Schaan small fort
| Schaan Castle | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name | unknown |
| limes |
Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes (DIRL) Raetia I |
| Dating (occupancy) | valentine, 4th – 5th centuries Century AD |
| Type |
a) road fort b) replenishment depot? |
| unit | unknown |
| size | 60 × 59 m, 0.38 ha |
| Construction | Stone construction |
| State of preservation | Square system with protruding rectangular towers, foundations of the north wall and the gate tower partly visible |
| place | Schaan |
| Geographical location | 756 969 / 225 689 |
| height | 450 m above sea level M. |
| Upstream | Brigantium |
The small fortress Schaan was part of the chain of fortresses of the late antique Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes of the province Raetia prima and is located in the municipality of Schaan , in the Oberland of the Principality of Liechtenstein .
In the 1st century AD, the Romans laid the military road Milan - Bregenz , which also ran through the area of today's Schaan. In the middle of the 4th century AD, a small fort was built on this road to protect the Rhine Valley against attacks by the Alemanni . The foundations of the northern wall and the gate tower have been preserved to this day. The area around the former fort later formed the medieval settlement core of Schaan. A baptistery from the 5th century, which was found during excavations in St. Peter's Church, suggests an early Christianization of the region. Burial fields of the Alemanni and Rhaeto-Romans and a late antique hilltop settlement on Krüppel are also proven for Schaan .
Name and location
The Roman name of the fort is not mentioned in ancient written sources. An ancient inscription relating to this has also not yet been found. The place name in use today is probably derived from the topographical conditions. Schaan appears as Scana in an imperial land register from the 9th century . This name probably comes from Esca / Escan , the Celtic name for water. Perhaps, in prehistoric times, a lake spread between Schaan and Eschen. But it could also stand for the ash tree or a stream that still flows through the Eschnerried and flows into the Rhine .
Schaan is located about 3 km from Buchs , in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen and 3 km from the Liechtenstein capital Vaduz . The town center lies on a hill on the east bank of the Rhine , the so-called «Bühel». It was once piled up by torrents, the so-called Rüfen , which have been transporting their debris from the dolomite rocks of the Three Sisters down into the Rhine Valley for thousands of years . To the west of St. Peter's Church, it was dismantled or leveled and built over over time. The western half of the fort was also completely destroyed. From here you can see to the north as far as the Feldkirch area , to the south to the Luzisteig pass and the Sargans basin .
In late antiquity, the region around Schaan belonged to the province of Raetia prima , which was administered by a governor ( praeses ) based in Curia Raetorum / Chur . This in turn was subordinate to a prefect who had his residence in Mediolanum / Milan. The fort stood directly on the Roman road on the right bank of the Rhine, which ran past the western wall of the camp in the direction of today's country road. Ferdinand Keller found the location of the fort remarkable in that it was obviously not built at a strategically important point. It was almost exactly in the middle of the section between Brigantium / Bregenz and Curia , in order to protect the Alpine passes better. On the Tabula Peutingeriana , the medieval copy of a Roman road map from the 4th century and one of the most important sources for Roman place names, only the stage stops Clunia / Feldkirch and Magia / Maienfeld are listed.
function
The location on a heavily frequented Roman military and trade route that led from Mediolanum / Milan over the Bündner passes to Augusta Vindelicorum / Augsburg was probably the reason that a fort was built here. The main task of the crew was relaying messages, securing and monitoring traffic on the Rheintalstrasse in the Clunia - Magia section and the pass crossing. In the event of barbarian incursions, his soldiers should block the road and stop the invaders from advancing south, or at least try to hinder them. Later - probably - supplies for the garrisons on the Rhine Limes were temporarily stored here . The Schaan fort is not mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum . It is believed that as a granary ( horreum ) it was under civil administration ( Praeses provinciae Raetia I and II ) and is therefore not specified there.
Which unit of the Roman army was stationed in the Schaan fort is unknown due to the lack of written sources. Related finds such as B. Coins, notched belt trimmings and weapons attest to the presence of soldiers in the fort. The troops of the provinces Raetia I and II were under the command of a Dux Raetiae .
Research history
The location of the fort has long been known. In 1847, in his History of the Principality of Liechtenstein , Peter Kaiser mentions the “... traces of an old building that was very spacious and formed an elongated square. The walls are of unusual thickness and strength ... » . Johann Baptist Büchel was of the opinion that the walls found in Schaan belonged to a royal or Fronhof ( curtis dominica ), which is mentioned in an imperial surbar from 830/831. In 1853 Joseph von Bergmann gave somewhat more precise information about the fort . He relied on a report by the royal court chaplain Johann-Franz Fetz. After a catastrophic fire in 1849, the remains of the Roman camp were found again. Since the fire had cremated almost the entire village, it was partially exposed during the clean-up work. Fetz also informed Bergmann about the artifacts that were recovered. In 1864 Ferdinand Keller prepared a (faulty) fort plan based on Paul Immler's ideas and published it in the "Mitteilungen der Antiquarian Gesellschaft Zürich". Keller considered the castle ruins to be ancient Magia .
Thirty years after Keller's publication, the kk curator of Bregenz, Samuel Jenny , suggested a new excavation of the fort, which was started in 1893. It was headed by the provost Friedrich Stellwag von Carion and the head of the building department, a certain engineer Mathausch, and concentrated on the area east of the stable of the landowner Hilti. However, the results of their investigations were never published. Mainly the area west of the fort bath was searched for ancient artefacts, or only treasure hunt was carried out.
In 1909 Albert Schädler published an essay on prehistoric and Roman finds in Liechtenstein. He essentially summarized the findings of Bergmann and Keller about the fort in Schaan. From 1956 to 1958 David Beck and Bernhard Marxer von Mauren examined the fort on behalf of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein . They excavated the entire east wall, the camp bath, parts of the crew quarters, the southeast corner tower and early medieval graves. The east wall and the main gate could be almost completely uncovered. The south wall of the fort was exposed west of the south-east tower to the Holzschopf east of the dairy and then also a part in the Konrad-Prossen garden (approx. 5 m). Extensive excavations in the interior of the fort could not be carried out because the landowner refused his permission (because of the fruit trees there). It was therefore only possible to examine smaller areas down to the natural soil. In most cases you had to be content with very narrow search cuts. In the course of the excavation it became clear that St. Peter's Church stood directly on the late Roman walls. Since a thorough renovation of the church was planned anyway, the rectory and the parish gave the archaeologists permission to carry out excavations inside the church. These began in the summer of 1958. They were intended both to complete the excavation of the fort and to clarify the earliest building history of St. Peter. After the floors were removed, both Roman-era walls and remains of the previous building of the church came to light. In 1960 the remains of a heavily fortified hilltop settlement built between AD 260 and AD 270 were discovered on Krüppel. During the construction of an apartment building in Reberastrasse in 2006, the employees of the Liechtenstein State Archeology were able to examine some early medieval graves during an emergency excavation.
Find spectrum
Roman incidental finds were made several times in Schaan as early as the 19th century. In 1887, a little above the village, in the district of Dux, two Roman legionnaire's helmets of the Hagenau type from the 1st century AD were discovered. Presumably they were once left there as offerings. To the south of the fort area, individual finds were repeatedly made during building foundations and the route of the Roman Rheintalstrasse was probably also cut.
Of the Roman coins found here, the earliest dates from the time of Augustus , all the others are, very poorly preserved, coins from the 3rd and 4th centuries that came to light between 1956 and 1957. They were minted in the time of the emperors Constans , Constantius II , Theodosius I , Valentinian II and Arcadius .
In search cut 13, a number of pre-Roman ceramic fragments and a dagger made of bronze with a strong copper content were recovered from a Roman layer. They came from the early Bronze Age . The other finds - such as B. ceramics, tools or belt fittings - all belong to the 4th century. The tusk of an elephant, which was later sent to Vienna for safekeeping by Bailiff Pokorny, was hidden in front of the portal of St. Twelve early medieval graves were discovered on the north and south walls of the church. Some of the skeletons examined were of unusual size. The bricks found in the fort were unfortunately without any inscriptions. On the west wall of the church one came across some sawn or handcrafted deer antler handles. Among the finds from the interior are still shards of vessels ( Terra sigillata and Lavez ), some bronze objects as well as bone and antler pieces with traces of processing. The range of ceramics included fragments of the Argonne type and North African sigillata, as well as vessels with a greenish or brownish glaze, including many mortars. The vast majority were Lavez containers, which u. a. were used as cooking vessels.
Animal bones provided information about the food sources of the fort residents. Domestic and farm animals such as sheep, goats, pigs and cattle bones were identified. Deer, chamois, ibex, wild boar and elk were on the menu. So far, unique for Liechtenstein, a cat was also found in the fort. Domestic cats only became native to these latitudes with the arrival of the Romans. A richly decorated bone comb was found in the camp bath.
development
Bronze and Iron Age finds on the Krüppel prove an early settlement of the region around Schaan. In the year 15 BC The Romans took possession of what is now Liechtenstein and later incorporated it into the province of Raetia . In the 1st century AD, the military route Mediolanum / Milan - Brigantium / Bregenz was laid out to better develop the newly conquered territory .
In the middle imperial period there were several manors ( villa rustica ) in the area around Schaan . After the abandonment of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (see also Limesfall and Imperial Crisis of the 3rd Century ) in the 3rd century, the Romans withdrew again to the old border line on the banks of the Rhine and Danube. The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes had been overrun by the Alamanni several times in the course of the 3rd century, and they repeatedly managed to penetrate deep into the Roman Empire. In the area of today's Switzerland and Liechtenstein, too, there were only a few settlements or villas on the flat land where these incursions had passed without a trace. Many of them were given up afterwards. Life in unpaved settlements had become too dangerous. As in pre-Roman times, fortified hilltop settlements were built again, in which one could withdraw in times of danger. A little above Schaan, on the mountainside of the three-sister chain, "Auf Krüppel", such a refuge was also created during the imperial crisis of the 3rd century. Finally, the military under Diocletian was able to secure the borders again at the end of the 3rd century. The construction of the street fort could be related to the end of settlement on the Krüppel, which was probably abandoned around 352. North of Schaan, the Limes ran from Lake Constance eastwards to the Iller and along this and the Danube to Castra Regina / Regensburg.
Under the emperors Valentinian I (364–375) and Gratian (367–383) a large-scale fortress construction program on the Upper Danube , Upper Rhine and Lake Constance was set in motion in a second expansion phase (Ammian, XXVIII 2.1). This new chain of fortresses was supposed to make incursions into the Reich area considerably more difficult or even impossible for the Germanic tribes. Particularly endangered border sections on the Upper Rhine and between Bregenz and Iller were massively secured in the 4th century with new forts and numerous watchtowers / small fortresses (turres or burgi ) . In the Raetia secunda mainly 10-12 m high, rectangular watchtowers and warehouses ( horrea ) were built. After repeated supply bottlenecks, they were supplemented by 370 additional forts at the rear, whose crews were primarily intended to secure the approach and supply routes to the Limes. One of them was the camp in Schaan. The fort was probably burned down again in the 4th century, but judging by the coin finds, it was probably occupied or rebuilt by Roman soldiers or Germanic federations until the late 4th or early 5th century . The existence of an early Christian cult room within the fort at this time is likely, but the excavations had provided no evidence in this regard.
After the withdrawal of the Roman army, a small hall church was built in the castle ruins in the 5th century. Graves were dug around them. With the gradual collapse of the Roman Empire, a massive immigration of Alemannic tribes began. In connection with the baptistery (baptistery) built in the north-east corner of the fort in the 5th century, there is an extensive burial ground of the Romansh population. It testifies to the continued existence of the early Christian communities in Raetia, which is now ruled by the Germanic tribes. In the 8th century Raetia fell to the Franconian Empire and was incorporated into the Alemannic Duchy of Swabia in the 10th century . During this time, the Peterskirche was rebuilt or expanded and received its present form. In the early Middle Ages there were two churches in Schaan, St. Peter for the Rhaeto-Romanic and St. Laurence for the Alemannic population group.
Fort
The regular four-sided system with protruding corner and intermediate towers is typical of a number of fortress structures from the second half of the 4th century, which were built as part of the Valentine Limes construction program (from around 369). The floor plan of the fort is not exactly square and is slightly shifted at the corners, especially in the southeast corner (angle in the northeast corner 88 °, in the southeast corner 93 °). The fortress measured 60 × 59 m and was reinforced at its corners with protruding, rectangular towers. The surrounding wall and towers are likely to have been built in one go, while changes were made to the interior structures over the course of time. A total of two construction phases could be distinguished. The weir system was very similar to the fortifications that were built at the same time in Bregenz , Irgenhausen , Aying in Bavaria and Innsbruck-Wilten . Schaan, along with a few other Limes forts in Syria, Arabia and North Africa, still belongs to the so-called "Diocletian type" (284 - 305). It is noticeable, however, that despite its small size - it is a little smaller than the Irgenhausen camp - the walls on its curtains are considerably greater.
Dimensions:
- East side 57.5 m,
- North side 60.5 m,
- West side 59.0 m,
- South side 60.5 m.
The towers and the curtain wall are made of limestone, which are abundant in the surrounding area (e.g. in the alluvial cones of the Rüfen). Its exterior consisted of a carefully mortared limestone facing. The core was a mortared quarry stone filling (cast masonry). The corners of the tower consisted of hewn tufa blocks . In addition to lime, sand from the banks of the Rhine was also used for the mortar. Pebbles from the Rhine river were often found in it. As with numerous other late antique Limes forts (e.g. in Arbon ), no reused architectural fragments ( spolia ) were detectable in the masonry. An admixture of broken roof tiles could only be found in a few interior buildings. Barracks were probably built on the right and left sides of the main gate. Opposite were found remains of workshops that later had to give way to a warehouse ( Horreum ) in the south . The best preserved was the fort bath, to which another building (building E) belonged, the remains of which were found east of the barracks. The presumed home of the camp commandant stood west of the fort bath. All of them had their backs attached to the defensive walls. The floors in the buildings consisted of a lime mortar coating.
The water supply for the fort and bathing house was provided by a channel in the east wall (30 × 30 cm). Presumably the water flowed through wooden dikes here , but fragments of lead pipes were also found. A pit was uncovered on the inside, in front of the canal mouth; the fine earth trapped here, which contained only a few stones, could indicate a former collecting basin.
Fort wall
The east wall was about 3.6 m thick. On the outside and in the middle it was still 1.5 to 2.4 m high. It extended from the sacristy of St. Peter's Church to the southeast tower and was exposed along its entire length. Most of the outside had been removed over the centuries. The rest was left as a wall and roughly plastered. The mortar core of the wall was particularly easy to observe here.
The south wall, however, was excavated from the south-east tower from the west only over a length of 5 m. In its further course it was built over and partly destroyed in the process. It was the same width as the east wall. To the west of the gate tower there was only a beginning of the fort wall, the rest had completely disappeared.
North gate tower
In the center of the north wall was a rectangular gate tower protruding inwards and outwards. It measured (including the foundation) 7.6 × 8.5 meters. The passage was 2.9 m wide and its flanking walls were 2.35 m thick. The corners and the door cheeks were made of hewn tuff stone blocks. There were two chiseled holes (30 × 30 cm) in the wall cheeks of the outer gate, which were used to hold the locking bar for the gate wing. The central part of the passage widened into a 4.1 × 4.2 m gate chamber. The cheeks of the inner gate behind it were also made with tufa blocks. The fact that there was also an inner door is shown by two iron round disks (12 cm in diameter) found in situ at the corners, which probably functioned as pivot bearings for the door. A sandstone also found there, which showed strong signs of wear, may have served the same purpose. While the gate entrance at its front was only 10 to 20 cm high, the inner walls were still 1.2 m high when they were excavated.
Northeast corner tower
Only one corner of it could be exposed. All the tufa blocks had been broken out here. In the cellar of house no. 34 further remains of the foundation were found, and part of the sacristy of St. Peter's Church stands on its walls.
Corner tower southeast
It measured 7.9 × 7.9 m, its foundations did not protrude equally far everywhere, about 30 cm on average. They were examined in several places and only reached about 30 to 40 cm in depth. The thickness of the tower walls was 1.9 m, that of the interior 4 × 4 m. The entrance is likely to have been in a slightly elevated position, 1.5 m above the determined average height of the screed floors inside the fort. On the parts visible above ground, the mortar in the wall joints was already badly weathered, but was still well preserved in the lower layers. A little outside of the tower, the archaeologists found remains of charred beams, which indicated that a fire caused violent destruction, at least for the roof beams of this tower.
Central tower south
The last remains of the tower were removed in 1868 when a dairy was built .
Praetorium
To the west of the fort bath, on the south wall of the church, there were further building foundations; However, some of them were already so badly destroyed by demolition that no complete floor plans could be determined. In some places some remains of a lime mortar floor could still be seen. Two longitudinal walls running from east to west were still relatively well preserved and bent to the north and south at the fort gate. The southern of the two walls broke off there because it was destroyed during the construction of a grain silo. Its northern continuation led to a small cellar room, which was filled with fire rubble and iron tools of recent origin. These wall sections (rooms G and H in the plan) could possibly have belonged to the quarters of the camp commandant.
Barracks
Their position had been known since 1893. Remnants of these buildings were mainly observed south of the church. They were only badly preserved, there were still isolated traces of flooring. The width of the barracks walls was 0.7 to 1.0 m.
Storage boiler
The 15 × 5 m, two-phase storage bath (rooms A, B, C, D, E in the plan) was located on the east wall, near the church and the northeast corner tower.
- Room A: The boiler room ( prefurnium ) was located south of the sacristy of St. Peter's Church. Its mortar floor was 30 cm lower than the slab of the sacristy. It was partially removed by the archaeologists. A second floor was found about 45 cm below him. So it had been renewed here at least once. The firing channel was z. Partly overbuilt by two younger walls. The walls were mortared with clay, the southern of the two walls belonged to the first phase of the fort's construction.
- Room B: The room adjoining A to the south served as a warm bath ( caldarium ). The hypocaust pillars supporting the raised floor ( suspensura ) were still very well preserved when they were discovered. They were made of brick slabs and tuff. A series of drainage tubes ( tubules ) ran along the inner wall of B. Since brick slabs were also found that had protrusions at their corners ( tegulae mammatae ), they were probably z. T. used instead of tubules. They left empty spaces on the wall through which the hot air could circulate. The plates had tenons 6-7 cm long and showed no traces of nail holes. As can be seen from the still adhering mortar residue, they were simply pressed into the still damp wall plaster for attachment.
- Room C: The warm air from B was passed on through channels in C, the leaf bath ( tepidarium ). The hypocaust pillars, some of which only existed in remnants, consisted of brick slabs. In the southwest corner you could still see part of the terrazzo floor, in which three tubules were stuck. The heating system was a little deeper than the foundations of the eastern perimeter wall. The back wall underneath was covered with masonry and pieces of brick.
- Room D: The cold bath ( frigidarium ) adjoined the leaf bath to the south. There was also a mortar floor here. This lay on a stone base on which the mortar, mixed with lime with broken bricks, had been poured. So it must have been renewed here as well. The east wall (fort wall) was plastered. Chaff had also been added to the plaster. The threshold of the connecting door to the hot bath was still preserved, the door in the east between Laubad and Kaltbad was flanked by tuff stone blocks. It had been bricked up again in late antiquity. Under the remains of a lime kiln in the south-west corner stood a water basin lined with brick slabs, which was provided with an overflow and a drain. It was sealed with quarter-round bars made of mortar, of which there were still remains. The inlets were star-shaped, hewn out of sandstone and connected by a drainage canal, which left the room to the south and ran off into a canal covered with roof tiles.
- Room E: Perhaps the vestibule or the changing room of the bath building ( apodyterium ). It was also equipped with a well-preserved mortar floor. In the middle was a fireplace lined with brick plates. In the south-east corner, the waste water from the water basin of the cold bath drained into a septic tank. Such passages were also further north and also one in the southwest part of the western wall.
workshops
In the south of the fenced area, some wooden buildings with fireplaces were built in the early days of the camp. In the search field south of the fort bath, the excavators found brick post beds and five fireplaces. David Beck considered them to be part of a “covered hall building”. The post bedding, from the arrangement of which it was not possible to reconstruct a floor plan, probably actually support simple post or hall structures. The pillar bedding (approx. 70 cm in diameter) consisted of mortared stones that could accommodate square timbers with a thickness of approx. 25 × 25 cm. They were each 4.5 m away from the east wall. Similar beds were observed in the Veldidena fort (Wilten-Innsbruck). Since they were located under a screed floor that was applied later, they had to belong to an older construction phase. However, it was problematic that they were located exactly in the area of the workshops of the first construction phase and the temporal relationship to these was not evident from the excavation report. The four smaller hearths were laid out with brick slabs. The large fireplace had a red-burnt mortar or clay floor and was edged in a semicircle with pieces of brick and stones, perhaps the remains of an oven. Similar to those found in Kastell Saalburg . At the easternmost fireplace there was a noticeably large number of antler pieces that had either been sawn into shape or already made into knife, tool handles or combs. Remnants of iron, knives, nails, etc. were found near the two fireplaces further to the west. It is therefore assumed that workshops were operated here for some time shortly after the fort was completed.
Horror
The pillar beds, which may have belonged to an earlier horreum , were later covered by a stone, hall-like building. Of this, only a longitudinal wall from east to west, 0.9 to 1 m thick, was preserved. It was younger than the pillar bedding and touched the eastern fort wall. In its western part it was already completely destroyed. It is believed that it could have belonged to a storage building that was added later. The 23 m long wall had three reinforcements ( pilasters ) 6 m apart on the north side . Since the east wall of the fort probably formed the rear wall of the horreum, it had a clear width of 13 to 15 m. Due to its location to the fort wall, it was probably a type A horreum. No traces of substructures could be observed. Inside, you only encountered a mortar screed.
Baptistery and Early Christian Church
The St. Peter's Church, built on the walls of the late Roman fort, is the earliest evidence of Christianization in Liechtenstein. The first archaeologically detectable church building from the 5th century was roughly the size of the present church. A baptistery , the remains of which were discovered during the excavations in 1958 - in the western part of the room - should also belong to this building . Like the church in the Zurzach fort, it was originally only used as a baptistery. Since the church once stood on Roman state property, it later fell to the Frankish Empire . In the Rhaetian land register of 842/43 a church is listed as a royal property, which almost certainly refers to St. Peter, the first written mention of a church in Schaan.
The oldest masonry of St. Peter dates from the 5th or 6th century. Finds that could unequivocally clarify the time of origin of the baptistery, however, did not come to light. The baptistery with its round baptismal font ( piscina ) is located under the current nave. When it was found, it was still 30–40 cm high, had a diameter of 1.10 m and was plastered with red brick mortar. The interior of the baptistery was later divided off and its southern half used as a burial place. At a later point in time, a wall block (approx. 90 × 60 cm) was installed over the Piscina, partially overlying it. Possibly the foundation of an altar ( stipes ) or the substructure for a portable baptismal font, as in later times the immersion was not used and the infusion baptism was practiced instead.
To the east of the baptistery was the late antique church. It was a hall church with a short, broad rectangular nave, which was built on the foundation walls of the north-east tower and the north gate of the fort - at that time probably already largely dilapidated. The Carolingian successor building included three altar foundations, two of which were discovered under today's sacristy and one south of it, outside the area of today's church. In the 9th or 10th century the nave was enlarged by reducing the size of the baptistery and the sacristy was added south of the choir. The baptistery was probably still used for baptisms at that time. The building probably served as a place of worship and gathering especially for the Romanesque population.
Graves
In the southern room of the baptistery, four skeletons were found in 1958, some of which were sunk into the Roman soil, including that of a child. In addition, many jumbled bone fragments came to light, which suggests that burials were carried out here over a longer period of time. The surviving skeletons faced west-east and were without any additions. Early medieval burials were also located in the corridors “Im Reberle” and “Im Winkel”. In 2006 six burials of the same time, a newborn, two children and three adults came to light in Reberastrasse. The oldest skeleton lay in its grave with its head to the west and legs to the east. The remaining five were oriented north-south or south-north. The grave pits were carefully lined with stones at their edges. The burials were free of gifts, so they could not be precisely timed. The proximity to the fort and St. Peter (approx. 80 meters) lead to the conclusion that the members of the Romanesque population group buried their dead here.
Preservation
The remains of buildings from Roman times, the baptistery and the altar foundations of the late antique and early medieval churches have been preserved. However, viewing them is not possible. The walls of the gate tower were also preserved and partially rebuilt to a height of approx. 2 m. The north wall of the fort under the church is also visible from the outside. The remaining parts of the fort uncovered by the excavations were filled in again after the investigations were completed. The most important finds from the excavations in Schaan can be viewed in the Liechtenstein National Museum in Vaduz. Due to the Monument Protection Act of 1977, there is an obligation to register for the discovery of cultural and historical relics.
See also
literature
- David Beck : Schaan Castle. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein 57, 1957, pp. 233–272 ( digitized version )
- David Beck: The late Roman fort and the St. Peterskirche in Schaan , In: Yearbook of the Swiss Society for Prehistory and Early History 49, 1962, pp. 24–37 ( digitized version ).
- David Beck: Excavations of St. Peter in Schaan 1958 , In: Yearbook of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein 1958, Volume 58, Self-published by the Association, Vaduz, 1958, pp. 284–293.
- Georg Malin : The area of Liechtenstein under Roman rule. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein 58, 1958, pp. 9–89. ( Digitized version ).
- Elisabeth Ettlinger : The small finds from the late Roman Schaan fort . In: Yearbook of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein 59, 1959, pp. 225–299 ( digitized version ).
- Hans-Jörg Kellner : Die Römer in Bayern , 2nd additional edition, Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-7991-5676-3 .
- Bernhard Overbeck : History of the Alpine Rhine Valley in Roman times based on archaeological evidence , Beck, Munich 1973–1982.
- Ulrike Mayr: The late antique Schaan fort on the Roman road from Chur (Curia) to Bregenz (Brigantium). In: Norbert Hasler, Jörg Heiligmann, Markus Höneisen, Urs Leutzinger, Helmut Swozilek: In the protection of mighty walls. Late Roman forts in the Lake Constance area. Published by the Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Frauenfeld 2005, ISBN 3-9522941-1-X , pp. 64–66.
- Michael Mackensen: The province of Raetia in late antiquity , in: Ludwig Wamser (Hrsg.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. Civilizational legacy of a European military power. Series of publications of the Archaeological State Collection Munich. 2000. pp. 213-218.
- Jördis Fuchs: Late antique military horrea on the Rhine and Danube. A study of the Roman military installations in the provinces of Maxima Sequanorum, Raetia I, Raetia II, Noricum Ripense and Valeria., Diploma thesis, Vienna 2011.
Web links
- Judith Niederklopfer-Würtinger: Roman fort. In: Historical Lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein .
- Arthur Brunhart : Schaan. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Illustration of the preserved remains of the gate tower
- Location of the fort on Vici.org
Remarks
- ↑ Elisabeth Ettlinger 1959, p. 230
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 242.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, pp. 242-243; Ulrike Mayer 2005, pp. 64–65, Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 80.
- ↑ Hans Jörg Kellner 1972, p. 179; David Beck 1957, pp.?.
- ↑ Notitia Dignitatum occ. XXXV; Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 66.
- ↑ Ulrike Mayer: 2005, pp. 64–65.
- ↑ Elisabeth Ettlinger 1959, p. 230
- ↑ Bernhard Overbeck 1982, pp. 108 and 110; David Beck 1957, pp. 233-234, 245, 251; David Beck 1962, p. 34; Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 65.
- ↑ Elisabeth Ettlinger 1959, pp. 231–232, Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 82
- ↑ Georg Malin 1958, p. 22; Hans-Jörg Kellner 1972, p. 174; Bernhard Overbeck 1982, pp. 110 and 222; David Beck 1957, pp. 229-272; David Beck 1962, p. 38 .; Michael Mackensen 2000, p. 214.
- ↑ Hans-Jörg Kellner 1972, p. 174; David Beck 1957, pp. 244-252, Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 80.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 254; Ulrike Mayer 2005, pp. 64-64.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 254.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 255.
- ↑ Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 65.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 255.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, pp. 245, 248, 256, 258.
- ↑ David Beck 1957, p. 259
- ↑ Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 65.
- ↑ Bernhard Overbeck 1982, pp. 108-109, David Beck 1957, p. 259; Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 65, Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 60
- ↑ David Beck 1962, p. 38, Ulrike Mayer 2005, p. 65., Sennhauser (Ed.) (2003), pp. 172-173
- ↑ David Beck 1958, p. 289
- ^ From a press release by the Building Department / Archeology, Department of Monument Preservation and Archeology, from 16./17. August 2006.
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