Fort Moos-Burgstall

Fort Moos-Burgstall
limes	ORL NN ( RLK )
Route (RLK)	Rhaetian Limes , Danube line
Dating (occupancy)	early or middle Flavian; (69–81) to around 120 AD
Type	Cohort fort
unit	Cohors III Thracum equitata civium Romanorum
size	Narrow side: approx. 140 m; Long side can no longer be determined
Construction	Wood earth
State of preservation	not visible above ground, mostly destroyed
place	Moos (Lower Bavaria)
Geographical location	48 ° 44 '34.9 " N , 12 ° 56' 39.6" E
height	327 m above sea level NHN
Previous	Kleinastell Steinkirchen (northwest)
Subsequently	Small fort Osterhofen-Haardorf (east)

Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The Raetian Danube Limes

The fort with the vicus , burial ground and adjacent roads

The Moos-Burgstall Fort is a Roman military camp in the hamlet of Burgstall, which is around one and a half kilometers southwest of the center of the municipality of Moos in the Deggendorf district in Lower Bavaria . The facility, which was once moved close to the confluence of the Isar and Danube , almost completely fell victim to fluvial erosion over the centuries . The main task of the Moos-Burgstall garrison was to secure the transition of the militarily and economically important Donausüdstraße over the Isar.

location

During their investigations at the fort, the excavators also found traces of settlement from the younger Urnfield period and the late Latène period . The Roman surveyor surveyed the planned auxiliary fort on the northwest spur an above gravel to the river ISAR Lößterrasse that forms a protected against flooding plateau. The system was oriented towards the Danube. From this location, not only the Donausüdstrasse, which was brought in from the northwest, with its Isar crossing north of the fort, was clearly visible, but also the entire surrounding area. The soldiers of the garrison also had a view of the V-shaped confluence of the Isar Valley Road with the Donausüdstraße on the northern bank of the Isar just before the river crossing. Aerial surveys made the ancient situation clear to archaeologists. In the terrain relief, the former lower course of the Isar can be traced in places. As the prehistorian Rainer Christlein (1940–1983) was able to prove, the bed of the river ran at the time of the fort's founding on the immediate edge of the lowland that began in front of the loess terrace. The Isar flowed meandering from a south-westerly direction up to the elevated fort square and past its foot immediately to the north. Today the fluvial erosions and accumulations in the mouth area of the Isar form a floodplain relief that has manifested itself as a landscape characterized by bumps and hills. The topography of the terrain, which has changed greatly since ancient times, shows old channel bed patterns, runoff regimes , wetlands , and later natural and cultural changes. The Isar now flows around four kilometers north of the fort square in a bed created by the river regulation. The center of the former fort was to the north of the excavation site, roughly at the place that is occupied today by the farm that forms the hamlet of Burgstall, which belongs to Moos, and is around ten meters below the Roman level. Overall, the river has shaved off the entire northwestern part of the loess plateau.

Research history

The first traces of a Roman presence on the Bürgfeld, which is still used for agriculture, came to light in 1956. The sigillates that were recovered at that time were around 20 years older than the pieces recovered from the Künzing Castle , which was founded around 90 AD , which enabled an initial chronological assignment. In 1960/1961 a pointed ditch was observed for the first time in the north of the western slope edge. After his investigations into the Roman bed of the Isar and the important Isar Valley and Donausüdstraße in 1977, Christlein assumed that essential parts of the Raetian road network had already been set up before the Moos-Burgstall fort was founded. When the fortification in the “Bürgfeld” corridor was excavated, the floods of the Isar, including a medieval bed in particular, destroyed almost the entire fort site due to the ingress and the removal of the terrain spur.

In order to be able to create a comparative model of the size and the relationship to the Künzing Fort , the first research excavation was set up between September 18 and October 17, 1978. A second campaign followed from August 8 to November 3, 1979 and a third from March 24 to May 28, 1980. The investigations took place under the direction of the then director of the Roman-Germanic Commission in Frankfurt am Main , Hans Schönberger ( 1916–2005) and the local excavation management by his technician Heinz-Jürgen Köhler.

Building history

Findings plan of the fort; the post-Roman findings were removed from this plan as far as possible

The fort was built in the late reign of Emperor Vespasian (69–79) or under Titus (69–79). Schönberger could also imagine a foundation during the reign of Emperor Domitian 81-96 AD. Already relatively early in his research history a brick stamp of the Cohors III Thracum civium Romanorum equitata to torquata (“3rd partially mounted cohort of the Thracians Roman civil rights, twice awarded with torques ”) was discovered on the “Bürgfeld” ; it was privately owned, followed in 1977 a second from the vicus area. Schönberger was able to document three more stamps of the same type during his excavations, one of which was picked up in the fort ditch. In total, the number of brick stamps of the Thracian cohort from Moos-Burgstall when Schoenberger's report was written for 1982 was six. Christlein assumed that the Thracian cohort, which can be reliably identified for the first time in Künzing fort around 90 AD, may have been stationed in Moos-Burgstall before.

Enclosure

Only the narrow sides with a length of around 140 meters could be reconstructed from the wood-earth system. The length of the fort remains unknown due to its destruction. The garrison was surrounded, at least in the area that could be investigated, by a pointed trench almost three feet wide and four meters deep. The surrounding wall did not reveal any wooden fixtures. Schönberger therefore assumed that the construction of the actual fence consisted of a Murus caespiticius , a turf wall, as it was also used, for example, on the Antoninus Wall and as Schöninger was able to prove it for the first time in Germany at the Altenstadt fort . The builders could easily have brought the material for the Murus caespiticius from the Isar valley. The post positions of the south gate, the south-east corner tower and three intermediate towers could be examined. The fence showed two construction periods, so it was repaired once. An aerial photograph in 1979, before the excavation of the south gate, revealed a road leading to the gate, which during the investigations turned out to be a gravel route. The posts of the older gate were completely covered by the younger ones, but they could be clearly documented in the profile because they were deeper. Only one of the older post pits was already recognizable in the planum, as it was slightly offset from the younger pit. Since the actual posts had not been preserved in the pits from Period 1, they seem to have been pulled out before the new gate was erected. A completely preserved Flavian bronze brooch , which apparently got into the post pit 118 on area 11 during the construction work on the younger gate system, was remarkable . Based on Schönberger's investigations, the Porta praetoria , the main gate of the fort in the east, is assumed. The Praetorial Front would have been oriented towards the Danube. The observation that there was apparently only one intermediate tower on the eastern side of the camp between the main gate and the south-eastern corner tower fits this definition.

Interior development

In the interior of the fort, the remains of a strip house development consisting of two single-phase wooden crew barracks including the irregularly designed head buildings could still be seen. This statement of a one-period interior development can of course only apply to the part of the fort that is still investigable. The examined contubernia of these two barracks were of different sizes. They could be around 30.17, 20.94 and 22.88 square meters. In the front rooms of these contubernia there were long rectangular storage pits that were formerly probably wood paneled and covered at the top. In the approximately 30.17 square meter contubernium, the clear width of the anteroom should be 4.15 × 3.55 meters (14.73 square meters) and that of the actual, rear living area 4.35 × 3.55 meters (15.44 square meters) have been. A street about four meters wide ran between the long sides of the two elongated barracks. The head buildings of the crew barracks, equipped with apartments for the NCOs, were located in the south and had a length of 15.50 meters. The width of the western head of the barracks was measured at 11.15 meters, that of the eastern one at 10.75 meters.

The End

With the construction of the Künzing fort, which is just under 12.5 kilometers away and is considered the successor to Moos-Burgstall, the troops deployed here were presumably at least partially relocated. Perhaps the brick stamps discovered on the Buergerfeld can attest to a vexillation of this troop in Moos-Burgstall before the site was completely abandoned around 120 AD. Schönberger speculated that this detachment initially remained in place in order to ensure not only the security, but also the maintenance of the Isar crossing. The eventual abandonment of the fort may have something to do with the military reinforcement of Künzing.

After the fort was abandoned, the camp village ( vicus ) developed into a larger civilian settlement, the existence of which has been revealed by reading finds, and a cremation cemetery that was cut in 1975 on the eastern edge of the camp village is also known. The settlement was destroyed in the 3rd century and not rebuilt afterwards.

Post-pastel development

In post-Roman times, the loess plateau on which the fort stood was heavily reshaped and steepened. In the area of the Roman complex, an originally arched section fortification was built in the early Middle Ages , which was probably built in the 10th century and is still remembered today as the "Burgstall". From this fortification comes the barrier of the eastern hill flank with a high wall and a ditch in front. The southern part of the early medieval ramparts and moats was recently destroyed unseen by a gravel pit cutting deep into the slope terrace. The western section of the steeply sloping terrace was also changed by modern gravel mining by being set back parallel. It is possible that the early medieval fortification, which is still visible today, was preceded by a predecessor, as the moat overlays a cemetery from the 7th century. These graves belonged to a grave field worked on by the archaeologist Uta von Freeden , in which aristocratic cavalry warriors with families and entourage were buried, some of which were buried under burial mounds, who probably performed important military tasks on behalf of the dukes of Bavaria. The burial of an Avar rider from the 7th century is one of these early medieval graves, in which the remains of the fort were partially massively overlaid and destroyed . Like the Roman garrison in the past, the section fortification secured the Danube crossing that still existed at this point.

Monument protection

The facilities mentioned are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

literature

Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50.
Rainer Christlein : Moos-Burgstall, district of Deggendorf. On topography in Roman and early medieval times . In: Rainer Christlein, Hans-Jörg Kellner, Johannes Prammer: Contributions to the topography and history of Roman places in Lower Bavaria . In addition to the official school gazette for the administrative district of Niederbayern 5/6, 1976, pp. 32–37.
Wolfgang Czysz , Karlheinz Dietz , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Thomas Fischer : Die Römer in Bayern , Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1058-6 , p. 483.
Thomas Fischer , Manfred Eberlein, Otto Braasch : Romans and Bavarians on the Danube. Pictures of the early history of Eastern Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 1988, ISBN 3-7917-1131-8 , pp. 11, 54, 136.
Karl Schmotz : Prehistoric, Roman and medieval traces of settlement from the Burgstall near Moos, Ldkr. Deggendorf, Lower Bavaria . In: Archaeological research in the district of Deggendorf . Deggendorf 1983, pp. 43-50.
Hans Schönberger , Hans-Jörg Kellner, Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden a . a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, p. 179 ff.

Web links

The topography of Fort Moos-Burgstall in the Arachne archaeological database , accessed on February 25, 2019.

Remarks

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Uta von Freeden : The early medieval burial ground of Moos-Burgstall district of Deggendorf in Lower Bavaria . In: Hans Schönberger , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden a. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 495–637; here: p. 495
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wolfgang Czysz , Andrea Faber, Christof Flügel , C. Sebastian Sommer : Sites on the Danube Limes in Bavaria / Sites on the Danube Limes in Bavaria . 2006, p. 17. ( PDF )
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wolfgang Czysz , Karlheinz Dietz , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Thomas Fischer : Die Römer in Bayern , Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1058-6 , p. 483.
↑ Künzing Fort at 48 ° 40 ′ 6.69 ″ N , 13 ° 4 ′ 47.65 ″ E48.668525 13.079902777778
↑ Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 41.
↑ Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 40.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 181.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 212.
↑ ^a ^b Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 42.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 214.
↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 180.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 186.
^ Günter Ulbert , Dietwulf Baatz , Karl-Ernst Behre , Hans Drescher, Angela von den Driesch, Helge Gerndt , Erwin Keller , Helmut Kroll, Mechthild Neyses : Der Auerberg I. Topography, research history and wall excavations . C. H. Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-37500-6 , p. 104.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 186 u. 213.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 210.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 198.
↑ Werner Zanier , Angela von den Driesch , Corinna Liesau, Peter Schröter: The Roman fort Ellingen (= Limes research 23), Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1264-4 , p. 62.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 203.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 200.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 202.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 211.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 215 f.
↑ Josephine Blei: "Dominium populi Romani vel Caesaris" and "causa dominica". Roman legal tradition and fiscal succession in the Bavarian ducat of the Agilolfinger (= region in transition 8), Frank & Timme, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86596-537-0 , p. 171.
^ Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 279.
^ ^A ^b Hans-Jürgen Brachmann : The early medieval fortifications in Central Europe. Studies of its development and function in the Germanic-German area (= writings on prehistory and early history 45), Academy, Berlin 1993 ISBN 3-05-001995-6 , pp. 108-109.
↑ Uta von Freeden : The early medieval burial ground of Moos-Burgstall district of Deggendorf in Lower Bavaria . In: Hans Schönberger , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden a. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 495–637.
^ ^A ^b Thomas Fischer , Manfred Eberlein, Otto Braasch : Romans and Bavarians on the Danube. Pictures of the early history of Eastern Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 1988, ISBN 3-7917-1131-8 , p. 54.
↑ Uta von Freeden: The grave of an Avar rider from Moos-Burgstall, Lower Bavaria . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 66, 1985, pp. 5–24.

[Freeden_1982_495-1] Uta von Freeden : The early medieval burial ground of Moos-Burgstall district of Deggendorf in Lower Bavaria . In: Hans Schönberger , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden a. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 495–637; here: p. 495

[Czysz_2006_17-2] Wolfgang Czysz , Andrea Faber, Christof Flügel , C. Sebastian Sommer : Sites on the Danube Limes in Bavaria / Sites on the Danube Limes in Bavaria . 2006, p. 17. ( PDF )

[Czysz_1995_483-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Wolfgang Czysz , Karlheinz Dietz , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Thomas Fischer : Die Römer in Bayern , Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1058-6 , p. 483.

[4] Künzing Fort at 48 ° 40 ′ 6.69 ″ N , 13 ° 4 ′ 47.65 ″ E48.668525 13.079902777778

[5] Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 41.

[6] Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 40.

[Schönberger_1982_181-7] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 181.

[Schönberger_1982_212-8] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 212.

[Christlein_1977_42-9] Rainer Christlein : The Roman Isar Valley Road from Moos-Burgstall to Landshut . In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 103, 1977, pp. 30–50; here: p. 42.

[Schönberger_1982_214-10] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 214.

[Fischer_2008_180-11] Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 180.

[Schönberger_1982_186-12] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 186.

[13] Günter Ulbert , Dietwulf Baatz , Karl-Ernst Behre , Hans Drescher, Angela von den Driesch, Helge Gerndt , Erwin Keller , Helmut Kroll, Mechthild Neyses : Der Auerberg I. Topography, research history and wall excavations . C. H. Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-37500-6 , p. 104.

[Schönberger_1982_186,_213-14] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 186 u. 213.

[Schönberger_1982_210-15] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 210.

[Schönberger_1982_198-16] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 198.

[17] Werner Zanier , Angela von den Driesch , Corinna Liesau, Peter Schröter: The Roman fort Ellingen (= Limes research 23), Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1264-4 , p. 62.

[Schönberger_1982_203-18] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 203.

[Schönberger_1982_200-19] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 200.

[Schönberger_1982_202-20] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 202.

[Schönberger_1982_211-21] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 211.

[Schönberger_1982_215-22] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 215 f.

[23] Josephine Blei: "Dominium populi Romani vel Caesaris" and "causa dominica". Roman legal tradition and fiscal succession in the Bavarian ducat of the Agilolfinger (= region in transition 8), Frank & Timme, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86596-537-0 , p. 171.

[Schönberger_1982_279-24] Hans Schönberger : Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort In: Hans Schönberger, Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden u. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 179–279; here: p. 279.

[Brachmann_1993_108-25] A ^b Hans-Jürgen Brachmann : The early medieval fortifications in Central Europe. Studies of its development and function in the Germanic-German area (= writings on prehistory and early history 45), Academy, Berlin 1993 ISBN 3-05-001995-6 , pp. 108-109.

[26] Uta von Freeden : The early medieval burial ground of Moos-Burgstall district of Deggendorf in Lower Bavaria . In: Hans Schönberger , Hans-Jörg Kellner , Ulrich Steger, Uta von Freeden a. a .: Moos-Burgstall. A new Roman fort. Settlement of the early Urnfield and late Latène period. Cemetery from the 7th century AD and medieval complex . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 63, 1982, pp. 495–637.

[Fischer_1988_54-27] A ^b Thomas Fischer , Manfred Eberlein, Otto Braasch : Romans and Bavarians on the Danube. Pictures of the early history of Eastern Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 1988, ISBN 3-7917-1131-8 , p. 54.

[28] Uta von Freeden: The grave of an Avar rider from Moos-Burgstall, Lower Bavaria . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 66, 1985, pp. 5–24.