Fort Burghöfe

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Fort Burghöfe
Alternative name Summuntorium
limes Upper German-Rhaetian Limes , route 13
Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes
Dating (occupancy) Tiberian-Claudian until the
first half of the 5th century
unit Vexillation of the Legio III Italica , Equites stablesiani iuniores
Construction a) wood-earth (1st century)
b) stone (late 3rd century)
State of preservation nothing has been preserved above ground
place Castle courtyards near Druisheim , Mertingen
Geographical location 48 ° 38 '52.5 "  N , 10 ° 49' 17.7"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 38 '52.5 "  N , 10 ° 49' 17.7"  E hf
Previous Bürgle Castle (Pinianis)
Subsequently Burgheim Castle (Parrodunum)
Upstream Fort Munningen (northwest)
The location of the fort on the Danube

Fort Burghöfe , Latin Submuntorium and also Summuntorium , was a Roman fort near Burghöfe in today's municipality of Mertingen in the Donau-Ries district in Bavarian Swabia . The fort was founded in the Roman province of Raetia and was about 35 kilometers north of the capital, Augusta Vindelicum ( Augsburg ). Today no remains of the fortifications are visible above ground.

Name and sources

The first mention can be found under the name Summuntorium in the 3rd century in the Itinerarium Antonini . In the late antique Notitia dignitatum the fort under the name Submuntorium and the troop units stationed there, a division of the Legio III Italica under a prefect and the Equites stablesiani iuniores are listed.

Research history

In 1906, the archaeologist Friedrich Winkelmann (1852–1934) identified castle courtyards with the ancient submuntorium. Subsequently, in 1920 , Paul Reinecke dealt with the site in detail for the first time. A first excavation took place in 1925 by Ludwig Ohlenroth , the processing by Günter Ulbert was published in 1959.

Since 1982, the fort area has been observed by aerial archaeological aerial photography in order to make a comprehensive picture of the recognizable archaeological structures evaluable for research. The camp village belonging to the fort, the vicus , apparently remained undiscovered by the elevated garrison due to the high level of sedimentation caused by eroding material.

In 2001 and 2003 the Institute for Prehistoric and Early Historical Archeology and Provincial Roman Archeology at the University of Munich carried out extensive geophysical investigations using various methods in close cooperation with the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments . The aim was to create a comprehensive overall plan of the military facilities as well as the civil structures of the camp village. After the area to be prospected had been largely used as fallow land since 2001, nothing stood in the way of unrestricted use. Now it was possible to document the wanted vicus in a hollow between the fort and the next hill. Since the older aerial photos of the garrison site partly reproduced many details that remained hidden from the geophysical methods, the desired plan was created from a combination of the various investigation techniques.

A test excavation set up in August 2001 brought important results. After that, an initially two-year research project could be scheduled from May 2003 under the project management of the archaeologist Michael Mackensen . After 2003, more than 900 square meters were dug in the summers of 2004 and 2007. In addition, a field inspection took place in 2005 . The final publications of these excavation campaigns were presented in 2009 and 2013.

Building history

In the Tiberian - Claudian times, a first fort ( auxiliary camp ) of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes was built on a high terrace spur above the Schmutter , shortly before it flows into the Danube . In Roman times, the northern end of the Via Claudia Augusta was at the mouth of the Schmutter near Donauwörth . Around 300 a fort of the late antique Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes was built a little to the east , which was occupied until the first half of the 5th century. In the Middle Ages the Turenberc Castle stood here .

Finds

A number of stone finds come from castle courtyards, including a fragmentary statue of Mercurius found in 1921 , a votive altar for Apollo discovered in 1968 and a miniature votive altar for Mars . There are also a number of stone inscriptions and a bronze military diploma dated to the year 140 .

The number of small bronze finds picked up during site inspections is in the thousands.

literature

  • Michael Mackensen : Half-siliques of Honorius and Odovacar from Submuntorium / Burghöfe (Bavarian Swabia) . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 83, 2018, pp. 77–84.
  • Michael Mackensen: New evidence on the equites stablesiani iuniores in the late Roman fort Submuntorium / Burghöfe (Bavarian Swabia) . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 82, 2017, pp. 171–184.
  • Michael Mackensen: A solidus follower of Iulianus II from Submuntorium / Burghöfe . In: Bavarian History Leaflets 82, 2017, pp. 185–189.
  • Michael Mackensen, Florian Schimmer (eds.): The Roman military site "Submuntorium", castle courtyards on the upper Danube. Archaeological investigations in the late Roman fort and vicus 2001–2007 (= Munich Contributions to Provincial Roman Archeology 4). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-89500-821-4 .
  • Regina Franke: A new bronze bowl with high-arched handles (form Bienert 58) from Burghöfe on the Upper Danube . In: Eckhard Deschler-Erb / Philippe Della Casa (eds.): New Research on Ancient Bronzes . Act of the XVIIIth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes. Zurich Studies in Archeology 10, 2015, pp. 203-209.
  • Regina Franke: Military equipment, horse harness, bronze harness and implements. (= Small Roman finds from Burghöfe 3; = early historical and provincial Roman archeology, materials and research 9), Leidorf, Rhaden / Westphalia 2009, ISBN 3896465384 .
  • Christian Later: The medieval castle stables 'Turenberc' / Druisheim. Archaeological investigations 2001-2007 at the Roman military site 'Submuntorium' / Burghöfe on the upper Danube . (= Munich contributions to Provincial Roman Archeology 2). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 3895007161 .
  • Florian Schimmer, Regina Franke: Investigations in the western apron of the late Roman fort Submuntorium (Burghöfe), Mertingen community, Donau-Ries district, Swabia . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2007, Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, pp. 89–90.
  • Salvatore Ortisi : Geophysical prospection and excavations in Submuntorium castle courtyards, Mertingen community, Donau-Ries district, Swabia . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2003, Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 85–89.
  • Sebastian Gairhos, Salvatore Ortisi: A late Roman fort and its surroundings - continuation of the excavations in Submuntorium castle courtyards, Mertingen municipality, Donau-Ries district, Swabia . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2004, Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 105-107.
  • Sebastian Gairhos, Salvatore Ortisi: First excavations in the late Roman border fort Submuntorium / Burghöfe . In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2001, Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, pp. 94–96.
  • Salvatore Ortisi, Philipp M. Pröttel: The early and middle imperial fibulas . (= Small Roman finds from Burghöfe 2; = early historical and provincial Roman archeology, materials and research 6), Leidorf, Rhaden / Westphalia 2002, ISBN 3-89646-535-X .
  • Günter Ulbert : The Roman Danube forts Aislingen and Burghöfe (= Limes research 1). Mann, Berlin 1959.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Itinerarium Antonini 250.
  2. ↑ Notitia dignitatum occ. 35, 5. 16. 18.
  3. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann : The Limes . In: Deutsche Gaue 9, 1908, pp. 256-257; s. also Friedrich Winkelmann: The Roman border troops of the province of Raetia and their garrisons around the year 400 . In: Deutsche Gaue 13, 1912, pp. 148–149.
  4. ↑ Paul Reinecke: Summuntorium . In: Augsburger Rundschau 2, No. 45/46, 1920, pp. 539-542. 551–552 = Paul Reinecke: Small writings on the prehistoric and early historical topography of Bavaria . Kallmünz / Opf. 1962, pp. 96-15.
  5. ^ Salvatore Ortisi : Geophysical prospection and excavations in Submuntorium-Burghöfe, Mertingen community, Donau-Ries district, Swabia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2003, Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, pp. 85–89; here: p. 85.
  6. ^ Christian Later: The medieval castle stable Turenberc / Druisheim. Archaeological investigations 2001–2007 at the Roman military site Submuntorium / Burghöfe on the Upper Danube . (= Munich Contributions to Provincial Roman Archeology, Vol. 2). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-89500-716-3 .
  7. ↑ Roman Museum Augsburg Inv. Lap. 109: ubi-erat-lupa.org .
  8. ↑ Roman Museum Augsburg, Inv. 381: AE 1978,583 ; ubi-erat-lupa.org .
  9. ^ Munich, State Archaeological Collection Inv. 1982, 294, exhibited in the Grünwald Castle Museum : ubi-erat-lupa.org .
  10. ↑ Inscriptions from Burghöfe in the Heidelberg Epigraphic Database ; CIL 3, 6002c .
  11. ↑ AE 1998, 1004 .
  12. ↑ Small Roman finds from castle courtyards . Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden / Westphalia (publication of old finds before the excavations from 2001). Vol. 1: Evamaria Schmidt : Figurative bronzes and jewelry . 2000. ISBN 3-89646-532-5 ; Vol. 2: Salvatore Ortisi : The early and middle imperial fibulae ; Philipp M. Pröttel : The late Roman metal finds . 2002, ISBN 3-89646-535-X ; Vol. 3: Regina Franke: Military equipment, horse harness, bronze harness and tools . 2009, ISBN 978-3-89646-538-2 .