg , the dean Johann Rüdelbaum von Rheinfelden and the clerk Bartholomäus Hüglin von Rheinfelden are highlighted. The consecration of the first monastery on the Rheinfeldener Kapuzinerberg took place on October 24, 1598 by the Basel prince-bishop Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee .
In Rheinfelden, some citizens converted to the new faith during the Reformation . There were also Anabaptist activities. An important strategic point was the neighborhood to the reformed city of Basel . The comprehensive establishment of Capuchin monasteries in Upper Austria was otherwise an act of the Counter Reformation , which began after Leopold V took office . The French War from 1633 to 1648 and the subsequent French occupation of the forest towns until October 18, 1650 interrupted the program, which was resumed under Leopold's son Ferdinand Karl . Under the maxims of faith and loyalty , the Habsburg corridor, which is largely surrounded by Protestant areas, was to be confessionally and ideologically consolidated. In 1633 the garrisons of the forest towns had largely defected to the Swedes .
Under the supervision of the Basel prince-bishop Johann Franz von Schönau , the Swiss Capuchin Province took over the planning, construction and occupation of the three founding monasteries in Rheinfelden, Laufenburg and Waldshut . The Franciscan Sisters were already represented in Säckingen . A handwritten codex from the Fürstenberg court library in Donaueschingen , the Codex Donaueschingen 879, which was kept up to around 1664 , documents the Swiss-Austrian joint project. The work is attributed to the master builder Probus Heine from Pfullendorf . As the order's builder, Heine was also responsible for the construction of the Rheinfeld monastery complex.
The warlike events after the handover of the city to the Swedes in 1633 and the Swedish-French occupation from 1638 to October 1650 postponed the reconstruction project. On April 1, 1655 the foundation stone was laid without naming the legend at Romuald. The building site within the city walls was donated by the Eggs family and the city of Rheinfelden. Among the donors, Martin Besenwall von Solothurn, the city pastor, the commander in Beuggen, the prince-bishop and local nobles are highlighted. According to Romuald von Stockach, the convent church was consecrated on October 4, 1657 by Titular Bishop Thomas Henrici von Chrysopolis , suffragan of the Principality of Basel. The presbytery (choir) became under the patronage of St. Trinity and the lay Church placed under the patronage of the Assumption of Mary .
Important events
- In 1594 the commander in Beuggen, the abbess of Olsberg, the dean of Rheinfelden and the clerk of Rheinfelden initiated the construction of the first Capuchin monastery on the Kapuzinerberg in Rheinfelden.
- In 1596 the foundation stone for the first monastery building was laid by Dean Johann Rüdelbaum.
- In 1598 the prince-bishop of Basel consecrated the Blar lay church and presbytery.
- In 1611 the Rheinfelden Capuchins got involved in the worst outbreak of the plague in Rheinfelden.
- In 1618 Markus Roy worked as a guardian until the following year.
- In 1632, the first monastery on the Kapuzinerberg outside the city gates was looted.
- In 1634 the general of the Swedish troops, Rhine Count Otto Ludwig von Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, took his headquarters in the monastery during the siege of Reinfeld, which burned down with the withdrawal of the Swedes.
- In 1655 the foundation stone for the second monastery building within the city was laid.
- In 1657 the churches were consecrated by the prince-bishop suffragan Thomas Henrici.
- In 1658 the convent wing was occupied.
- In 1664, the cities of Rheinfelden, Laufenburg and Waldshut submitted a joint request to Archduke Sigismund Franz to connect their Capuchin monasteries to their own front-Austrian order province, since they did not want to be comforted and spiritually provided by the "disapproving Swiss".
- In 1668 the 27 Upper Austrian monasteries split off on April 16 at the provincial chapter of the Swiss Capuchin Province in Wyl and founded the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province .
- In 1674 the Rheinfelden Capuchins got involved again in the plague, which flared up again and again.
- In 1678 the monastery remained undamaged when the French were bombarded.
- In 1750 the altar of the newly built Fidelis Chapel was consecrated.
- In 1772, with the court decree of March 20 , Empress Maria Theresa only admitted born Austrians to leading positions in the order.
- In 1781 the last definitor of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province, RP Reinhard von Waldshut, carried out the separation of the non-Austrian Capuchin monasteries from Vienna on March 24th.
- In 1781, the court decree of June 8th prohibited the admission of novices .
- On February 1, 1788, collecting alms and selling amulets and tufts of herbs was prohibited. The fathers were supported by the religious fund.
- In 1796 soldiers of the French Rhine Army under General Tarreau were attacked in the monastery by Austrian units under General Wolf.
- In 1801 the monastery was transferred to the Helvetic Republic according to the compensation plan under the Treaty of Luneville and Amiens.
- In 1803 Rheinfelden came to the canton of Aargau. The Capuchins were summoned to the Empire in October.
- In 1804 the monastery was finally abolished and transferred to the canton of Aargau.
Tasks and activities of the monastery
The Capuchin priests temporarily helped out within the Rheinfelden deanery. From 1670 onwards, after the compulsory parish was abolished, confession was accepted. As a result, the Upper Austrian Capuchin monasteries reported that up to 800,000 confessions were taken each year. The pastoral care of the sick and dying was, according to the custom of the time, almost exclusively entrusted to the Capuchins. Capuchins took special care of inmates and convicts in prisons and accompanied those condemned to death on their last walk. Heinrich von Kleist processed this task in the 20th anecdote (from the Capuchin) in the 53rd Abendblatt, dated November 30, 1810.
Another focus was the mission, which extended deep into the reformed cantons of the Confederation. This led to repeated negotiations with the federal assembly . The Capuchin Order made great contributions to the care of those suffering from the plague in the epidemics of the 16th and early 17th centuries. Pastoral care and nursing became part of one another. From 1674 the plague raged again in Rheinfelden. Six Capuchins died while providing pastoral care and care for the sick.
A weaving mill was added to the monastery to the south, which also supplied the other monasteries of the custody with cloths and fabrics. A curiosity is a sheet of handmade paper from Rheinfelden, dated 1760, with a capuchin with a rosary and a cross as a watermark . According to the Lucerne city archivist Dr. Theodor von Liebenau (1840–1914) experimented with the Rheinfelden Capuchin monastery with the production of paper.
Development and end of the monastic community
According to the Architectura Capucinorum, the monastery offered space for more than 30 brothers. However, it soon became apparent that the monastery buildings were too narrow. In fact, no more than twenty Capuchins are believed to have lived in the monastery until the 1780s. After the ban on accepting novices in 1781, only brothers from other communities or convents allowed the convent to grow.
The monastery in wartime
During the siege of Rheinfeld in 1678 by François de Créquy , the city was fired on from the right bank of the Rhine by French artillery for two weeks. The monastery survived the cannonade undamaged.
Secularization and repeal
The long process of secularization of the monastery was initiated on June 8, 1781 by a court edict in Vienna, after which the admission of novices was no longer allowed. The actual end came after the Peace of Lunéville on February 9, 1801. Rheinfelden was added to the Helvetic Republic by France in 1802 and subsequently on February 19, 1803 to the newly formed canton of Aargau . For its part, the Viennese government recalled all Capuchins from the separated areas to the Reich in November 1803. The last guardian of the Rheinfelden Capuchin monastery, P. Reginald Fendrich, exiled to the Capuchin monastery in Waldshut in 1804 , where he died in 1811.
Equipment of the monastery
Monastery library
The first library, which is said to have comprised 200 volumes, burned in 1634. Romuald von Stockach does not deal with the construction of the second monastery library, which was set up in 1655. After the abolition in 1806, a large part of the library of the monastery was transferred to the Aargau Cantonal Library, which was newly founded in 1804 . The rest went to the printer Renker for 130 francs. The book inventory taken over from the Capuchin monasteries of Laufenburg and Rheinfelden was still classified as little or not significant in 1857, as it consisted primarily of ascetic writings, editions of the church fathers and classics. The monastery archive was handed over to the Aargau State Archives and archived there.
Interior decoration of the churches
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The entire interior of the monastery was auctioned on September 24th and November 6th, 1806 with proceeds of 531 guilders . The rococo side altars of the lay church and the main altar of the presbytery were auctioned off to the Magden parish , where they are still incorporated in the Christian Catholic Church today. At the end of the 18th century, a painting with the Nativity was mistakenly regarded as an original by Antonio da Correggio due to its painterly quality and is now in the Christian Catholic collegiate church of St. Martin . Recte it is one of six known copies based on a copper engraving model by Correggio. The auction catalog of 1806 listed 38 panels and paintings.
Equipment of the Fidelis Chapel
For the inauguration, Empress Maria Theresa donated the altarpiece, created by Pompeo Batoni in 1746 , which depicts the apotheosis of St. Fidelis . After it was lifted, the altar sheet was brought to the St. Margarethenkapelle in Rheinfelden. In the course of a new construction of the Margaret Chapel, the altar sheet was also brought to the Rheinfelden Collegiate Church. The painting hangs on the outer wall of the south aisle in front of the gallery.
Frescoes
Sheet 12 of the Architectura capucinorum in Cod. Don. 879 shows the choir wall between the lay church and the presbytery, the upper section of which is painted on the chancel side with a crucifixion motif with angels who collect the blood of the stigmata and depictions of saints.
description
location
The monastery complex is located at Rheinfeldener AG Kapuzinergasse 18-20.
Lay church, choir and presbytery
The type of church follows the Venetian-Tyrolean scheme of the contemporary Capuchin churches. Based on the construction time plans for the similar Waldshut monastery in the Architectura Capucinorum, the rectangular lay church (1) stood in the northeast of the complex. In the small rectangular wing of the building with two cross vaults attached to the south, the psallier choir (2) separated by the choir grille under the transverse arch and the presbytery (3) to the south followed. The choir of the Psalms and the presbytery were connected by two windows that were closed during the activities and a doorway. The two windows made confession and communion possible. The means of wine, water and bread needed for liturgical reasons were exchanged through the trullet. On the convent side, a window above gave a view of the lay church. The pulpit of the lay church was reached via the library (24) on the upper floor of the convent wing. To the east, a small sacristy (4) and a corridor with a wall basin (5) were added to the choir and the presbytery. The oratorio (10) was located on the west side of the psallier choir.
Fidelis Chapel
In 1729, the Guardian Fidelis , who was regarded as the first martyr of the Capuchin Order, was beatified and canonized on June 29, 1746 by Pope Benedict XIV. Together with Camillus von Lellis. To commemorate martyrdom in Switzerland, the Fidelis Chapel (6) was added to the south wall of the lay church at a right angle in 1747. Fidelis von Sigmaringen was guardian of the Capuchin monastery in Rheinfelden from 1618 to 1619. The altar of the Fidelis Chapel was consecrated on September 13, 1750 by the Prince-Bishop of Basel, Josef Wilhelm Rink von Baldenstein.
A communal crypt with 48 places was laid out under the Fidelis Chapel in 1747, as was the case in Laufenburg and Waldshut.
Convention wing
The four-wing convent wing of the churches was accessed through the entrance corridor (7). The narrowed east wing (9) contained the visitor's box (10) of the presbytery. A half-open gallery (9) was laid out on the side of the cloister courtyard (8). A door to the enclosure led to the closed gallery (11) of the south wing, which opened up the staircase (12), the monks' refectory (13) and the monastery kitchen (14). In the separated west wing there was another closed gallery (15) which led to the Necessarium with a washroom (17) and the latrines (18) behind it. The pantry in front, accessible via the kitchen, was connected to the fruit chute and the cellar via a second staircase (16). In the north wing, which was in turn accessed through a half-open gallery (19), to the west were the audience room (20), the wafer oven (21), the registry with archive (22) and the porter's lodge (23). On the upper floor of the wing there were guest rooms for the visitors, the refectory and the parlor of the lay brothers, cells for more than 30 monks and the library.
Later use
After the abolition of the monastery in May 1804, the canton of Aargau initially took over the building complex from the outgoing Guardian P. Reginald Fendrich, who moved into the Waldshut Capuchin monastery until his death in 1811 . In 1810 the canton sold the complex of the municipality of Rheinfelden for 4675 francs . The convent building, presbytery and chapter house were converted into apartments. The lay church served as a warehouse for the building administration in the following years. From 1831 to 1890 the lay church was used as a theater for a theater company. During the Second World War , the church was rebuilt with reinforced walls into an air raid shelter with a control center. Since 1972, the lay church with the suspended ceiling has been used as a municipal cultural forum. There is a 146 m² event room on the upper floor. Below are the foyer and the toilet facilities. There are still civil protection bunkers in the basement, some of which are to be dismantled due to the thermal network.
Outstanding members of the Capuchin monastery in Rheinfelden
- Markus Roy , (1578–1622) martyr of the order, Guardian in Rheinfelden from 1618–1619
- Ignatius Eggs , (1618–1702) author, traveler to Palestine
literature
- Romualdus Stockacensis: Monasterium Rhenofeldense . In: Historia provinciae anterioris Austriae fratrum minorum capucinorum . Andreas Stadler, Kempten 1747, p. 168–174 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- Vigilius Greiderer: Conventus Rhenofeldensis . In: Chronica ref. provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis ex opere Germania Franciscana . Liber I. Typis Joannis Thomae nobilis de Trattnern, Vienna 1781, p. 399 ( archive.org ).
- Johannes Baptista Baur: Contributions to the Chronicle of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province . In: Freiburg Diöcesan Archive . tape 17 . Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna 1885, p. 245–289 ( freidok.uni-freiburg.de [PDF]).
- Johannes Baptista Baur: Contributions to the Chronicle of the Upper Austrian Capuchin Province . In: Freiburg Diöcesan Archive . tape 18 . Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna 1886, p. 153 ( freidok.uni-freiburg.de [PDF]).
- Lexicon Capuccinum: promptuarium historico-bibliographicum Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum; (1525-1950) . Bibl. Collegii Internat. S. Laurentii Brundusini, Rome 1951, p. XLVII S., 1868 Sp .: Ill .
- Beda Mayer OFMCap .: Capuchin monastery Rheinfelden, In: The Capuchin monasteries in front of Austria . In: Helvetia Franciscana . 12, 9th and 10th issue. St. Fidelis-Buchdruckerei, Lucerne 1977, p. 309-322 .
Web links
- Capuchin monastery Rheinfelden on online archive search Canton Aargau
- Event rooms in the Kapuzinerkirche Rheinfelden
- The current installation of the Capuchin Altars in Magden
- Main altar of the Martinskirche with the altarpiece of the Nativity from the Capuchin monastery Rheinfelden
- Capuchin Church in the inventory of the canton of Aargau
Individual evidence
- ^ Merian, Mathaeus: Theatrum europaeum, Volume 3, Frankfurt am Main 1670, pp. 97ff.
- ↑ Communications from the Historical Association of the Canton of Schwyz, Volume 70, Einsiedler Anzeiger, 1978, p. 47.
- ↑ Cf. Romualdus Stockacensis: Monasterium Rhenofeldense. In: Historia provinciae anterioris Austriae fratrum minorum capucinorum. Andreas Stadler, Kempten 1747, p. 168ff.
- ↑ cf. Birkenmayer, Ernst Adolf: The former Capuchin monastery, Freiburg Diöcesan Archive, Vol. 21, Freiburg, Herder'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890, p. 217.
- ↑ Cf. Greiderer, Vigilius: Conventus Waldishutanus in: Chronica ref. provinciae S. Leopoldi Tyrolensis ex opere Germania Franciscana 1788, typis Joannis Thomae nobilis de Trattnern, 1781, Vienna, p. 241.
- ↑ See Blickle, Peter: Das Alte Europa: from the high Middle Ages to the modern, HC Beck, Munich, 2008, p. 116.
- ↑ Benda Mayer: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 6, 1977, p. 149.
- ^ Müller, Johann: Der Aargau: his political legal, cultural and moral history, Volume 2, F. Schulthess, Rupperwyl, 1871, p. 210.
- ↑ Benda Mayer: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 10, 1977, p. 317.
- ↑ Cf. Julius Petzholdt: Bibliothek des Kantons Aargau, in: Adreßbuch deutscher Bibliotheken, 1848, p. 2.
- ↑ See catalog of the Aargau Cantonal Library: First Part: Alphabetical Catalog, Volume 1, Aarau, 1857, p. XXXIV
- ^ Grunder, Karl: Zisterzienserbauten in der Schweiz: new research results on archeology and art history, Volume 1, Verlag der Fachvereine, 1990, p. 253
- ↑ Benda Mayer: Helvetia Franciscana, Volume 12, Issue 10, 1977, p. 319.
- ↑ A bunker is in the way, in: Neue Fricktaler Zeitung of February 15, 2014
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