Latin American literature

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Latin American Literature referred to in the languages of Latin America written literature , mainly in the Romance languages Spanish and Portuguese , and French . Latin American literature has been described as a melting pot of cultures ( crisol de culturas ).

Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552) by Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484–1566).
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (1632) by Bernal Díaz del Castillo .
Part 1 of the Crónica del Perú by Pedro de Cieza de León
Codex Florentinus , text in Latinized Nahuatl
Os Sertões ( War in the Sertão ) by Euclides da Cunha

Depending on the definition, in addition to Hispano-American or Ibero-American literature, the literatures in the many languages ​​of the indigenous ethnic groups of South and Central America are included, as well as Afro-Brazilian literature ( Poesia negra etc.) For example, there is also Latin American literature written in Spanish in the United States .

Historical overview

Important moments in Latin American literature are the arrival of the representatives of the colonial powers ( Conquista ), the mission of the Jesuits , which led to independent forms of Baroque literature, and the independence of the countries from colonial rule . The Wars of Liberation were accompanied by the rise of national romanticism. Later, the agrarian character of Latin American societies was reflected in the style of Costumbrismo , which for a long time prevailed in regional variations on the entire subcontinent. Towards the end of the 19th century, national literatures developed that increasingly emancipated themselves from Spanish and Portuguese models. The term "Latin America" ​​and its use instead of the term Ibero America reflects this process, which led to a stronger orientation towards French models of symbolism and naturalism . The relatively low cultural exchange relationships between the Latin American states, which were replaced by those with Europe and later with the USA, also contributed to the emergence of these national literature.

Since the 1930s, Latin American literature has realistically focused on the social problems in the countryside, particularly among the indigenous peoples, and increasingly also in the big cities. Due to sometimes long periods of dictatorship in many countries and the massive exile of intellectuals, there was a stronger exchange between the literatures.

In the second half of the 20th century, Latin American literature grew in popularity, particularly due to the development of the style known as " magical realism " (Spanish realismo mágico ). One speaks of a boom generation. The strong increase in interest in Latin American authors has worldwide authors such as Augusto Roa Bastos from Paraguay , Jorge Luis Borges , Ernesto Sabato and Julio Cortázar from Argentina , Carlos Fuentes from Mexico , Mario Vargas Llosa from Peru , Pablo Neruda from Chile and Gabriel Garcia Marquez from Colombia Brought recognition. Juan Carlos Onetti from Uruguay also found this recognition towards the end of the 20th century .

The next generation of authors after the early boom include authors such as Roberto Bolaño , Isabel Allende , Elena Poniatowska and Luisa Valenzuela . Towards the end of the 20th century, exile, migration and globalization led to new cultural transgressions and thus to the increasing hybridization and transculturality of Latin American literature (s), with US literature, popular culture and indigenous culture making important contributions.

Six Latin American authors have won the Nobel Prize for Literature : the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (1945), the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Asturias (1967), the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1971), the Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982), the Mexican poet Octavio Paz (1990) and the Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa (2010).

Various authors have also been awarded the Spanish Premio Cervantes , the Portuguese Prémio Camões and other international literary prizes.

In the UNESCO collection of representative works ( Collection UNESCO d'œuvres représentatives ) there is an Ibero-American series ( Série ibéro-américaine ). Among others, Andrés Bello ( Naissance d'une pensée latino-américaine ), Flor Romero de Nohra ( Crépitant tropique. Roman. Un village colombien à l'heure de la guérilla ), the manuscript Tovar : origines et coyances des indiens du Mexique , a Bolivar selection, Concolorcorvo ( Itinéraire de Buenos-Aires à Lima ), Juan Zorrilla de San Martín ( Tabaré ), Gabriel René Moreno ( Les derniers jours de la colonie dans le Haut-Pérou ), Josué Montello ( Les Tambours noirs : la saga du nègre brésilien ), José Enrique Rodó ( Motifs de Protée ), Horacio Quiroga ( Contes d'amour, de folie et de mort ), Domingo Faustino Sarmiento ( Facundo ), John Lloyd Stephens ( Aventures de voyage en pays maya ) , Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga ( La Araucana: le cycle de Lautaro ), Garcilaso de la Vega ( Commentaires royaux sur le Pérou des Incas ), Bernardino de Sahagún ( Tenochtitlan México , ed. Jacques Donvez), Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis ( Quincas Borba ) u. a.

Overview

Indigenous languages ​​of Latin America : see the beginnings of Latin American literature

Portuguese : Brazilian Literature

Spanish : Argentine literature - Bolivian literature - Chilean literature - Colombian literature - Costa Rican literature - Cuban literature - Dominican literature see Caribbean literature - Ecuadorian literature - Guatemalan literature - Honduran literature ( writers ) - Mexican literature - Nicaraguan literature - Panamanian literature see Panama - Paraguayan Literature - Peruvian Literature - Puerto Rican Literature see Caribbean Literature - Salvadoran Literature - Uruguayan Literature - Venezuelan Literature

French etc .: Literature of French Guiana - Literature of Guadeloupe - Haitian Literature - Literature of Martinique - see Caribbean Literature

Afro-Brazilian literature

See also

References and footnotes

  1. ↑ See also French-Caribbean literature , influenced by Haitian Creole , etc.
  2. ↑ Rubén Bareiro Saguier: La Literatura latinoamericana: crisol de culturas (unesdoc.unesco.org), p. 27
  3. ↑ See e.g. B. the selection bibliography (unesdoc.unesco.org)
  4. ↑ See e.g. B. Thorsten Thiel: There is More than One Site of Resistance: Irony and Parody in the contemporary novel of the Chicanos / as. Heidelberg: Winter, 2003 ( American Studies , Volume 98)
  5. ↑ cf. Martin, Gerald (1984), "Boom, Yes; 'New' Novel, No: Further Reflections on the Optical Illusions of the 1960s in Latin America", Bulletin of Latin American Research (Blackwell Publishing). - Т. 3 (2): 53-63
  6. ↑ Eva Gugenheim, Kathrin Sartingen; Hybridity - transculturality - creolization: innovation and change in the culture, language and literature of Latin America. (= Atención! Yearbook of the Austrian Latin America Institute, Vol. 14) LIT Verlag Münster 2011.
  7. ^ All Nobel Prizes in Literature
  8. ↑ cf. Klaus-Dieter Ertler: Small history of the Latin American novel . 2002, p. 59 ff.

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