Burladingen fort

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Burladingen fort
limes ORL NN ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Alblimes
Dating (occupancy) around 80 AD to around 110
Vicus around 80 to around 260
Type Cohort fort
unit unknown cohort
size a) 137 m × 137 m = 1.9 ha
b) 140 m × 140 m = 1.96 ha
Construction a) Wood and earth fort.
b) Stone fort
State of preservation invisible ground monument
place Hausen in the Killertal
Geographical location 48 ° 17 '32 "  N , 9 ° 5' 16"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 17 '32 "  N , 9 ° 5' 16"  E
height 736  m above sea level NHN
Previous Lautlingen Fort (southwest)
Subsequently Fort Gomadingen (northeast)

The Burladingen fort was a Roman border fort in the Alblimes . It is located with the associated fort vicus as a ground monument in an undeveloped area of Burladingen , a town in the Zollernalb district in Baden-Württemberg .

location

View from the south of the Alb crossing monitored by the fort (red: fort; blue: marching camp)
The fort area seen from the west, location is the western edge of the area, in the background Burladingen

The fort area is located about two kilometers west of the center of Burladingen under the fields of a northern slope called "Kleineschle" immediately south of today's federal highway 32 .

In Roman times, the military camp was located here in a geographically and strategically favorable position and probably in the immediate vicinity of the border between the Roman provinces of Raetia , to which it belonged, and Germania superior, which is no longer precisely traceable today .
The Burladingen fort was part of the Alblimes , a Roman borderline of the late 1st century AD, which stretches over a length of almost 135 kilometers from Arae Flaviae ( Rottweil ) in the southwest to Aquileia ( Heidenheim an der Brenz ) in the northeast on the Swabian Alb stretched. Together with the other camps this castle chain ( Castle Lautlingen , Castle Gomadingen , Castle Steingädele , castle Heidenheim , Castle Oberdorf ) formed the garrison of Burladingen here for about two decades, the northern border of the province of Raetia after the limit in this range from the older line of the Danube the Swabian Alb had been advanced. Like almost all forts in the Alblimes, the fortification of Burladingen was located on a watershed that runs between the Starzel (
Rhine
river system ) and the Fehla ( Danube river system ).

In December 2006 a marching camp was found in the immediate vicinity of the fort. It is on flat terrain north of the B 32, in the “Schlichte” area.

Research history

Roman settlement remains had already been discovered in 1893/94 by the Sigmaringen archive director Karl Theodor Ziegler, but the archaeological evidence of the fort was only provided by Gerhard Bersu through two excavations in 1912 and 1914.

Further investigations by the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office were carried out in 1974 and then increasingly in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1984/85 aerial photographs showed the east, south and west walls of the fort. A gate system was visible in the south wall. Traces of an older row of double posts along the south and east walls were clearly visible. The staff building (principia) in the middle was only slightly visible. The work, some of which was carried out as an emergency and rescue excavation as a result of construction measures, has not yet been completed and has so far led, among other things, to the differentiation of construction phases within the camp and to the discovery of a beneficiary station .

During a geophysical prospecting on behalf of the Tübingen Regional Council (Archaeological Monument Preservation), an unknown Roman marching camp was discovered in December 2006.

Fort

Findings and history

So far it has been possible to differentiate between a timber construction and a stone construction phase. The wooden fort was built in Flavian times, probably around the year 80 AD (for the dating discussion see below: Dating problems ), had a square outline of 137 meters on a side and thus took up an area of ​​almost 1.9 hectares. It was surrounded by two pointed trenches. The defensive wall itself consisted of a wood and earth construction. Two flank towers at each of the four gates could be detected, but not the existence of corner and intermediate towers.

Around the year 90 the fort was partly built in stone and slightly enlarged to a side length of 140 meters, corresponding to 1.96 hectares. Here the double ditch was replaced by a single ditch. Of the internal structures, the principia (staff building) and some team barracks, which already existed in the timber construction phase and were not built in stone, have been clearly identified. Other buildings were touched on, but cannot be assigned certain functions with certainty. Based on a comparison with forts same type of construction and at the same time but the position can at the uncertain findings Praetorium with drawbacks - - (commander House) and a Horreum (granary) and the Valetudinarium (hospital) are assumed to be possible.

The fort was oriented with its praetorial front to the northwest, where a road and a railway line still use the natural depression as a pass. The supervision of this pass as well as the intersecting road connections in the vicus area was probably one of the duties of the crew. Here, from the Alblimesstraße leading over the pass, from the Sulz fort via Lautlingen and on via the Gomadingen fort to Oberdorf / Ipf, a connection to the south to the Ennetach fort branched off. A further connection through the Killertal to the Arae Flaviae ( Rottweil ) is considered likely, but has so far been archaeologically proven just as little as a possible Limes crossing.

Due to the size of the fort, a cohort , an infantry unit of around 500 men, can be accepted as a crew. Further details about the garrison are not known.

As evidenced by a thick layer of fire, the fort probably came to an end in the Trajan period, whether it was a local fire or a historical event has not yet been clarified.

Dating problem

The discussion about the exact dating of the Alblimes and its forts is not yet complete. It seems certain that the expansion of the Alblimes began in the Vespasian period, around 73/74 AD, under the governor of the province of Raetia, it also seems certain that the expansion at the beginning of the Domitian offensive against the Chatten in the year 83 AD was not yet over. All in all, it must therefore be assumed that the expansion of the entire route might take several years, namely the period between 73 and 84. The timing of the individual forts is quite difficult due to the lack of excavations and the low number of finds.
Like the beginning, the end of Alblime is not completely clear either. Some of the forts will certainly have lost their function immediately after the early Trajan expansion of the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes around 98 AD, other forts may still have served as a logistical base in the hinterland. In general, a very early end is assumed for the western part between Rottweil and the fort Donnstetten , while the camps further to the east are said to have existed well into the first quarter of the second century. The end of the Burladingen fort, assumed by Gerhard Bersu to be 110 AD, has not yet been conclusively proven or refuted.
See also separate article Alblimes .

Marching camp

Another system was discovered in December 2006 north of the Roman fort from the 1st century. The first finding indicates a marching camp , which was probably abandoned after the actual fort was completed.

The marching camp has an almost square trench system with sides of around 160 meters. On each side, the approximately two-meter-wide trench was interrupted over a length of nine meters; the castle gates were probably located here, which were additionally protected by an 8.5-meter-long trench. The interior of the Marschlagers is still unknown, but there were no stone buildings on the site.

The newly discovered fort is apparently a marching camp fortified with a rampart, palisade and moat, in which soldiers were housed who built the regular fort located immediately south of the Marschlager.

Camp village

As at most Roman garrison locations, a camp village ( vicus ) developed in Burladingen , in which relatives of the soldiers, as well as traders, craftsmen and innkeepers first settled. The Burladinger Vicus began immediately after the fort was built, around the year 80. It developed mainly east of the camp along the arterial road to Gomadingen, where its extension over a length of 750 m could be demonstrated.

The Burladinger Vicus has a total of four construction phases, three wooden construction phases and one stone construction phase. Due to the small number of finds, the three wooden construction phases cannot be precisely delimited from one another; the stone construction phase can be assumed to be in the middle of the 2nd century. Most of the development consisted of strip houses with their gables and porticos facing the street.

On the eastern edge of the vicus there was evidence of a pottery, as well as two larger stone buildings of indefinite function, which could possibly have served cultic purposes. On the southern edge of the camp village there was a Villa Rustica with at least two stone buildings.

The Burladinger vicus survived the end of the fort and was likely to have existed until the time of the internal and external political and economic crisis of the empire around the middle of the 3rd century, at most until the time of the so-called Limesfall 259/260.

The settlement originally designated as an excavation protection area was converted into an industrial area by the Burladingen city administration after negotiations with the Tübingen regional council in spring 2012 . The vicus will give way to a western extension of the Kleineschle industrial park .

Benefit station and mansio

Only around 200 m west of the fort was able to detect a beneficiary station in 1983 through aerial photography and in 1984 it was archaeologically examined. The beneficiaries were a kind of street police with customs powers. The building in Burladingen has several construction phases and in its last construction stage had an area of ​​around 600 m². It was partially equipped with a hypocaust system and, in addition to its function as a police station, also served as a rest house and horse changing station ( mansio ). According to the relatively small amount of finds, the station should have existed from around 80 to 260 AD.

Monument protection

The Bodendenkmal Kastell Burladingen is protected as a registered cultural monument within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Jörg Heiligmann : The castle Burladingen-Hausen (Zollernalbkreis) . In: Ders .: The "Alb Limes". A contribution to the history of the Roman occupation of southwest Germany. (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 35). Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , pp. 51-70.
  • Jörg Heiligmann: The "Alblimes" . In: Ch. Unz (ed.): Studies on the military borders of Rome, Vol. 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0776-3 , pp. 175-181.
  • Friedrich Hertlein : II. Alb and Ries . In: P. Goessler, F. Hertlein; O. Paret (Ed.): The roads and fortifications of the Roman Wuerttemberg Vol. 2, 1930, pp. 213-254.
  • Dieter Planck : Burladingen-Hausen i. K. Castle of the Alblinie . In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 .
  • Hartmann Reim: Archaeological excavations in the Roman fort vicus near Burladingen, Zollernalbkreis . In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg, 1994. Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1174-4 .
  • Hartmann Reim: At the end of the excavations in the industrial area Kleineschle near Burladingen, Zollernalbkreis . In: Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg, 1997. Theiss, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8062-1347-X , pp. 55–58.
  • Stefan Schmidt-Lawrenz: Burladingen-Hausen in the Killertal. Fort / Vicus / Street station In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Gerhard Bersu: The Roman fort Burladingen . In: Leaves of the Swabian Alb Association No. 4. Special print, 1912 and ders .: The Roman fort Burladingen . In: E. Krüger (Ed.): Römisch-Germanisches Korrespondenzblatt. (Continuation of the correspondence sheet of the West German journal for history and art). News for Roman-Germanic antiquity research, year V. Trier 1912.
  2. ^ Rolf Gensheimer: Luftbildarchäologie in Baden-Württemberg in the years 1984/85. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1985 . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1986, p. 13 f., ISBN 3-8062-0465-9
  3. ^ "Now Friedrich Hertlein has seen the garrison of Lautlingen Castle as belonging to the Rhaetian Army (" exercitus Raeticus "). This is all the more true for the occupation of the Burladingen-Hausen fort, which may have had a similar special position in the series of the Alb fort as it was in the Aislingen fort on the Danube Limes. The task of the up to 500-strong fort crews was to control border traffic - as we know from the Rhaetian Limes, which was later marked by the wall. " Quote from Philipp Filtzinger : http://w210.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/dbt /volltexte/2002/526/pdf/Handbuch.pdf ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 290 kB) The conquest of Southwest Germany In: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg In: Handbuch der Baden-Württembergischen Geschichte 1. General story. Part 1 From primeval times to the end of the Staufer, Klett - Cotta, 2001, p. 16.
  4. Gerhard Bersu dates the end of the fort to 110 AD.Because Burladingen had lost its strategic importance with the expansion of the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes and could no longer play a role in potential supply routes, this year can only be understood as the latest possible time.
  5. "Jörg Heiligmann has established that due to the current Terra Sigillata finds - systematic excavations in Gomadingen and Donnstetten are missing - the forts Lautlingen and Burladingen-Hausen belong to the military camps founded by Vespasian on the upper Neckar around Rottweil. In contrast, the Alb fort point from Gomadingen to Oberdorf and the fort on the central Neckar are to be dated to a more recent phase, in the Domitian period (around 85 AD). In his opinion, Fort Burladingen-Hausen forms the link between the cohort forts on the upper Neckar and the Danube border that runs 22 km south of Burladingen. " Quote: Philipp Filtzinger , http://w210.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/dbt/volltexte/ 2002/526 / pdf / Handbuch.pdf ( Memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 290 kB) The conquest of Southwest Germany In: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg In: Handbuch der Baden-Württembergischen Geschichte 1. General history. Part 1 From primeval times to the end of the Staufer, Klett - Cotta, 2001, p. 16.
  6. Article by the German Press Agency ( memento of September 13, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) in the online edition of the Schwäbische Zeitung, as of January 12, 2007.
  7. Press release  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de   of the regional council of Tübingen, as of January 11, 2007 - dead link since September 19, 2012.
  8. Trade instead of Roman heritage , Südwest Presse of March 3, 2012 (accessed on March 8, 2012).