Koroni
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Koroni municipality Δημοτική Ενότητα Κορώνης (Κορώνη) |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : |
 Greece
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| Region : |
Peloponnese
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| Regional District : | Messinia | ||
| Municipality : | Pylos-Nestor | ||
| Geographic coordinates : | 36 ° 48 ′ N , 21 ° 57 ′ E | ||
| Height above d. M .: | 0 to 60 m | ||
| Area : | 105.163 km² | ||
| Residents : | 4,366 (2011) | ||
| Population density : | 41.5 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Code No .: | 440502 | ||
| Structure: | 10 local communities | ||
| Located in the municipality of Pylos-Nestor and in the Messenia region | |||
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Koroni ( Greek Κορώνη ( f. Sg. )) Is a small town in south-eastern Messinia in Greece and has been a district of the municipality of Pylos-Nestor since 2011 . Koroni was the administrative seat of the municipality of the same name from 1997 to the end of 2010.
geography
The city is located in a bay on the east coast of the Messenian peninsula about 50 kilometers south of Kalamata and 30 kilometers east of Methoni . To the west of the city the landscape is slightly hilly, the landscape is characterized by olive tree plantations . The city lies on the back of a headland that juts out into the Messinian Gulf. The Koroni fortress lies on the plateau of the headland, the city lies behind it inland, and with the center and port north of the fortress. There are several sandy beaches in the vicinity of the city, especially the Zaga and Memi beaches (Παραλία Ζάγκα, Παραλία Μέμι) on the southern side of the fortress are known. For the structure, see Pylos-Nestor # parish structure .
history
The ancient city of Koroni, or Korone at the time , was probably founded in 369 BC. Founded in connection with the liberation of Messenia from Sparta. It was near what is now Petalidi . There are still remains of walls from Roman times and the old pier under water. The Roman travel writer Pausanias reports from the ancient Korone. The city, which was the seat of a bishopric from the 4th century, was abandoned in the 9th century and moved to its current location, where the ancient city of Asine was already located. From this time the remains of a temple of Apollo have been preserved, which was converted into a Byzantine basilica and in the place of which the church of Agia Sophia stands today.
In the 6th to 7th centuries a castle complex was built on the ruins of the city, which is still in use today. The castle extends over the strategically favorable point of land at the entrance to the Gulf of Messenia and was naturally protected on three sides with its steep cliffs sloping into the sea .
In the 11th century the port city of Koroni, along with Methoni, played a key role in the history of trade and Venetian-Byzantine relations.
Koroni was conquered in 1200 by the Genoese pirate Leo Vetrano (d. 1206), fell in 1205 into the hands of the participant in the Fourth Crusade , Wilhelm I of Champlitte, and was ceded to the Venetians in 1206 by Gottfried von Villehardouin .
Located on the western southern tip of the Peloponnese peninsula, the two cities were considered incomparable observation posts, which, as " venetiarum ocellae " (eyes of the Republic of Venice) , monitored the routes of the galleys to Crete , Constantinople and the Holy Land for centuries and, where all ships, those returning from the east had a duty to stop to report on pirates and convoys.
The Republic of Venice protected its naval bases and fortified estates in the east with all means of defense. As an example, two excerpts from measures for the delivery of weapons and ammunition by the Senate of the Republic of Venice to the Koroni naval base:
“Senate, April 6, 1459 […] Because our city Koroni […] is without ammunition, we protect it […] with it power supply: 8 bombards different kinds, 20 barrels of powder, 50 Scolpet [ Arkebusen and rifles] with lead bullets; 10 shotguns with their props, 16 ballistae , 108 lances […] ”etc.
“ Senate […], July 15, 1460 […] how obvious […] our town Koroni is without ammunition […] so the above-mentioned government of course Ammunition [supplies]: 10 bombards, 50 scopletos [arquebuses and rifles] with magazines, 50 small and 50 large powder kegs for bombards, 12 powder kegs for scopletos; 4 iron balls of 16 pounds in xx; 100 hoes; 200 barrels; 100 lances [...], 100 pounds of lead and bullets [...] "etc.
In Koroni existed since the 12./13. In the 19th century a large Albanian minority of the Greek Orthodox faith, called Arvanites by the locals . In the 15th century, a large number of Albanian princes who had fled their homeland before the Ottomans found refuge there.
At the end of August 1500, the castle and the city were conquered under Sultan Bayezid II and thus fell to the Ottoman Empire , where they remained with interruptions until 1828. When the Ottomans under Sultan Suleyman I made a second attempt to conquer Vienna in 1532, Doria suggested a diversionary maneuver on the Greek side to the emperor. The emperor accepted and gave Doria the assignment for the expedition (cf. Andrea Doria ). On August 18, Andrea Doria's fleet with 48 galleys and 30 large ships left the port of Messina to the east. It is reported that Doria was warned by the Venetians that the Ottomans were at Kefalonia with an insignificant fleet . At the same time, the Venetians warned the Ottoman admiral about the arrival of Doria and his large fleet. But when Doria came to the place indicated, the Ottoman fleet had withdrawn to Constantinople . Doria devastated the beaches of Peloponnese and decided to attack Koroni.
When Doria arrived at Koroni, the local people secretly sent him messages to welcome him and to brief him on the internal state of the city. Andrea Doria had a large part of the Spanish and Italian crew put ashore to siege the city. The Italians were commanded by Girolamo (or Geronimo) Tuttavilla and the Spanish by Girolamo Mendoza. After three days of stubborn struggle, Doria took what was then the metropolis of Morea on September 21, 1532. Now the townspeople identified themselves, took sides with him, as previously agreed, and proclaimed the sovereignty of Charles V. The Ottomans were forced to abandon the city and withdraw, troubled by the inability to vent their anger on the citizens. The next day, however, one of the Ottoman generals came back with 700 horses to help the Ottoman soldiers. The Spaniards and the people of Koroni presented themselves for battle, killed a large number of them, planted the heads of the slaughtered on their lances, while the survivors surrendered to Admiral Doria. In this victory, in which the people of Koroni (called "Coronei" in Italian) had distinguished themselves with daring, accompanied the admiral and the Spaniards with endless applause.
When Doria left the city to conquer Patras , he entrusted the city government to Don Girolamo Mendoza. When the news of the capture of Koroni and the massacre of an astonishingly high number of the Ottoman army reached Suleyman I , Suleyman I swore bitter vengeance on the "Coronei", authors of this misfortune who had joined the Spanish crown.
On November 8, 1532, Emperor Charles V had Admiral Doria recalled from the east to accompany him to Spain. The most important families embarked on Doria's ships and arrived with him on December 24th in Naples, where Doria received much praise. Charles V honored the Albanians from Koroni and Patras with several certificates and showered them with privileges (cf. Arbëresh ).
From 1686 to 1715 the Venetians were able to recapture the town and castle. In 1828 the Morea expedition under the French General Maison took possession of the area, which they later passed on to the new Greek state.
In 1896 Koroni had 2956 inhabitants.
Today's city is characterized by buildings from around 1900 and developed along the coast, starting from the bay below the castle with a small harbor. Today tourism is an important source of income for the city, with individual tourism dominating; Plans for mass tourism ended in ruins.
Attractions
The main attraction of the place is the originally Byzantine fortress, later expanded by the Venetians and Ottomans, which today houses a nunnery founded in 1918, which is partially accessible. Within the castle complex are the Byzantine cross-domed church Agia Sophia and the post-Byzantine church Agios Charalambos.
The 19th century church of Panagia Eleistria is located on a plateau south of the castle. On both sides of the cape plateau there were tower-like round bastions, the vault of which was supported by a central column. The tower facing the town served as an ammunition depot for the German occupation in 1944 . When they withdrew in 1944, they blew up the ammunition and with it the tower. The other tower is still accessible from the inside.
Launch site for sounding rockets
Koroni was from 1966 to 1989 launch site for sounding rockets with two launch pads. There were 371 starts. The first launches took place on May 20, 1966 to investigate a total annular solar eclipse, with rockets of the Belier type being launched. They reached altitudes of 114 kilometers. From 1971 to 1989, the launch of Russian M-100 missiles with peak heights of 95 kilometers.
literature
- Giorgos Pathanasopulos, Thanos Pathanasopulous: Pylos - Pylia, travel book in land and time, ISBN 960-214-197-2 .
- Pietro Pompilio Rodotà: Dell'Origine, Progresso e Stato presente del Rito Greco in Italia, osservato dai greci, monaci basiliani e albanesi , Libro III, Biblioteca Vaticana, Roma 1763, accessed on December 1, 2016 (Italian)
Remarks
- ↑ “Senato 6/4/1459: […] Quia civitas nostra Coroni […] munitionibus vacua est, tutellae cuius sit […] providendum: bombarde 8 diversarum sortium, barilia pulveris n. 20, scolpet [archibughi e fucili] cum suis ballotis plumbeis n. 50; spingarde cum suis cavaletis n. 10, ballista n. 16, lance n. 108…. “ecc.
- ↑ "Senato […] 15/7/1460 […] sicut constat […] civitas nostra Coroni sit munitionibus vacua […] quod quando celerius poterunt mittere debeant suprascripto Regimini nostro Coroni infrascriptas munitiones silicet: bombardas a posta n. 10; scopletos feri cum suis chalchatoribus n. 50; barilia pulveris a bombarda silicet 50 de magnis et 50 de parvis n. 100; bariletta pulveris a scopletis n.12; pallas feri librarum 16 in xx n.4; zappas et zappones n.100; barilia n.200; lanceas a posta n. 100 […], libras plombi et ballotas n. 100 […] ecc. "
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
- ↑ Danila Fiorella AR: insediamenti albanesi nella Daunia tardo medievale . Centro Grafico Srl, Foggia 1999, p. 6 . , accessed December 8, 2016 (Italian)
- ↑ a b c Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Volume 11, Leipzig 1907, p. 507.
- ^ Giovanni Distefano, Franco Rocchetta: Atlante storico di Venezia . Supernova, 2008, ISBN 88-88548-88-2 , pp. 196 (Italian).
- ↑ Innocenzo Mazziotti: Immigrazioni albanesi in Calabria nel secolo XV e la colonia di San Demetrio Corone (1471-1815) . Il Coscile Editore, Castrovillari 2004, ISBN 88-87482-61-6 , p. 18 (Italian).
- ^ A b Gregorio Rosso: Historia delle cose di Napoli, sotto l'imperio di Carlo Quinto . Domenico Montanaro, Naples 1635, p. 86 (Italian, limited preview in Google Book search). , accessed December 7, 2016
- ↑ a b Luigi Jaccarini: Vite e ritratti degli uomini celebri di tutti i tempi e di tutte le nazioni , Volume 1 . Gaetano Nobile, Toledo 1840, p. 143 (Italian). , accessed December 5, 2016
- ↑ Eberhard Werner Happel: Highly deserved honorary Seule Christian bravery . Thomas von Wierung, Hamburg 1688, p. 169 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ Gregorio Rosso, p. 87
- ↑ Pietro Pompilio Rodotà: Dell'Origine, Progresso e Stato presente del Rito Greco in Italia, osservato dai greci, monaci basiliani e albanesi, Libro III, Capo. III . Biblioteca Vaticana, Rome 1763, p. 54 (Italian, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed December 9, 2016]).
- ^ A b Pietro Pompilio Rodotà, p. 55
- ^ Gregorio Rosso, p. 88
- ↑ a b Gregorio Rosso, p. 89
- ↑ a b Koroni. Retrieved December 8, 2016 .
- ↑ Holy Pilgrimage of Panagia Eleistra of Koroni
- ↑ Koroni in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)