Caribbean pine

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Caribbean pine
Variety of the Caribbean pine in the Bahamas (Pinus caribaea var. Bahamensis)

Variety of the Caribbean pine in the Bahamas ( Pinus caribaea var. Bahamensis )

Systematics
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Type : Caribbean pine
Scientific name
Pinus caribaea
Morelet

The Caribbean pine ( Pinus caribaea ) is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The three varieties are found in Central America, the Caribbean islands and the Bahamas. The species as a whole is classified as not endangered, but the varieties Pinus caribaea var. Caribaea and Pinus caribaea var. Bahamensis are considered endangered, the third variety, Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis, as not endangered. In its natural range, Pinus caribaea is an important supplier of wood and is also used for forestry outside of this area. Abbreviation as commercial timber according to EN 13556: PNCR.

description

bark

Appearance

The Caribbean pine grows as an evergreen tree that reaches heights of 20 to 35, sometimes up to 45 meters. The trunk grows erect, forms a continuous axis and reaches a diameter of 50 to 100 centimeters at chest height .

The trunk bark is rough and scaly and breaks into gray-brown, irregularly rectangular plates. The branches are horizontal or upright, branches of a higher order can also be hanging. They form a broad, conical, open or irregular crown. Young shoots have several knots , are very rough and resinous, and have large, short-running and persistent pulvini .

Buds and needles

The winter buds are ovate-oblong to cylindrical, the terminal buds are 20 to 25 millimeters long, the laterally standing buds are smaller and slightly resinous. The bud scales are dark brown, 15 to 20 millimeters long, sub-like , strongly bent back, with translucent, ciliate edges.

The needles of adult trees usually grow in threes, rarely in twos, fours or five in a needle sheath, younger trees form needles in groups of four to five. The needle sheath is initially 15 to 20 millimeters long, but can shorten to 10 millimeters over time. The needles are light or dark green, sometimes bluish, and more or less shiny, straight and slightly twisted, inelastic, sometimes only 12, usually 15 to 26 and sometimes up to 28 centimeters long and rarely from 1.2, usually 1, 4 to 1.8 millimeters thick. The edge of the needle is finely sawn, the end pointed and piercing. On all needle sides there are clearly pronounced stomata lines , on the convex, abaxial side there are eight to eleven, rarely up to 14, on the two abaxial sides there are four to six each. Sometimes only two, usually three to four and rarely up to eight centrally running resin channels are formed per needle . The needles stay on the tree for about three years.

Cones and seeds

The pollen cones grow in groups at the base of young shoots. They are initially pink to yellow and when ripe yellow to reddish brown and are cylindrical with a length of 2 to 3 centimeters and a diameter of 5 to 6 millimeters, often curved when ripe. The 2 to 2.5 centimeters long stalked seed cones usually grow in pairs or in whorls of three to five, rarely up to eight. The seed cones are seldom 4, usually 5 to 12 and sometimes up to 13 centimeters ovoid-conical or open with a diameter of seldom 3, usually 4 to 6 and rarely up to 7 centimeters ovoid and more or less symmetrical but with a sloping flattened shape Base. The approximately 120 to 200 seed scales per cone are dark brown to black brown, elongated, straight or bent back. The apophysis is ocher-colored, light or dark brown, shiny, raised and almost flat on the basal seed scales, up to 15 millimeters in size with a rhombic to pentagonal outline and crosswise keeled. The umbo is flat, slightly raised or pyramidal and curved upwards and has a small, permanent spine .

The either light gray-brown and dark-spotted or dark-brown to blackish seeds are obovate and slightly flattened with a length of 5 to 7 millimeters and a diameter of 5 to 8 millimeters. The seed wing is 10 to 20 millimeters long, 5 to 8 millimeters wide, somewhat translucent, yellowish gray to light brown with darker stripes.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution map

Spread and endangerment

The natural range of the three varieties of the Caribbean pine includes the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , the Bahamas , the Turks and Caicos Islands , western Cuba including Isla de la Juventud , Belize , northern Guatemala , Honduras including Islas de la Bahía and Nicaragua .

In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus caribaea "not at risk" (= "Lower Risk / least concern") out. However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending.

Systematics

The first description of Pinus caribaea was in 1851 by Pierre Marie Arthur Morelet in the Revue Horticole de la Cote-d'Or , 1, page 107. The specific epithet caribaea refers to the distribution area in the Caribbean. The first description was made on specimens from the Isla de la Juventud, which belongs to Cuba .

The species Pinus caribaea belongs to the Australes subsection from the Trifoliae section in the Pinus sub-genus within the Pinus genus .

There are three varieties :

  • Pinus caribaea Morelet var. Caribaea (Syn .: Pinus recurvata Rowlee , Pinus cubensis var. Anomala Rowlee ): The needles usually grow in groups of three, less often in groups of four and very rarely in groups of two or five. They are light or dark green, from 13 mostly 15 to 26 centimeters long and from 1.2 mostly 1.4 to 1.8 millimeters thick. The needle sheaths are 15 to 20 millimeters long and keep their length until the needles fall off. The seed cones are usually 5 to 10 and rarely up to 12 centimeters long with diameters of 3, but usually from 4 to 6 and sometimes up to 7 centimeters when open. The apophysis is rhombic to pentagonal. There are rarely from four usually six or seven and rarely to nine, 12 to 25 millimeters long cotyledons formed. Seedlings have an elongated stem, the first leaves are green, more or less emerging and are soon replaced by subsequent leaves. The distribution area is in western Cuba, in the province of Pinar del Río and on the Isla de la Juventud. It forms open stands or open woodland with an undergrowth of grasses and bushes on sandy or gravelly, well-drained, acidic soils. You can find them from above sea level up to 700 meters above sea level, with the most extensive stocks at altitudes of about 400 meters. The annual rainfall ranges from 1000 to 1800 millimeters, depending on the altitude, with a dry period in winter, but no frost. The IUCN lists the stocks as "endangered" (= "vulnerable"). However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending. The reasons given are the heavy use, so that savannahs have arisen through felling and burning of forests . Frequent fires prevent regeneration and encourage the spread of Pinus tropicalis .
  • Pinus caribaea var. Bahamensis (Griseb.) WHBarrett & Golfari : The needles are light or dark green and usually grow in pairs less often in groups of three. From 13 they are usually 15 to 26 centimeters long and from 1.2 usually 1.4 to 1.8 millimeters wide. The needle sheaths are initially 15 to 20 millimeters long and shorten to 10 millimeters over time. The seed cones are from 4 mostly 5 to 10 and rarely up to 12 centimeters long and have an open diameter of from 3 mostly 4 to 6 and sometimes up to 7 centimeters. The apophysis has a rhombic or pentagonal outline, it is glossy, ocher or light brown. The four or more usually six or seven and rarely up to nine cotyledons are 12 to 25 millimeters long. Seedlings have an elongated stem, the first leaves are green, more or less emerging and are soon replaced by subsequent leaves. The distribution area is on Grand Bahama , Great Abaco , New Providence , on North and South Andros and on Great Inagua . There are three populations on the Turks and Caicos Islands, on Pine Cay, North Caicos, and Middle Caicos. The species grows on flat, weathered limestone cliffs with areas of sandy soils, on sandy headlands, and old beaches. There it forms pure stands with an undergrowth of various shrubs, including often the palmetto palm ( Sabal palmetto ). It also colonizes open bushland and forms secondary forests . The variety grows from sea level to a height of about 10 meters. The annual precipitation is around 1500 millimeters on Grand Bahama and around 1000 millimeters on Andros, the mean annual temperature is 25 ° C, frost does not occur. However, stocks are repeatedly destroyed by hurricanes . This variety is classified by the IUCN as "endangered" (= "Vulnerable").
  • Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis (Senecl.) WHBarrett & Golfari (Syn .: Pinus hondurensis Loock non Sénécl. ): The needles are light green and sometimes blue and usually grow in pairs, rarely in groups of three or in pairs, and very rarely in groups of five. From 12 they are usually 16 to 28 centimeters long and from 1.2 usually 1.4 to 1.8 millimeters wide. The needle sheaths are 15 to 20 millimeters long and do not shorten. The seed cones are from 4 mostly 5 to 12 and rarely up to 13 centimeters long and have an open diameter of 3.5 to 7 centimeters. The apophysis is shiny, maroon, and has a rhombic or pentagonal outline with an irregularly wavy upper edge. The five to eight cotyledons are 20 to 35 millimeters long. Seedlings have an elongated stem, the first leaves have a bluish tinge and are horizontal and are later replaced by subsequent leaves than in the other varieties. The distribution area is in Quintana Roo in Mexico, in Belize, in the north of Guatemala, in Honduras with the Islas de la Bahia and in Nicaragua. It grows mainly in the coastal lowlands with Atlantic influence from the edges of mangrove forests to the hill country. The variety is found on well-drained, sandy or gravelly, acidic soils, where it forms pure stands or grows together with Pinus oocarpa and Pinus tecunumanii . The undergrowth consists of grasses, bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) and palmetto palms ( Sabal palmetto ). The variety grows from sea level up to 700 meters and possibly 1000 meters. The annual rainfall varies greatly and ranges from 4000 millimeters near Lagunas del Pinar in Nicaragua to 660 millimeters in the interior of Honduras. The mean annual temperature is 21 to 27 ° C, frost does not occur. This variety is classified by the IUCN as not endangered (= "Least concern").

use

Caribbean pine used for forestry in India

The Caribbean pine and especially the Central American variety Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis is an important supplier of wood, as the species forms extensive stocks in easily accessible areas. The populations are heavily exploited, and while the species itself is not endangered, local populations such as those in Ejido Caobas in Mexico, the northernmost populations of the Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis variety . The species Pinus caribaea was planted for forestry in tropical and subtropical lowlands around the world as a supplier of wood, for example in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Jiangsu and Jiangxi .

The resin-rich wood is used to erect buildings and to manufacture transport pallets , boxes, boats, plywood and chipboard . Wood from forestry cultivation outside the natural cultivation area is also often processed into pulp . In Honduras trees were also resinified in the past . Pinus caribaea is rarely used in horticulture and only grows under tropical and subtropical conditions.

swell

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 646-649 .
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 20 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 17th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3573-6 , quoted from Pinus caribaea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  2. ^ A b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 646
  3. ^ A b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 646-647
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Christopher J. Earle: Pinus caribaea. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, March 18, 2012, accessed April 20, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus caribaea , p. 20 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 647
  7. ↑ Pinus caribaea at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ a b c Pinus caribaea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  9. ↑ Pinus caribaea in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed April 20, 2013.
  10. ↑ Pinus caribaea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  11. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
  12. ↑ a b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 648
  13. ↑ Pinus caribaea var. Caribaea in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed April 20, 2013.
  14. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 648-649

Web links

Commons : Caribbean Pine ( Pinus caribaea )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files