Fort Geislingen / Häsenbühl
| Fort Geislingen / Häsenbühl | |
|---|---|
| limes | ORL NN ( RLK ) |
| Route (RLK) | Alblimes |
| Dating (occupancy) | around AD 74 to around 100, vicus up to the 3rd century |
| Type | Cohort fort |
| unit | unknown |
| size | about 190 m × 140 m = 2.7 ha |
| Construction | Wood and earth fort |
| State of preservation | invisible ground monument |
| place | Geislingen |
| Geographical location | 48 ° 16 '29 " N , 8 ° 46' 15" E |
| height | 670 m above sea level NHN |
| Previous | ORL 61a Sulz Castle (northwest, Neckar-Odenwald-Limes ) |
| Subsequently | Lautlingen Fort (East-Southeast, Alblimes ) |
The Fort Geislingen / Häsenbühl (also: Kastell Häsenbühl or Kastell Geislingen ) was a Roman border fort in the Alblimes . It is located with the associated camp village as a ground monument under the fields west-southwest of Geislingen , a municipality in the Zollernalb district in Baden-Württemberg .
location
The fort is located under the fields of a plateau of the Kleiner Heuberg , at the foot of the Häsenbühl between the present-day localities of Geislingen and the Rosenfeld district of Isingen in the Heuberg, Kurz Schlichte, Lange Schlichte and Mohnlen corridors. The road leading from Geislingen to Isingen cuts through the fort area about half a kilometer east of the Häsenbühlhof.
The ancient warehouse in a strategically and geographically favorable position. The location provides a far-reaching all-round view that extends to the peaks of the Hochalb in the south and is only a little restricted in the west by the Häsenbühl. The water supply was guaranteed by two springs not more than 200 m away.
Roman roads coming from four directions crossed in the fort area . A route leading from northeast to southwest connected Sumelocenna ( Rottenburg am Neckar ) with the Municipium Arae Flaviae ( Rottweil ) and a traffic axis running from northwest to southeast provided the connection between the Sulz fort , a fortification of the Neckar line of the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes , and the Lautlingen Castle, which belongs to the Alblimes .
Research history
The area around the Häsenbühl had been known as a larger settlement with possibly military findings since the second half of the 19th century. Coin finds and finds from the wall were reported from this area as early as 1877. In 1901/02 Eugen Nägele also found structural findings. After further discoveries and findings made in 1910 when the pipeline trenches were being built, Robert Knorr first suggested the assumption of a Roman fort.
Based on this assumption and other finds from 1922, the Württemberg State Office for Monument Preservation carried out a systematic search for the suspected fort for the first time in 1925. Both this excavation and a further, construction-accompanying investigation in the autumn of 1927, which was headed by Oscar Paret and in which the Heuberg, Kurz Schlichte, Lange Schlichte and Mohnlen corridors were covered with a dense network of drainage ditches, yielded new knowledge about the civilian The settlement, the fort, however, continued to be beyond the reach of archaeologists .
In the post-war period, things didn’t look that different until the aerial archaeologist Rolf Gensheimer was able to locate the fort from an airplane in 1986. Subsequent exploratory drilling made it possible to determine the outlines of the camp more closely.
The ancient garrison, which is no longer visible above ground, is located under agriculturally used areas that are largely protected from overbuilding and only disturbed by the road. A foundation block with a plaque reminds of the monument .
Castle findings
The Roman military camp at Häsenbühl is a pure wood and earth fort. The sod or wood-earth wall was later no longer replaced by a stone wall. With its side lengths of 190 m by 140 m, the fort takes up an area of around 2.7 hectares and is surrounded by three circular ditches. With its Porta Praetoria (main gate) it faced north. The arrangement of the trenches and the obvious lack of a stone construction period distinguish it from other contemporary fortifications in this region. Nothing is known about the interior development and the unit stationed there. It must have been a Cohors ( cohort ), an infantry unit of 500 men strength, possibly also a Cohors equitata , a partially mounted infantry force of the same strength. The size of the camp and some horse harness finds support the latter assumption.
Vicus findings
The fort vicus , the civil settlement in which members of the military, traders, craftsmen and innkeepers settled, has not yet been fully captured in its outline and structure. A settlement focus south of the fort is secured, along the road to Rottweil , which was found to be around 150 m wide over a length of almost 500 m. The precise delimitation is naturally relatively difficult due to the scattering of the finds as a result of the post-fortified agricultural use of the site. North of the fort, along the road leading to Rottweil, a smaller concentration of settlements can be presumed than probable, so that overall a vicus of the road type can be assumed to be north-south.
For the settlement, at least with regard to its southern part, two construction phases have been proven. A timber construction phase was followed by a construction period in which stone buildings were also erected. Both strata are separated from each other by an intermediate layer of fire that was created by a damaging fire. The fire can be dated to the time between about 85 AD and 100 AD by means of appropriate sigillates . The construction of the stone buildings does not seem to have taken place immediately after the fire, but rather in the course of the first quarter of the second century AD.
According to the datable sigillates and the coin finds, the village probably survived the first Alemanni invasions from 233 AD and probably only became the year 260 during the internal and external political and economic crisis of the empire around the middle of the 3rd century abandoned AD.
Findings in the immediate vicinity
Further findings that indicate individual houses in the immediate and indirect vicus area are currently still being interpreted differently in the literature. Whether this was Villae Rusticae or whether there is possibly a beneficiary station underneath must remain open without extensive excavation of the corresponding areas. The isolated grave finds that were made west of the fort in the area of today's Häsenbühlhof can also be seen in this unexplained context.
The discovery of a stone monument around 200 m north of the Porta Praetoria of the fort is remarkable . There, fragments of cornices , foundation blocks and parts of a column or half-column and a relief with figurative representations were found in the rubble of a Roman-era excavation pit with a volume of almost 70 m³ , as well as the fragments of an inscription tablet with its inscription preserved in two lines
"IMP (ERATOR)" ... (?) ...
... (?) ...
clearly represent the remains of an imperial titulature. However, the name of the ruler and accompanying, datable finds are missing, so that one can only speculate about the construction date and purpose of the monument that once arched the road to Rottenburg.
Lost property
The finds were recorded in the Balingen Local History Museum , in the Oberndorf Local History Museum . and in the magazines of the Landesmuseum Württemberg .
Monument protection
The Geislingen / Häsenbühl Castle ground monument is protected as a registered cultural monument within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, random finds must be reported to the monument authorities.
See also
literature
- Jörg Heiligmann : The fort (?) At "Häsenbühl", municipality of Geislingen am Riedbach (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The Alb Limes. A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 30ff.
- Friedrich Hertlein : The history of the occupation of the Roman Württemberg . (Hertlein, Paret, Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg. Part 1). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1928, p. 35.
- Friedrich Hertlein and Peter Goessler : The streets and fortifications of the Roman Württemberg . (Hertlein, Paret, Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg . Part 2). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1930, p. 33 ff.
- Oscar Paret : A large Roman monument on the Kleiner Heuberg near Häsenbühlerhof (Kr. Balingen). In: Find reports from Swabia. New episode 13, 1952–1954. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1955.
- Oscar Paret: The Settlements of Roman Wuerttemberg . (Hertlein, Paret, Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg. Part 3). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1932, pp. 185, 308.
- Dieter Planck: Geislingen a. R. Roman monument and settlement. In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 294 f.
- Hartmann Reim: The excavation in the fort vicus near Häsenbühl, Geislingen community, Zollernalb district. In: Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg u. a. (Ed.): Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1987 . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0545-0 .
- C. Sebastian Sommer: Geislingen a. R./Häsenbühl. Fort and fort vicus, monument. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 87 f.
Remarks
- ^ Society for Prehistory and Early History in Württemberg and Hohenzollern (ed. :) Find reports from Swabia, 18. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1910, p. 31 ff.
- ^ Society for Prehistory and Early History in Württemberg and Hohenzollern (ed. :) Find reports from Swabia, New Series 3. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1926, p. 110.
- ^ Society for Prehistory and Early History in Württemberg and Hohenzollern (ed. :) Find reports from Swabia, New Series 3. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1926, p. 110 and p. 123 f.
- ^ Society for Prehistory and Early History in Württemberg and Hohenzollern (Ed. :) Find reports from Swabia, New Series 4. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 1928, p. 78 f.
- ↑ Jörg Heiligmann: The fort (?) At "Häsenbühl", municipality of Geislingen am Riedbach (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The Alb Limes. A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 37, contradicts this approach, since the find material is not significant with regard to the find circumstances, the quantity and the type. It must be noted, however, that the research results from just a few years ago were no longer included in the Geislingen section of his Alb-Limes .
- ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer: Geislingen a. R./Häsenbühl. Fort and fort vicus, monument. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 87 describes a length extension of 400 m, Jörg Heiligmann: The fort (?) At "Häsenbühl", municipality of Geislingen am Riedbach (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The Alb Limes. A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 30, speaks of 500 m. The evaluation of the map material published in the cited literature corresponds more to Heiligmann's assessment.
- ↑ The final coin of the immediate vicus area is a denarius of Philip Arab , which was minted in this form between 246 and 248 AD. After Hans Gebhart and Konrad Kraft: The coins found in the Roman period in Germany . Dept. 2, Baden-Württemberg. Volume 3, South Württemberg Hohenzollern. No. 3009, 3rd Mann Brothers, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-7861-1009-3 .
- ↑ Oscar Paret: The Settlements of the Roman Wuerttemberg . (Hertlein, Paret, Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg. Part 3). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1932, pp. 185 and 308 as well as Jörg Heiligmann: The fort (?) At the "Häsenbühl", municipality of Geislingen am Riedbach (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The Alb Limes. A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 39, consider a street station with a hostel. C. Sebastian Sommer: Geislingen a. R./Häsenbühl. Fort and fort vicus, monument. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 85 f., Assumes that the vicus will expand further than previously assumed.
- ↑ Oscar Paret: A large Roman monument on the Kleiner Heuberg near Häsenbühlerhof (Kr. Balingen). In: Find reports from Swabia. New episode 13, 1952–1954. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1955
- ↑ Oscar Paret: A large Roman monument on the Kleiner Heuberg near Häsenbühlerhof (Kr. Balingen). In: Find reports from Swabia. New episode 13, 1952–1954. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1955, p. 79 ff., Assumes a border marking between the provinces Germania superior and Raetia , Dieter Planck: Geislingen a. R. Roman monument and settlement. In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 295, partly follows him in this, but also considers that it could be a border marking of the Municipium Arae Flaviae (Dieter Planck: Arae Flaviae I. Neue Studies on the history of the Roman Rottweil. (= Research and reports on the prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. 6). Müller & Gräff, Stuttgart, 1975, ISBN 3-87532-061-1 , p. 13). The last assumption is also made by Jörg Heiligmann: The fort (?) At "Häsenbühl", municipality of Geislingen am Riedbach (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The Alb Limes. A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 39 and C. Sebastian Sommer: Geislingen a. R./Häsenbühl. Fort and fort vicus, monument. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 88.
- ^ The museums of Balingen - including the Balingen local history museum on the official website of the city of Balingen.
- ↑ Official website of the Oberndorf Local History Museum .