L ^p space

The spaces , also Lebesgue spaces , are special spaces in mathematics that consist of all p -fold integrable functions . The L in the name goes back to the French mathematician Henri Léon Lebesgue , as these spaces are defined by the Lebesgue integral . In the case of Banach space -valent functions (as shown in the following for vector spaces in general ), they are also called Bochner-Lebesgue spaces . That in the designation is a real parameter: a space is defined for each number . The convergence in these spaces is called the convergence in the p th mean . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle E}$ ${\displaystyle p}$ ${\displaystyle 0<p\leq \infty }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

definition

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}}$ with semi-norm

Be a measure space , and . Then the following set is a vector space : ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle \mathbb {K} \in \{\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {C} \}}$ ${\displaystyle 0<p<\infty }$

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ):=\left\{f\colon \Omega \to \mathbb {K} :f\,{\rm {ist\ messbar}}\,,\int _{\Omega }|f(x)|^{p}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)<\infty \right\}\,.}$

By

${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\|\cdot \|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}:&{\mathcal {L}}^{p}&\to &\mathbb {R} \\&f&\mapsto &\displaystyle \left(\int _{\Omega }|f(x)|^{p}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)\right)^{1/p}\end{matrix}}}$

Figure given is for one semi-norm on . The triangle inequality for this semi-norm is called the Minkowski inequality and can be proven with the help of the Hölder inequality . ${\displaystyle p\geq 1}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}}$

Just then, is a norm on when the empty set the only null set in is. If there is a null set , the characteristic function is not equal to the null function , but it holds . ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ ${\displaystyle N\neq \emptyset }$ ${\displaystyle 1_{N}}$ ${\displaystyle \|1_{N}\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}=0}$

${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ with norm

In order to arrive at a standardized space even in the case of a semi- standard , functions are identified with one another if they are almost the same everywhere . Formally this means: One considers the ( independent) sub-vector space ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}}$ ${\displaystyle p\geq 1}$

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}:=\{f\in {\mathcal {L}}^{p}\mid \|f\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}=0\}=\{f\in {\mathcal {L}}^{p}\mid f=0~\mu \mathrm {-fast\ {\ddot {u}}berall} \}}$

and defines the space as the factor space . So two elements of are equal if and only if holds, i.e. if and are almost everywhere the same. ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}/{\mathcal {N}}}$ ${\displaystyle [f],[g]\in L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle f-g\in {\mathcal {N}}}$ ${\displaystyle f}$ ${\displaystyle g}$

The vector space is normalized by. The norm definition does not depend on the representative , that is, for functions in the same equivalence class . This is due to the fact that the Lebesgue integral is invariant to changes in the integrand to zero sets. ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \|[f]\|_{L^{p}}:=\|f\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}}$ ${\displaystyle [f]}$ ${\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}\in [f]}$ ${\displaystyle \|f_{1}\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}=\|f_{2}\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}}$

The normalized vector space is complete and therefore a Banach space , the norm is called the L ^p norm . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{L^{p}}}$

Even when one speaks of so-called -functions, it is about the entire equivalence class of a classical function. However, in the case of the Lebesgue measure, two different continuous functions are never in the same equivalence class , so that the term represents a natural extension of the concept of continuous functions. ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

Special case p = ∞

Also you can use the essential supremum (in characters: ) a defined-space, the space of essentially bounded functions. There are various possibilities for this, but they all coincide for σ-finite measure spaces . The most common is: ${\displaystyle p=\infty }$ ${\displaystyle \operatorname {ess\,sup} }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{\infty }(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ):=\left\{f\colon \Omega \to \mathbb {K} :f\,{\rm {ist\,messbar}}\,,\|f\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{\infty }}<\infty \right\}}$;

is there

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{\infty }}:=\operatorname {ess\,sup} _{x\in \Omega }|f(x)|\;{\biggl (}=\inf _{N\in {\mathcal {A}} \atop \mu (N)=0}\sup _{x\in \Omega \setminus N}|f(x)|{\biggr )}.}$

If you look at it analogously to the above , you get a Banach space again. ${\displaystyle L^{\infty }:={\mathcal {L}}^{\infty }/{\mathcal {N}}}$

Examples

Lebesgue spaces with respect to the Lebesgue measure

A very important example of -spaces is given by a measure space , then the Borel σ-algebra , and the Lebesgue measure . The shorter notation is used in this context . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}(\Omega )}$ ${\displaystyle \mu }$ ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}(\Omega ):=L^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {B}}(\Omega ),\lambda )}$

The sequence space ℓ ^p

→ Main article : Sequence space

If one considers the measure space , where the set of natural numbers , their power set and the counting measure were chosen, then the space consists of all sequences with ${\displaystyle (\mathbb {N} ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle \Omega }$ ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\mathcal {P}}(\mathbb {N} )}$ ${\displaystyle \mu }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}(\mathbb {N} ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle (x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }\in \mathbb {K} ^{\mathbb {N} }}$

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }|x_{n}|^{p}<\infty }$

for or ${\displaystyle 0<p<\infty }$

${\displaystyle \sup _{n\in \mathbb {N} }|x_{n}|<\infty }$

for . ${\displaystyle p=\infty }$

This room is designated with . The borderline cases and are the space of the absolutely summable number sequences and the space of the restricted number sequences. For all true . ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{1}}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq q\leq \infty }$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}\subseteq \ell ^{q}}$

General ℓ ^p -space

Completely analogously, one can consider the measurement space with the counting measure for any index set . In this case it is called the space , it applies ${\displaystyle I}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(I)}$

${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(I)=\left\{(x_{i})_{i\in I}\in \mathbb {K} ^{I};\,\sum _{i\in I}|x_{i}|^{p}<\infty \right\}\,}$,

where the convergence of the sum may imply that only countably many summands are not equal to zero ( see also unconditional convergence ). If the set is countably infinite, then such a space is isomorphic to the sequence space defined above . In the case of an uncountable index set, one can understand the space as a locally convex direct limit of -sequence spaces. ${\displaystyle I}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}(I)}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{p}}$

Sobolev spaces of square integrable functions

One chooses , as the Borel σ algebra and wherein and the -dimensional Borel Lebesgue measure , then one obtains the measure space . The Lebesgue space of the square-integrable functions with regard to this measure is a real subspace of the space of the temperature-controlled distributions . Under the Fourier transformation, it is bijectively mapped onto the space of the square-integrable Sobolev functions for the differentiation order , also a real subspace of . The Fourier transformation converts the corresponding norms into one another: ${\displaystyle \Omega =\mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \mu =\left(1+\left\|\xi \right\|^{2}\right)^{\frac {s}{2}}\lambda }$ ${\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }$ ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ ${\displaystyle n}$ ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbb {R} ^{n},{\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right),\left(1+\left\|\xi \right\|^{2}\right)^{\frac {s}{2}}\lambda \right)}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n},{\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right),\left(1+\left\|\xi \right\|^{2}\right)^{\frac {s}{2}}\lambda \right)}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}'}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ ${\displaystyle H^{s}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle s}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}'}$

${\displaystyle \left\|{\mathcal {F}}\left(f\right)\right\|_{H^{s}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right)}=\left\|f\right\|_{L^{2}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n},{\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right),\left(1+\left\|\xi \right\|^{2}\right)^{\frac {s}{2}}\lambda \right)}}$

For the above spaces are dense subspaces of , so that in this case one can also consider the Fourier transformation on instead of on . ${\displaystyle s\geq 0}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n},{\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right),\lambda \right)}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n},{\mathcal {B}}\left(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\right),\lambda \right)}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}'}$

Important properties

completeness

According to Fischer-Riesz's theorem , the -spaces are complete for everyone , i.e. Banach spaces . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq \infty }$

Embeddings

If it is a finite measure, then it holds for (follows from the inequality of the generalized mean values ) ${\displaystyle \mu }$ ${\displaystyle \mu (\Omega )<\infty }$ ${\displaystyle L^{q}\subseteq L^{p}\;}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq q}$

For general dimensions, always applies . This is also known as convex or Hölder interpolation . ${\displaystyle 1<p\leq q\leq r\leq \infty }$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{q}\supseteq {\mathcal {L}}^{p}\cap {\mathcal {L}}^{r}}$

Tightness and separability

Let be a separable measuring space , a measure on and , then is separable . The room , however, is generally not separable. ${\displaystyle \left(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle \mu }$ ${\displaystyle \left(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}}\right)}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p<\infty }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}\left(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)}$ ${\displaystyle L^{\infty }\left(\Omega \right)}$

Be open . For lying test function space close in . ${\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p<\infty }$ ${\displaystyle C_{c}^{\infty }(\Omega )}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}(\Omega )}$

compactness

The Fréchet-Kolmogorov theorem describes precompact or compact sets in L ^p -spaces.

Dual spaces and reflexivity

→ Main article : Duality of Lp spaces

For the dual spaces of the spaces are again Lebesgue spaces. Specifically, ${\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

${\displaystyle L^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )'\cong L^{q}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ),}$

where is defined by , also is the canonical, isometric isomorphism ${\displaystyle q}$ ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{p}}+{\tfrac {1}{q}}=1}$

${\displaystyle L^{q}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )\to L^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )'}$

given by

${\displaystyle f\mapsto \left(g\mapsto \int _{\Omega }g(\omega )\,f(\omega )\,{\rm {d}}\mu (\omega )\right).}$

It follows that for the spaces are reflexive . ${\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

For is to isomorphic (the isomorphism analogous to above), if σ-finite or more generally is localizable . If not -finite, then (again under the same isomorphism) can be represented as the Banach space of the locally measurable, locally essentially restricted functions. ${\displaystyle p=1}$ ${\displaystyle L^{1}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )'}$ ${\displaystyle L^{\infty }(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ ${\displaystyle L^{1}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )'}$

The spaces and are not reflexive. ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{\infty }}$

The Hilbert space L ²

definition

The room has a special role among the rooms. This is namely self-dual and can be provided as the only one with a scalar product and thus becomes a Hilbert space . To do this, let us be a measure space, a Hilbert space (often with the scalar product ) and ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle (H,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{H})}$ ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$ ${\displaystyle \langle w,z\rangle ={\overline {w}}z}$

${\displaystyle f\,,g\in L^{2}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;H)}$.

Then defined

${\displaystyle \langle f,g\rangle _{L^{2}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;H)}:=\int _{\Omega }\langle f(x),g(x)\rangle _{H}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)}$

a scalar product . The norm induced by this scalar product is the norm defined above with ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle p=2}$

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{L^{2}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;H)}={\sqrt {\int _{\Omega }\|f(x)\|_{H}^{2}{\rm {d}}\mu (x)}}={\sqrt {\int _{\Omega }\langle f(x),f(x)\rangle _{H}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)}}}$.

Since these functions can be square-integrated according to the norm, the functions are also called square-integrable or square-integrable functions . If these are specifically the elements of the sequence space , one usually speaks of the quadratically summable sequences . This Hilbert space plays a special role in quantum mechanics . ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle \ell ^{2}}$

example

The function defined by is a function with norm: ${\displaystyle f\colon [1,+\infty ]\to \mathbb {R} }$ ${\displaystyle \textstyle x\mapsto {\frac {1}{x}}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$

${\displaystyle \left(\int _{1}^{\infty }\left|{\frac {1}{x}}\right|^{2}\mathrm {d} x\right)^{1/2}=\left(\int _{1}^{\infty }x^{-2}\mathrm {d} x\right)^{1/2}=\left(\lim _{b\to \infty }\left[{\frac {x^{-1}}{-1}}\right]_{1}^{b}\right)^{1/2}=\left(\lim _{b\to \infty }-{\frac {1}{b}}+1\right)^{1/2}=1<\infty }$

But the function is not a function, because ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$

${\displaystyle \int _{1}^{\infty }\left|{\frac {1}{x}}\right|^{1}\mathrm {d} x=\int _{1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{x}}\,\mathrm {d} x=\lim _{b\to \infty }\left[\ln(x)\right]_{1}^{b}=\lim _{b\to \infty }\ln(b)=\infty .}$

Other examples of functions are the Schwartz functions . ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$

Extended Hilbert space

As mentioned above, the spaces are complete. So the space with the scalar product is really a Hilbert space. The space of the Schwartz functions and the space of smooth functions with compact support (a subspace of the space-Schwartz) are sealed in Therefore, one obtains the inclusions ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}).}$

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})\subset L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})\hookrightarrow {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$

and

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})\subset L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})\hookrightarrow {\mathcal {D}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{n}).}$

In this case, with the corresponding topological dual space referred to, in particular is called space of distributions and space of the tempered distributions . The couples ${\displaystyle '}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}'(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$

${\displaystyle ({\mathcal {S}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}),L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}))}$ and ${\displaystyle ({\mathcal {D}}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}),L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n}))}$

are examples of extended Hilbert spaces .

Bochner Lebesgue rooms

The Bochner-Lebesgue spaces are a generalization of the Lebesgue spaces considered so far. In contrast to the Lebesgue spaces, they include banach space-valued functions.

definition

Be a Banach space and a measure space . For one defines ${\displaystyle (E,\|{\cdot }\|)}$ ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu )}$ ${\displaystyle 0<p<\infty }$

${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;E,\|\cdot \|):=\left\{f\colon \Omega \to E:f\,{\rm {ist\ messbar}}\,,\int _{\Omega }\|f(x)\|^{p}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)<\infty \right\}}$,

where “measurable” refers to the Borel σ-algebra of the norm topology of . The image ${\displaystyle E}$

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{{\mathcal {L}}^{p}}:=\left(\int _{\Omega }\|f(x)\|^{p}\,{\rm {d}}\mu (x)\right)^{1/p}}$

is also a semi-norm on if true. The Bochner Lebesgue spaces are now defined as a factor space just like the Lebesgue spaces. ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle 1\leq p}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;E,\|\cdot \|)}$

properties

The statements listed under properties also apply to the Bochner-Lebesgue spaces . There is only a difference in the dual spaces. This applies to everyone ${\displaystyle 1<p<\infty }$

${\displaystyle L^{p}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;E)'\cong L^{q}(\Omega ,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;E'),}$

where is defined by and denotes the dual space of . Correspondingly, Bochner-Lebesgue spaces are only reflexive if the Banach space is reflexive. Likewise, the Bochner-Lebesgue rooms are only separable if the target area is separable. ${\displaystyle q}$ ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{p}}+{\tfrac {1}{q}}=1}$ ${\displaystyle E'}$ ${\displaystyle E}$ ${\displaystyle E}$ ${\displaystyle E}$

Example: random variable

In stochastics one considers spaces that are equipped with a probability measure . A random variable is then understood to be a measurable function . Next is the expected value for quasi-integrable than ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle P}$ ${\displaystyle X\colon \Omega \rightarrow E}$ ${\displaystyle X}$

${\displaystyle E(X):=\int _{\Omega }X{\rm {d}}P\in E}$

Are defined. Random variables that are functions have a finite expectation. Furthermore, random variables are in if you can assign a variance to them. Since this is often required for practical applications, spaces are particularly important in stochastics. ${\displaystyle L^{1}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{2}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

Spaces related to the Lebesgue spaces

Often one also considers -functions for. In addition, the Sobolev spaces and the Hardy spaces are examined in functional analysis, which can be understood as special cases of -spaces, and in differential geometry there is a generalization of -spaces on manifolds . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle p<1.}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

L ^p for p <1

A circle with respect to (2/3) -quasinorm in two dimensions, i.e. H. in , with counting measure, is an astroid . The circular disk is not convex . ${\displaystyle L^{\frac {2}{3}}\left(\left\{0,1\right\},{\mathcal {P}}\left(\left\{0,1\right\}\right),\mu \right)}$ ${\displaystyle \mu }$

There is also the generalization of -spaces or for . However, these are no longer Banach spaces because the corresponding definition does not provide a norm. After all, these spaces are complete topological vector spaces with the quasi-norm ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu ;E\right)}$ ${\displaystyle 0<p<1}$

${\displaystyle N_{p}\,:\,L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)\,\rightarrow \,\mathbb {R} \;,\qquad N_{p}\left(f\right):=\left(\int _{X}\left\|f\right\|^{p}\mathrm {d} \mu \right)^{\frac {1}{p}}}$

or the pseudo norm or Fréchet metric

${\displaystyle \varrho _{p}\,:\,L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)\,\rightarrow \,\mathbb {R} \;,\qquad \varrho _{p}\left(f\right):=\left(N_{p}\left(f\right)\right)^{p}=\int _{X}\left\|f\right\|^{p}\mathrm {d} \mu }$

or the translation-invariant metric

${\displaystyle d_{p}\,:\,L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)\times L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)\,\rightarrow \,\mathbb {R} \;,\qquad d_{p}\left(f,g\right):=\varrho _{p}\left(f-g\right)=\int _{X}\left\|f-g\right\|^{p}\mathrm {d} \mu \;.}$

For the quasinorm, the triangle inequality is weakened, the positive homogeneity is retained:

${\displaystyle N_{p}\left(f+g\right)\leq 2^{{\frac {1}{p}}-1}\,\left(N_{p}\left(f\right)+N_{p}\left(g\right)\right)\;,\qquad N_{p}\left(\lambda \,f\right)=\left|\lambda \right|\,N_{p}\left(f\right)\;.}$

For the Fréchet metric, however, the positive homogeneity is weakened, the triangle inequality remains:

${\displaystyle \varrho _{p}\left(f+g\right)\leq \varrho _{p}\left(f\right)+\varrho _{p}\left(g\right)\;,\qquad \varrho _{p}\left(\lambda \,f\right)=\left|\lambda \right|^{p}\,\varrho _{p}\left(f\right){\stackrel {\left|\lambda \right|\leq 1}{\leq }}\left|\lambda \right|\,\varrho _{p}\left(f\right)\;,\qquad \varrho _{p}\left(-f\right)=\varrho _{p}\left(f\right)\;.}$

These spaces are generally not locally convex , so Hahn-Banach's theorem is generally not applicable, so that there are possibly “very few” linear continuous functionals. In particular, it is not certain that the weak topology can separate into points . One such example provides with . ${\displaystyle L^{p}\left(X,{\mathcal {A}},\mu \right)}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}([0,1])}$ ${\displaystyle \left(L^{p}\left(\left[0,1\right]\right)\right)'=\left\{0\right\}}$

See also : Section “The case 0 <p <1” in the duality of Lp spaces

Space of locally integrable functions

→ Main article : Function that can be integrated locally

A locally integrable function is a measurable function that does not necessarily have to be integratable over its entire domain, but it must be integrable for every compact that is contained in the domain. So be open. Then a function is said to be locally integrable if the Lebesgue integral for every compact ${\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ ${\displaystyle f}$ ${\displaystyle K\subset \Omega }$

${\displaystyle p_{K}\left(f\right):=\int _{K}|f(x)|\mathrm {d} x<\infty }$

is finite. The set of these functions is denoted by. Analogous to the -spaces, equivalence classes of functions that differ only on a zero set are also formed here, and the space is then obtained as a factor space. With the family of all semi-norms (for compact sets ) this becomes a Hausdorff , locally convex and complete topological vector space ; by selecting a countable number of compacts that suitably approximate, even a Fréchet space . This space can be understood as the space of the regular distributions and can therefore be continuously embedded in the space of the distributions . The spaces of the locally p-integrable functions can also be defined analogously . ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\operatorname {loc} }^{1}(\Omega )}$ ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle L_{\operatorname {loc} }^{1}(\Omega )}$ ${\displaystyle p_{K}}$ ${\displaystyle K\subset \Omega }$ ${\displaystyle \Omega }$ ${\displaystyle L_{\operatorname {loc} }^{1}(\Omega )}$ ${\displaystyle L_{\operatorname {loc} }^{p}(\Omega )}$

Sobolev rooms

→ Main article : Sobolev room

In addition to the already mentioned Sobolev rooms with square-integrated functions, there are other Sobolev rooms. These are defined using the weak derivatives and include integrable functions. These spaces are used in particular for the investigation of partial differential equations . ${\displaystyle p}$

Hardy rooms

→ Main article : Hardy space

If, instead of examining the measurable functions, only the holomorphic or harmonic functions are examined for integrability, then the corresponding spaces are called Hardy spaces. ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

Lebesgue spaces on manifolds

On an abstract differentiable manifold that is not embedded in a Euclidean space, there is no canonical measure and therefore no functions can be defined. However, it is still possible to define an analogue to -space by examining so-called 1-densities instead of functions on the manifold. For more information, see the Density Bundle article . ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$ ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$

swell

• Herbert Amann, Joachim Escher : Analysis. Volume 3. Birkhäuser, Basel et al. 2001, ISBN 3-7643-6613-3 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Bochner integral. In: Guido Walz (Red.): Lexicon of Mathematics. Volume 3: Inp to Mon. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Mannheim et al. 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0435-5 .
2. ^ Rafael Dahmen, Gábor Lukács: Long colimits of topological groups I: Continuous maps and homeomorphisms. in: Topology and its Applications No. 270, 2020. Example 2.14
3. ^ Haïm Brezis : Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations. Springer New York, New York NY 2010, ISBN 978-0-387-70913-0 , Theorem 4.13.
4. ↑ Dirk Werner : Functional Analysis. 6th, corrected edition. Springer, Berlin et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-72533-6 , Lemma V.1.10.
5. ^ Joseph Diestel, John J. Uhl: Vector measures (= Mathematical Surveys and Monographs. Vol. 15). American Mathematical Society, Providence RI 1977, ISBN 0-8218-1515-6 , pp. 98, 82.
6. ↑ ^{a b} Jürgen Elstrodt : Measure and integration theory . 6th edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-89727-9 , chapter 6, p. 223-225, 229-234, 263, 268 .
7. ^ Herbert Amann, Joachim Escher : Analysis. Volume 3 . 2nd Edition. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-7643-8883-6 , Chapter X: Integration Theory, Exercise 13, p. 131 .
8. ^ Walter Rudin : Functional Analysis . 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York 1991, ISBN 0-07-054236-8 , pp. 36-37 .
9. ^ Hans Wilhelm Alt : Linear functional analysis. An application-oriented introduction . 6th edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-22260-3 , Chapter 2. Subsets of function spaces, U2.11, p. 140 .