Lautlingen Castle

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Lautlingen Castle
Alternative name Fort Ebingen-Lautlingen
Fort Albstadt-Lautlingen
limes ORL NN ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Alblimes
Dating (occupancy) before / around 80 AD
to max. before / around 85 AD
Type Fort special form
or possibly Alenkastell
unit unknown ala milliaria,
or two cohorts,
or unknown legionary vexillations
size 248/254 × 264/273 m = 6.7 ha
Construction Wood and earth fort
State of preservation partially overbuilt ground monument
place Albstadt - Lautlingen
Geographical location 48 ° 12 '48.7 "  N , 8 ° 58' 53.4"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 12 '48.7 "  N , 8 ° 58' 53.4"  E
height 742  m above sea level NHN
Previous Fort Geislingen / Häsenbühl (northwest)
Subsequently Burladingen Fort (northeast)

The fort Lautlingen in the literature under the name Castle Ebingen-Lautlingen or fort Albstadt- Lautlingen out, was a Roman frontier fort , possibly for Alblimes belonged. It is located as a ground monument in a partially built-up area of Lautlingen , a district of Albstadt in the Zollernalbkreis , Baden-Württemberg .

location

View from the north of the Alb crossing monitored by the fort (red: fort)
The fort area seen from the west, location is the western edge of the area, in the background Albstadt-Ebingen

The fort is a ground monument that is not visible above ground and is located about halfway between Lautlingen and Ebingen on a pass, which is now used by the federal highway 463 , the district road 7153 and a railway line. Most of it is located under the agriculturally used areas of the “Steinhaus” and “Totland” corridors, only part of the fort area is built over by a gardening company. The camp is cut through by the county road and touched by the railway line in the south.

Like all forts on the Alblinie, it is located on a watershed , the European watershed between the Rhine and Danube, which is around 742 m above sea level. NN reached its lowest point in a wide radius and which today also forms the boundary between Lautlingen and Ebingen. The water supply of the garrison was secured by the source horizons of the Riedbach and Ebinger Talbach, the south-facing slope allowed a visual inspection of the pass road over a total of five kilometers.

Lautlingen Fort was possibly part of the Alblimes, a Roman borderline of the late 1st century AD, which stretches for almost 135 kilometers from Arae Flaviae ( Rottweil ) in the southwest to Aquileia ( Heidenheim an der Brenz ) in the northeast the Swabian Alb stretched. In many places in the literature, however, the view is taken that the fort may only be seen in connection with the Roman road from Sulz to the presumed Donaufurt near Laiz and is by no means part of the chain of the other Alb fort. Against the background of relatively unclear findings, the function and significance of the Lautlingen military camp cannot be interpreted with final certainty at the current state of research.

The fortification was probably located in the area of ​​the Roman province of Germania superior . The Burladingen fort , a little further to the east , with which Lautlingen was connected by a road, already belonged to the province of Raetia . The exact course of the border between Upper Germany and Raetia in the 1st century AD is no longer precisely traceable today.

Research history

As early as 1840, 1874 and then increasingly from 1895, Roman remains came to light in the vicinity of the fort. In 1913, a Roman stone building was cut just a few meters north of the camp. This and the fact that the topography of this area is strikingly similar to that of Fort Burladingen, motivated Gerhard Bersu to carry out a targeted search for a fort here in two excavation campaigns in 1924 and 1925 . With a total of 37 exploratory cuts, he managed to determine the fortification of the camp and the location of the west and east gates. Another search cut in the center of the fort remained without results .

In 1972, during the development of the "Kientenstrasse" industrial estate on the outskirts of Ebingen, remains of Roman settlements were discovered, which may be related to another fort or a civilian settlement suspected in this area. Systematic archaeological excavations were not carried out, however, only an emergency excavation accompanying construction was carried out.

Fort

The excavations of the fort by Gerhard Bersu are the only systematic investigations of the military camp so far. A slightly trapezoidal camp was found, which with its dimensions of 248/254 m × 264/273 m covers an area of ​​around 6.7 hectares. The fort was surrounded by a single circular ditch with an average width of 2.5 m and a remaining depth of 1.75 m. At the deepest point of the trench in the area, the southeast corner of the camp, the trench had been renewed twice.

On the western and eastern side of the camp, the trench was suspended for a few meters, here earth bridges led into the interior of the camp. At the current state of research, no reliable statements can be made about the fence. The few established postings could indicate both wooden watchtowers and a wood-earth wall. An exploratory cut of 20 m in length made by Bersu in the center of the fort did not reveal any traces of construction, finds or cultural layers.

It is certain that no conversion to a stone fort has taken place. This and the meager finds speak in favor of only temporary use of the fort. It was probably built in the late Vespasian period or under Titus or in the early Dominian period, around the year 80 AD, and was abandoned after a short time, at the latest at the beginning of the reign of Domitian.

At 6.7 hectares, the size of the fort exceeds all other auxiliary camps of this period in southwest Germany and clearly falls outside the scheme of common fort sizes, with which the camps can normally be assigned to specific auxiliary units. Again, the weak findings and scanty findings leave room for speculation. Occupancy with an ala milliaria or with two cohorts is conceivable , as well as occupancy with a larger legionary vexillation or a combined unit of legionary vexillation and auxiliary troops . The discovery of the bronze lot of a groma may indicate the presence of auxiliary troops due to the incised, non-Roman name CANDIDI ELI ('Property of Candidus Elus'), but this connection is not really certain.

Traces of settlement in the immediate area of ​​the fort

Only about 20 to 25 m north of the fort was a group of stone buildings, from which the field name "stone house" is derived. Whether a beneficiary station or a villa rustica was located here is still unclear based on the current state of knowledge, especially since it is completely unclear whether the finding, which extends with interruptions over a good 125 m in a northerly direction, is a contiguous building complex or various individual structures for different purposes. The existence of a larger, contiguous vicus is definitely excluded . Given the short period of use of the fort, such a camp village seems more than unlikely.

Traces of settlement in the Ebingen area

Some Roman sites are known in the area of ​​the Albstadt district of Ebingen. However, these are not related to the Lautlinger fort, but rather indicate an independent settlement which, as the literature sometimes speculates, may belong to a previously undiscovered second fort in this area.

The sites - as numerous as they may be - are widely distributed over the city area and not all of them are particularly meaningful, so that to this day there is no definitive picture of the time and structure of the settlement. The sites on “Kientenweg” are noteworthy, with a high number of datable ceramics - especially relief-decorated and flat sigillata as well as high-quality terra nigra - which refer to the period between 80 and 125 AD.

Also from around or shortly after the turn of the century there is an honorary inscription on a sandstone slab dedicated to Trajan (98–117), which was found along with other datable material in the basement of a building group consisting of five houses in the “Bitzergasse” area.

Last but not least, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries , a pottery kiln was uncovered during railway construction work in an area on the eastern side of the Schmiecha valley , below the “castle rock”. In the immediate vicinity of this production facility, the Schmiecha crossing of the Roman highway to Laiz and the junction to the Burladingen fort are likely.

Monument protection, preservation of findings and what is found

Lautlingen Castle is a ground monument and is protected as a registered cultural monument in the sense of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities. The former garrison is located under the largely agricultural and uncultivated area between Lautlingen and Ebingen. A nursery was only located in a small area. The findings, which are closer to the Ebingen district of Albstadt, are largely built up. The found material is in the holdings of the Württemberg State Museum in the Old Castle in Stuttgart , the Limes Museum in Aalen and in the archaeological collection of the Ebinger Museum, the so-called Ebinger "herb box".

See also

literature

  • Gerhard Bersu : Das Kastell Lautlingen In: Peter Goessler (Hrsg.): Württemberg studies. (Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Prof. Eugen Nägele ). Silberburg, Stuttgart 1926, p. 177 ff.
  • Gerhard Bersu: The Lautlingen Castle In: Germania. Correspondence sheet of the Roman-Germanic commission of the German archaeological institute vol. 9. Zabern, Mainz 1925, p. 167 ff.
  • Jörg Heiligmann : The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , pp. 40-50.
  • Jörg Heiligmann: The Roman camp of Lautlingen, city of Albstadt, Zollernalb district. State-protected cultural monument. (Cultural monuments in Baden-Württemberg. Small guides, 58). LDA BW, Stuttgart 1989
  • Friedrich Hertlein : II. Alb and Ries . In: Friedrich Hertlein and Peter Goessler: The streets and fortifications of the Roman Württemberg. In: Friedrich Hertlein, Oskar Paret, Peter Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg Vol. 2. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1930, p. 213ff.
  • Dieter Planck : Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 18f.
  • Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen. Roman fort and civil settlement. In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ With Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 40ff.
  2. ^ With Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 18f.
    • Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen. Roman fort and civil settlement. In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7
    , P. 212ff. or p. 18f.
  3. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 40.
  4. ^ With Gerhard Bersu , Friedrich Hertlein, Wilhelm Schleiermacher and most recently with Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 19.
  5. ↑ Friedrich Hertlein, for example, saw the garrison of Lautlingen Castle as belonging to the Rhaetian Army (Exercitus Raeticus). After Philipp Filtzinger In: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. in the handbook of Baden-Württemberg history 1. General history. Part 1 From primeval times to the end of the Hohenstaufen. The conquest of southwest Germany. ( Memento of September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 290 kB) Klett-Cotta, 2001, p. 16.
  6. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 43. According to Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 213 or p. 18, only the west gate was found
  7. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 43. According to Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 213 or p. 18, has not yet been dug inside the fort.
  8. ^ After Friedrich Hertlein: II. Alb and Ries . In: Friedrich Hertlein and Peter Goessler: The streets and fortifications of the Roman Württemberg. In: Friedrich Hertlein, Oskar Paret, Peter Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg Vol. 2. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1930, p. 215 and Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 214 or p. 19. Hertlein suspected the fort that actually belonged to the Alblimes here.
  9. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 46 ff.
  10. ↑ From October 29 to November 7, 1924 and from September 10 to September 22, 1925.
  11. ↑ Here again there is disagreement in the literature. While Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 45, describes two earth bridges (and two camp gates) - in the west and in the east - and refers to Gerhard Bersu: Das Kastell Lautlingen In: Peter Goessler (ed. ): Württemberg studies. (Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Prof. Eugen Nägele ). Silberburg, Stuttgart 1926, p. 196, describes Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 213 or p. 18, only one earth bridge (with only one camp gate) on the west side.
  12. ^ After Gerhard Bersu: Das Kastell Lautlingen In: Peter Goessler (Ed.): Württembergische Studien. (Festschrift for the 70th birthday of Prof. Eugen Nägele ). Silberburg, Stuttgart 1926, p. 196.
  13. ^ After Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 213 or p. 18.
  14. ^ Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 49, assumes that it was built under Titus at the latest.
  15. ↑ The problem is: 1) that the find is described, but lost, 2) that the find comes from the extreme northwest corner of the camp and can no longer be ruled out that it belongs to the stone building north of the fort, especially because 3) the find together with Vespasian drag. 29 and the rim of a Domitian barbino bowl, but also together with a sesterce of Trajan , which was minted between 103 and 111, as well as Trajan sigillates .
  16. ↑ This hypothesis is made by Friedrich Hertlein: II. Alb and Ries . In: Friedrich Hertlein and Peter Goessler: The streets and fortifications of the Roman Württemberg. In: Friedrich Hertlein, Oskar Paret, Peter Goessler: The Romans in Württemberg Vol. 2. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1930, p. 215 and by Dieter Planck: Albstadt-Lautlingen . In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 213 f. and p. 19, respectively. Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 46ff. contradicts due to the lack of military finds, the unsuitable topography for a fort and the dating of the finds, which could hardly be reconciled with an Alb fort.
  17. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 47 f.
  18. ↑ [I] MP • [Caesari divi Nervae f Nervae] / TR [aiano optimo Aug Germ] / DA [c pont max trib pot…] / [imp (?)… Cos…] . According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 207. German roughly: "Dem Imperator Caesar , son of the deified Nerva , Trajan, the best Augustus , Germanic conqueror and conqueror of the Dacians , supreme priest , owned by the tribunician violence for the… time, imperator for the… time, consul for the… time. "
  19. ↑ Including a sigilla plate with stamp DOMITIANVS F , fragments of painted wall plaster and a painted clay bottle. According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 49.
  20. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 49.
  21. ^ According to Jörg Heiligmann: The Ebingen-Lautlingen camp, Albstadt (Zollernalbkreis). In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 41.