Veldidena
Innsbruck-Wilten Castle | |
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Alternative name | Veldidena |
limes |
Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes , Raetia II |
section | Route 5 (back line) |
Dating (occupancy) | 4th century AD to 5th century AD |
Type | a) Street fort b) Supply depot |
unit | unknown |
size | 72 m × 65 m |
Construction | Stone construction |
State of preservation | square system, rectangular corner and intermediate towers, a gate system, two storage buildings above ground only small remains are visible |
place | Wilten |
Geographical location | 47 ° 15 '25 " N , 11 ° 23' 10" E |
Subsequently | Teriolis Castle |
Model of Veldidena in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum Innsbruck. |
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Link to the picture |
Veldidena was a Roman civil settlement, a fortified supply depot for the border troops and an important stop on the Roman Brennerstrasse . His remains lie in the area of the state capital Innsbruck in the center of the Wilten district , Tyrol , Austria . Its outstanding location at the confluence of the Wipp - in the Inn valley made it the most important Roman settlement in North Tyrol. In research circles, the place is mainly known for its diverse settlement remains and rich grave finds.
The excavation area covers about 40 hectares. The southernmost point of discovery is the grave field on the Lorenziacker with late antique body burials and mid-imperial cremation graves on the southwest corner. From the vicus, the partially explored House 3 in the north, some remains of the building at the intersection of Fritz-Konzert-Strasse / Anton-Melzer-Strasse and coin finds as far as Kaiserschützenplatz are known. A bathing building was discovered at the intersection of Anton-Melzer-Straße / Leopoldstraße / Graßmayrstraße. At the easternmost point of discovery, Frauenanger / Neurauthgasse / Graßmayrstraße, there were three large warehouses, two of which were integrated into a fort in the 4th century.
location
Wilten is a district ( cadastral municipality ) in the south of Innsbruck. It is located directly on the Bergisel , at the northern exit of the Innsbruck basin, on a wide alluvial terrace of the Sill, sloping slightly towards the Inn valley . There the Roman road reached the Inn Valley over the Brenner Pass ( Via Raetia ) . The Bergisel covered the terrace plateau towards the south, while the Sill made an approach difficult to the east. From there you had a good overview of the Innsbruck basin to the north and west. Because of these advantages, the place was already populated in pre-Roman times. The valley floor, which was originally traversed by the heavily meandering Inn and Sill, was avoided by settlers and only gradually opened up for agriculture from the 12th century. Accordingly, the Roman road and military station was also on the southern edge of the valley.
At Veldidena , the Roman Inntalstrasse from the Reschenpass also met the Brennerstrasse. The Inntalstraße ran at Wilten through the ravine from today's Sonnenburgerhof to the junction from the Brennerstraße to the Bergisel ski jump and further through the Haymongasse northwest of the monastery basilica. It had the standard width of a via publica , 5.5 m, had a 30–40 cm thick substructure and a paved paving made of river stones.
The distances between the larger settlements were indicated on milestones (distance indication of a milestone near Veldidena : 110,000 double steps (approx. 165 km) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg)). One of them is still in its original place in Wiesengasse in Amras , another example, from the time of Septimius Severus , was discovered on the Sonnberg in the 18th century (see illustration).
function
The fort served as a supply warehouse for the border troops and as a stage stop on the way to the Danube Limes and the Rhaetian provincial metropolis of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). This assumption is confirmed by the mention of Teriolis, ten kilometers away, in the Notitia Dignitatum , in which securing the supply routes is explicitly mentioned as the task of the fort crew. It is possible that the goods brought together from the surrounding area, the annona militaris , were temporarily stored there. Veldidena is also regarded as the main town of the Inntal- Breonen .
Surname
The place name is probably of pre-Roman-Celtic origin and is mentioned several times in the Itinerarium Antonini and in the Tabula Peutingeriana of the 3rd century AD. Its modifications can still be traced back to its Roman origins:
- Locus Wiltina first documented around 805,
- ad Uuiltinu (around 854–875),
- Wiltina (around 1005),
- Wiltein (14th century).
Research history
As early as the 16th century, numerous Roman bricks, coins and remains of walls were discovered on the site of Wilten Abbey and mentioned by Matthias Burglechner in his description of the Tyrolean eagle from 1619. In the 18th century, the canon Adalbert Tschaveller reported on Roman coins found in Wilten. In 1744 the Tyrolean chronicler Anton Roschmann took the view that Veldidena was the metropolis of the Roman province of Raetia. At the beginning and middle of the 19th century, numerous Roman coins were again found as reading finds. In 1843, while the road was being built in Susteracker, three ancient skeletons were unearthed in vaulted stone graves without any additions. In 1844 a large antique deposit made of "old bronzes" (1300 BC to 350 AD) was discovered at Bergisel, but was immediately sold "by the cent" to bell and brass casters. His meager remnant of 200 pieces is now in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum . Presumably it was looted property from ancient graves. In 1864, during the construction of the Brenner Railway, a floor mosaic was found and the remains of the wall between the Stigele Inn and the monastery building, which could only be removed with great difficulty.
In 1914, when the state railroad was being re-routed, Roman wall sections were discovered, which were photographed by Abbot Heinrich Schuller. In the years 1916/17, during the construction of military barracks under the direction of Franz von Wieser and Hans Malfatti, with the support of soldiers and prisoners of war, the first scientific excavation work took place southwest of the fort (Lorenziacker). Despite the adverse circumstances, an extensive Roman necropolis and the remains of a street were uncovered. In 1922 Josef Retter again dug up remains of the Roman wall on Frauenanger. Alfons Wotschitzky , Leonhard Franz and Osmund Menghin continued the investigations in the course of the relocation of the Westbahn between 1953 and 1955 (in the Brennerbahn / Frauenanger / Neurauthgasse area). During these years the foundations of the fort were archaeologically examined in sections north of the monastery. Among other things, a Roman cemetery was found with cremations and body burials as well as numerous grave goods (urns, silver coins, clay vessels, utensils, jewelry, etc.) In 1970, Elfriede Dolak uncovered the so-called Leithaus walls from the 3rd century. During further excavations by the working group of the prehistoric and archaeological institute of the University of Innsbruck , the foundations of a Roman industrial building and numerous sigillata finds were unearthed.
The increasing urbanization of Wiltens today no longer allows any major archaeological soil research. Small rescue excavations have been carried out to this day (Lorenziacker 1980 and 2002 in the settlement area under the direction of Anton Höck). During these numerous, often only locally limited excavations, in addition to the remains of buildings and streets (2002 on the ARZ site), small archaeological finds were repeatedly found. Coins from Trajan to Honorius , milestones, figurines, Lavez dishes and similar finds were brought to light. The majority of the traditional costumes found there (vestments) only occurred in the central Alps and in the northern foothills of the Alps. It is possible that the Vindelician population group was particularly well represented there. The lack of finds in the area of the warehouses suggests that they were cleared when the garrison withdrew. The remains of a Roman bath were found at the Graßmayr junction in 2010 - the first of its kind to be known in North Tyrol. The uncovering of the parts of the building still under Leopoldstrasse and Anton-Melzer-Strasse is planned for the coming years.
development
Wilten is one of the oldest settlement areas in the Innsbruck area. The first traces of settlement on the Bergisel can already be seen from the time of the urnfield culture around 1200-800 BC. The Celtic population maintained extensive trade relations from the Mediterranean to the North Sea (tin, amber). Special forms of ceramics and glass beads from Schwaz were found throughout southern Germany and as far as Bohemia. At that time, the river valley of the Inn was largely populated by the Breonen tribe. From today's East Tyrol to Salzburg, the Celtic Kingdom of Noricum joined in the east .
15 BC BC Drusus , the stepson of Emperor Augustus, occupied the Inn Valley with his legions and took possession of it for the empire. But it was only of interest to the Romans as the shortest north-south connection between Italy and the military camps on the Danube and Rhine. It was not very attractive to them as a settlement area. The next town-like settlements were Aguntum (Lienz) in the east, Trientum ( Trient ) in the south, Churia ( Chur ) in the west and Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) in the foothills of the Alps . The population of the Inn valley at that time lived mainly from agriculture and the movement of goods. Export goods from the south such as wine, oil, olives, tropical fruits, pottery, glasses, lamps, fabrics were traded against local products such as B. Cheese, honey, wax, tree resin and game swapped.
Under Emperor Claudius (41–54 AD) most of today's Tyrol fell to the newly founded province of Raetia , the administrative center and governor's residence was Augusta Vindelicorum . The Romans developed and secured the newly conquered areas and a. also through solid all-weather roads. Under the aforementioned emperor, around 46 AD, an old trade route that ran from the Vinschgau via the Reschen and Fernpass to Augsburg was expanded into a long-distance road, the Via Claudia Augusta , which can be used all year round . For a long time it remained one of the most important transit routes through the Eastern Alps and was therefore provided with the necessary infrastructure. At the end of the day's marches (approx. 30–40 km), rest stops were set up, if possible, which combined the functions of overnight, refreshment and horse changing stations. In addition to such mansiones , street settlements such as Veldidena or Gabromagus ( Windischgarsten ) soon emerged .
From the 2nd century AD, the road over the Brenner was also expanded. At the time of the Probus , several depots (horreum) were set up in Veldidena - probably in the course of the establishment of the Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes - to supply the border troops. Around 300, under the Diocletian government , two new provinces emerged from Raetia as a result of his imperial reform, the Raetia prima and the Raetia secunda . Veldidena now belonged to Raetia secunda under administrative law . Judging by the grave finds, a largely Romanized population ( Rhaeto-Romanic ) already lived there at that time , mixed with immigrants of various origins, who maintained a lively trade with other parts of the empire. A fort was also built in the 4th century. At the beginning of the 5th century, the regent of the western empire, Stilicho , withdrew most of the border troops from the Raetian Limes. It is possible that Veldidena was evacuated as planned or destroyed by its crew. Further use by civilians or local militia troops could not be confirmed archaeologically.
The storms of the migration of peoples passed through the Tyrolean area mostly without serious consequences for its inhabitants. After the fall of West Rome , the Inn valley fell to the Goths of Theodoric the Great . The proven late Roman administrative system was largely retained under his rule. The Byzantine invasion of Italy after his death was exploited by the Franks and Bavarians to establish themselves in the Alpine region. From 550 AD, the Bavarians in particular began to advance into the Lower Inn Valley and via the Seefelder Sattel into the middle Inn Valley in order to establish new settlements there. Around the year AD 600 there were therefore armed conflicts between Bavaria, Slavs , Franks and Lombards in South and East Tyrol , which resulted in new borders and zones of influence. Nevertheless, free Romanesque landowners (nobilis) can be documented in the Inn valley up to the 9th century .
The conflicts between immigrants and locals were the historical background for the folk tale about the giants Haymon and Thyrsus . Around 800 a Franconian or Bavarian named Haimo got into an argument with the novel Thyrsus near Seefeld and killed him. As atonement, Haimo is said to have built the church in the former Veldidena fort , from which Wilten Abbey later developed. At that time, North and South Tyrol were largely incorporated into the tribal duchy of Bavaria , but the dominant ethnic group in these regions was still the Rhaeto-Romanic. The last remains of the fort are likely to have been removed in the 10th century when the monastery was built.
Fort
The multi-phase late Roman fortifications stood north of Wilten Abbey. Its area extended from the foot of the Bergisel in the south to the Südring in the north, the Sillufer in the east and the course of Neuhauserstrasse in the west. The three warehouses were probably built first, two of which were later surrounded by a tower-reinforced wall - either under the rule of Constantine I or Valentinian I.
It was a fortification with a square floor plan. There were comparable forts in Bregenz , Schaan and Irgenhausen . The length of the fort was 72 m, the crenellated surrounding wall was 2.5 m wide. Its walls were reinforced by a western gate tower in the middle, four large corner towers (length 8 m) and three other smaller protruding intermediate towers. The gate tower measured 7.5 mx 7.5 m and protruded 2 m inside and 3 m outside the surrounding wall. The width of the passage was 3.30 m. The tower walls were 3 m thick. The inner courtyard measured 30 mx 60 m.
Most of the camp was destroyed during the construction of the railway and is no longer visible above ground. Only a small remnant of the wall on an embankment, south of Frauenanger No. 2, remained.
Warehouses
The interior development consisted of two three-aisled, 65 m × 15 m, hall-like buildings ( horrea ) in the north and south , which were oriented east-west. They were probably used for the temporary storage of supplies before they were transported to the Limes forts. Its walls consisted of rubble stones from the Sill, bonded with lime mortar, which stood on a 70 cm wide foundation plinth. They were covered with roof tiles (tegula) . The upper floor was supported by 28 wooden pillars, each of which sat on a brick-built square foundation. The 30 × 60 meter loading yard between the two warehouses was paved with rubble stones from the Sill River. A significant advantage, especially in bad weather. Perhaps the supplies were transported in the yard with barrows, as larger carts could not have passed the castle gate. A third horreum of the same construction was located approx. 30 m south of the wall. It is possible that this was followed by further warehouses, which could no longer be excavated due to the modern overbuilding. Since a layer of fire could only be detected in the area of the fort, it is assumed that the horreum outside the southern wall was already removed during the construction of the fort in order to have a clear field of fire in the event of a siege.
garrison
Nothing is known about the troops stationed in Veldidena due to the lack of archaeological or written sources. Presumably there was a vexillation of the Legio III Italica there . According to the Notitia Dignitatum , a “Praefectus legionis terciae Italicae transvectioni specierum deputatae” (prefect of the III. Italian Legion, assigned to secure supplies) of the Rhaetian provincial army (exercitus Raeticus) under the command of a Dux Raetiae was, according to the Notitia Dignitatum, in AD 300 stationed in neighboring Teriolis . Since only larger bases are mentioned as the headquarters of regional commanders in the Notitia Dignitatum , it is obvious that this officer was also responsible for the administration of the Wilten fort and its warehouses and that the crew was under his command.
It would also be possible that the warehouses were not under the military, but the civil administration of Raetia II , in this case the praeses provinciae and, in the next higher instance, the vicarius dioecesis . Michael Mackensen suspects that there was a connection in this regard with the Imperial Roman courier service ( cursus publicus ). This is supported by the lack of information about Veldidena in the Notitia, which otherwise provides an almost complete list of troops for the province.
Civil settlement
The Roman civil settlement had a vicus-like character and covered the area between today's Südring in the north, the cemetery and the collegiate basilica, the Sill in the east and Neuhauserstrasse in the west. Its center was probably the quaestorium , the house of the fort commandant. Most of the houses were roofed with bricks ( tegulae and imbrices ) and some were equipped with lockable doors, simple underfloor heating, glazed windows and mosaic floors. The remains of the settlement were found mainly to the west and south-west of the fort.
House 2
In 1955 a cellar room with plastered walls and a clay floor was discovered in so-called House 2. The remains of amphorae in it lead to the conclusion that the building was a tavern ( tabernae , or canabae ). Remains of a black and white mosaic floor ( quaestorium ?) Were found in the vicinity of the fort .
House 3
In 1980, a multi-phase building from the 3rd century was discovered next to the route of the Stubaitalbahn (house 3 or commercial building). Three of its rooms, the southwest room, the southeast room and the northwest room were partially exposed. All three could be heated by means of the simplest designed, Y-shaped or semicircular hot air ducts made of river stones and stone slabs.
On the still 1.5 m high north wall of the southwest room there were still remnants of pink plastering. The wall was under a carefully executed stone arch for the heating duct. Behind it was the praefurnium . The southeast room was provided with an arched heating duct. There was also a commercially used furnace, but it could not be fully excavated. A few square meters of the overturned south wall in one piece could also be exposed; traces of a window reveal plastered with lime mortar could still be seen on it. The northwest room had a multi-phase heating system. The two strands of its Y-shaped heating channel ended in chimney-like vents made of hollow bricks.
Small finds (bricks, bone combs, animal bones, bronze fittings, etc.) were scarce, and glass fragments suggest that the building was equipped with glazed windows. Judging by the coins found, it was used until the 4th century when it was destroyed by fire.
Balineum
The multi-phase bathing building was recorded in its northern and western boundaries in 2010 and excavated over an area of around 100 m² (Graßmayr crossing). It is a small row type bath building, i. H. the bathrooms were arranged one behind the other on an axis. The warm and cold rooms were separated from each other. The stone building measured 2.5 m in width and 9 m in length. The approximately 60 cm wide north, south and east walls of the building consisted of broken stone and slate stones bound with lime mortar. They were still preserved up to the top of the foundation. Remnants of the rising masonry could not be observed. Finds of broken glass show that this building was also equipped with glass windows. Outside the building, to the west of the apses, 30-50 cm post holes were found at a distance of 2.3–2.8 m, which still came from the Roman scaffolding. Coins from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries AD allow the bath to be dated to the late Roman period. The series of coins begins with a sesterce by Emperor Traian and ends with the minting period of 388/403. It probably originated in the first or second half of the 3rd century. AD It was not built specifically for the military, but was mainly used by the residents of the vicus or those passing through who stayed in the hostels ( mansio ) that were safely available in the village .
Within the excavation area, two rooms (T1 and T2) with the associated apses (A1 and A2) and a northern, trapezoidal extension and another apse were found. The two rooms, which probably served as a leaf bath ( tepidarium ), had a floor area of 2.8 m² and 3.3 m² respectively. The southern room C ( caldarium / hot bath) , which is only partially exposed, may also have been the same size. The east wall of the building was probably only an intermediate wall due to its low wall thickness. The room behind it in the north-south extension, approx. 8 m in size, probably contained the cold bath ( frigidarium ) and the changing rooms ( apodyterium ). The floors consisted of an 8–40 cm thick layer of screed layered with brick chippings. The floors in the apses in which the bathing pools were located were impermeable to water. The facilities for sewage disposal were located on the outer edge of the two northern apses. On the one hand, it was a drainage shaft in which the service water from the basin in the northern apse drained into the gravel. On the other hand, a second sewage shaft with an overflow function led into a canal that also received the sewage from the basin of the central apse. Numerous broken window glass were also found in the sewer channel.
All rooms and two apses were heated by a hypocaust heater with flat suspendura . The pillars consisted of brook stones or brick slabs bound in lime mortar. Traces of soot could still be found on the floor of the heating system. The pillars still preserved were probably made in a second phase of renovation. This can be seen in the various building materials, traces of which could also be found in the rest of the building. There were three arched passages for hot air circulation between rooms T1 and T2. They were later sealed with bricks, stones and clay. A1 had wall heating; the hot air was passed through hollow goats ( tubules ) attached to the outer wall with fine plaster . Numerous hollow brick fragments in the lintel material suggest that all walls of the building can be heated. A praefurnium served as a preheating point , which was probably located in the southern part of the building (Anton-Melzer-Strasse) and has not yet been exposed.
Burial grounds
So far, three larger grave fields are known. The first was located in 1953 about 100 m northwest of the collegiate basilica and another on the road to the Lower Inn Valley.
In 1980, four grave structures (pillar tombs, vaulted stone graves and antic temples from the 3rd century) were uncovered for the first time in North Tyrol to the south of it, at the factory halls of the Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe Gräber . They probably stood in a demarcated area of the burial ground. Presumably the local upper class tried to imitate the grave architecture common in the Rhine provinces and on the Moselle. The two foundations were more than 300 m apart. There were probably two separate burial sites. Both could not be fully excavated.
Another burial ground is believed to be east of the Sill River. An ancient grave was also discovered at the Sillhöfe in Pradl. Only a few grave finds from the 1st and 2nd centuries came to light. The vast majority come from the 3rd and 4th centuries, which suggests that Veldidena only became more important during this period.
The necropolis to the south was documented from the 2nd to the 4th century. Two thirds of its surface was destroyed between 1976 and 1980 when a parking lot and the factory buildings were built. In 1980, an emergency excavation was only carried out in the western part of the 8000 m² building site. A total of 133 cremations and body burials were documented on the 17 m × 27 m area. In the south-west corner of the building site there was a burnt offering site from the early imperial era (end of the 1st century). The cremations of the 2nd century were often disrupted by the body burials of the 4th century. Most of the finds came to light of various types of ceramics and traditional costume accessories, and, more rarely, glass objects and weapons.
Monument protection
The facilities are ground monuments within the meaning of the Austrian Monument Protection Act . Investigations and targeted collection of finds without the approval of the Federal Monuments Office are a criminal offense. Accidental finds of archaeological objects as well as all measures affecting the soil must be reported to the Federal Monuments Office (Department for Archaeological Monuments).
Hints
Today one of the former excavation sites is located in the courtyard of a residential complex. An information board and special floor markings indicate where the commercial building was found. A large selection of exhibits from the excavations is exhibited in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum . Although most of the original finds from Wilten were given to the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum in 1910 and 1969, some of them (ceramics, coins) are still in the atrium of the Archaeological Museum. A reconstruction model of the camp can also be viewed there. The outstanding finds also include milestones, some of which are now kept in Ambras Castle . A replica of such a stone was set up in Wiesengasse.
See also
literature
- Liselotte Zemmer-Plank , Gerhard Zelger: Veldidena, Roman military camp and civil settlement, North Tyrol and the invasion from the south 2000 years ago , catalog for the anniversary exhibition in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum Innsbruck. Innsbruck 1985.
- Lieselotte Zemmer-Plank: The new excavations in Innsbruck-Wilten, the Roman Veldidena. In: The Romans in the Alps, historians' conference in Salzburg, Convegno Storico di Salisurgo, 13. – 15. November 1986. (= series of publications of the Arge Alpenländer. New part 2). Publishing house Athesia, Bozen 1989, ISBN 88-7014-511-5 , pp. 131-137.
- Andreas Picker: Archaeological investigations on the north-west edge of the settlement of Veldidena. The rescue excavation on the construction site of the ARZ in Innsbruck / Wilten in February 2002. Diploma thesis . University of Innsbruck, 2004.
- Franz Glaser : Castra and hill settlements in Carinthia and North Tyrol. In: Heiko Steuer, Volker Bierbrauer (ed.): Hill settlements between antiquity and the Middle Ages from the Ardennes to the Adriatic Sea (= Real Lexicon of Germanic Antiquity. Supplementary volumes . Volume 58). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020235-9 , pp. 595–642 (on Teriolis. Pp. 614–616; excerpt from Google Books ).
- Jördis Fuchs: Late antique military horrea on the Rhine and Danube. A study of the Roman military installations in the provinces of Maxima Sequanorum, Raetia I, Raetia II, Noricum Ripense and Valeria. Thesis. Vienna 2011.
- Anton Höck: A balineum in the vicus of Veldidena. Preliminary report. In: Stefan Traxler, Raimund Kastler (ed.): Roman Baths in Raetien, Noricum and Pannonia: Contributions to the conference in the Schlossmuseum Linz, 6. – 8. May 2010 / Colloquium Lentia 2010. (= Studies on the cultural history of Upper Austria. Volume 27). Upper Austrian State Museum, Salzburg Museum, Society of Archeology in Upper Austria, Linz 2010, ISBN 978-3-85474-245-6 , pp. 63–76.
- Anton Höck: Archaeological research in Teriola. Rescue excavations on Martinsbühel near Zirl from 1993–1997, late Roman finds and findings on the fort. (= Find reports from Austria. Material booklet A 14). Austrian Federal Monuments Office, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-85028-370-4 .
Web links
- Article at austria-lexikon.at
- Tyrolean State Museum
- Antique grave tower at the Innsbruck-Wilten grave field during the excavation, 1st half of the 3rd century (Heitmeier 2005, plate XV)
- Excavation report Anton Höck, uncovering the Vicusbad in Veldidena 2010
- Austrian City Atlas: History of the City of Innsbruck
- Excavations in Veldidena - photos from 1955 (flea market find)
Remarks
- ^ Anton Höck 2010, p. 63.
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, p. 11.
- ↑ Distance from milestone Wiesengasse: 110,000 double steps (approx. 165 km) to Augsburg.
- ^ Franz Glaser: 2008, p. 614, Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 63.
- ↑ Item from Aquileia per compendium Veldidena mpm CCXV sic: Ad Tricesimum mpm XXX / Iulia Carnico mpm XXX / Loncio mpm XXII / Agunto mpmXVIII / Littamo mpm XXIII / Sebato mpm XXIII / Vipiteno mpm XXXIII / Veldidena mpm XXXVI.
- ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 1: By the year 1140 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2009, ISBN 978-3-7030-0469-8 , p. 69-70, No. 95 .
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, p. 13.
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, pp. 16-18 and 1989, p. 131.
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer Plank: 1985, pp. 18-22 and 31, 1989, p. 137; Andreas Picker: 2004, p. 5.
- ↑ Culture reports from Tyrol 2012, 63rd monument report, preservation of monuments in Tyrol, BDA annual report 2010/2011, June 2012, Roman bathing building in Veldidena, Graßmayr-Kreuzung, Gst. 746, 747, KG Wilten, p. 191
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, p. 33.
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, p. 26 ff., Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 57.
- ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXV, 22, 31.
- ^ Anton Höck: 2003, p. 79.
- ↑ Jördis Fuchs 2011, p. 64.
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, pp. 42–43 and pp. 94–98, 1989, pp. 134–136; Andreas Picker: 2004, p. 12.
- ^ Anton Höck 2010, pp. 63–68
- ↑ Liselotte Zemmer-Plank: 1985, p. 39, 1989, p. 132 ff .; Wilhelm Sydow: Grave rites of the Romans ud Romanized population of Veldidena , 1985, pp. 146–157.