competitive sport
Under competitive sports refers to the intense exertion of sport with the aim of the competition a high power to achieve. Competitive sport differs from popular sport in particular in that it takes much more time (usually daily training ) and the focus on sporting success. Colloquially, competitive sport is also referred to as top-class sport .
Competitive sport - high-performance sport - physical culture
Colloquially, the term competitive sport is often equated with high-performance sport (including elite sport ). Scientifically, however, high- performance sport is understood to be competitive sport that is practiced with the express aim of achieving top performance on an international scale. The practice of high-performance sport usually takes place in a competition system organized and structured by national and international sports associations. At the top of this competition system are world championships and world cup series as well as the Olympic Games in many sports .
You can practice almost all sports as competitive sports. In general, competitive sport is not only defined by the time spent in it (usually daily training), but also by the physical exertion during training.
There are different views on the classification of individual sports such as motor sports - especially Formula 1 racing -, chess or fishing in competitive sports or high-performance sports. The assessment depends on the definition. If, for example, one follows the idea that physical exertion is one of the necessary characteristics of sport, even intensive fishing or chess cannot count as competitive sport, even if this form of sporting activity requires a similar expenditure of time.
The idea of physical exertion and shaping the body was fundamental to the now outdated term "body culture". After that, a sport like chess would fall out of consideration. On the other hand, the economic importance of competitive sport has increased further through the transition of many types of sport to professional sport as well as the intensive marketing of sport and athletes. The marketing goes far beyond the use of the athlete as an advertising medium and the use of sport as an aesthetic model: athletes who have been among the top performers in their sport for a longer period of time are built up in such a way that their role as an exemplary personality further increases their advertising effectiveness elevated. Often they also act as representatives of the sponsors both outside of the competition and beyond their active career. This growing economic importance of sport affects the entire organization of today's sport and competition system.
Communication structure
Competitive sport has its own communication structure, which is more technologically committed to the goals of increasing performance in the sense of the Olympic motto Citius, altius, fortius and ignoring substantial criticism of increasing performance. The magazine competitive sports of the DOSB exemplifies this trend. In the GDR, the magazine theory and practice of competitive sports was published, which promoted training science as a kind of secret science, since practice-relevant research results were kept secret from the public. The philosophical foundations are best reproduced by Hans Lenk (philosopher) . Whether competitive sport in Luhmann's sense works solely according to the code of victory / defeat is controversial, since for competitive sporting / economically usable successes in many sports, not victory, but constant mastery of the sport or discipline is required.
Performance building and sports career
General
There are important points to consider in competitive sports, which are the same for all sports and apply to all age groups if an optimal training effect is to be achieved:
- The diet is balanced, nutrient-rich and designed according to the training. Depending on the training goal : building up muscles , supercompensation , immediate preparation for competitions, etc. the composition is variable. (See Sports Nutrition .)
- Regular and frequent training , around 5-14 units per week, and usually planned and monitored by a trainer.
- Long-term training is planned both in multi-year cycles and in periods during the training year in order to ensure the highest possible long-term performance.
- Regular training controls in the form of (standardized) performance tests or test competitions enable the effectiveness and efficiency of the training to be checked.
Youth area
In the youth sector , competitive sports begin in many types of sport (exceptions e.g. swimming , figure skating and gymnastics , sometimes with 6 years of age) from around 12 years of age, depending on physical development and health. To ensure the latter, most clubs oblige young people to have regular sports medical examinations. Competitive sports are practiced by a small number of young athletes. With boarding schools , sports high schools , or the elite school of sports under the leadership of the German Sports Association DOSB and the German Sports Aid Foundation , in cooperation with the Olympic training centers , elites are promoted, in clubs also through homework supervision. The top athletes nominated for this selection training are called cadres .
Adult area
After finishing school and training or studies, competitive sports are usually only practiced in the professional sector, where material support can also be guaranteed. The Bundeswehr offers prospective professionals or athletes in certain fringe sports paid sports promotion groups in combinations of training and education opportunities. Almost 50% of the Olympic teams at the Summer Games are students.
After the active time
Some professional athletes follow up their time as active athletes with a career as a coach or sports official. Others prepare early for a career outside of sport.
Problems
Children in competitive sports
Physical and emotional developmental damage are known risks when children get into competitive sport too early. In various sports, such as art and apparatus gymnastics , talented people are often overwhelmed with difficult training even in kindergarten . This contrasts with the consensus paper of the British and American sports educators and paediatricians, who also call for "strength training" with free dumbbells in childhood, since they see a much greater health risk in lack of exercise and too little strain.
Risks to the body
Physical damage caused by competitive sport, which may only become noticeable after the end of a career, can occur.
- By overtraining , performance may decline.
- Joints, tendons or muscles (e.g. tennis elbow ) can be damaged by incorrect technique or movement sequences .
- An unbalanced diet (i.e. not adapted to the exercise) can lead to mineral deficiencies (e.g. iron deficiency ).
- Sports injuries can lead to permanent damage, for example with Joachim Deckarm .
- Sudden cardiac death while exercising
Competitive athletes are at higher risk of heart disease. Often are analgesics that lead to analgesic nephropathy can lead to increase the pain threshold ingested. The sports medicine describes many diseases which are caused by excessive sports, such as the tennis elbow , the Läufer-, jumper or soccer knee , the skier's thumb , the boxer nose , the rings tube , the Dementia pugilistica ( "boxer's encephalopathy") and fatigue fractures . Examples of damage as a result of sports injuries in competitive sports are the skull and brain trauma of ski racer Daniel Albrecht or the leg amputation of discus thrower Ilke Wyludda . Doping is a main problem in sport and thus also in competitive sport. In sports with high financial incentives, doping controls are ordered by WADA and NADA . The number of unreported cases is high. As a rule, however, the physical damage that occurs without (competitive) sport is highly significantly greater than that caused by competitive sport.
Professional support
Because of the risks, the training is monitored and controlled by a well-trained trainer. In addition, further advisors ( coaches ) and medical supervisors are deployed - especially for high-performance athletes . Trainers, who are often referred to as coaches, have, among other things:
- Knowledge of suitable training equipment
- Knowledge of the most important sports science findings about the correct dosage and planning of training
- precise knowledge of the movement sequences and frequent errors in the movement sequence in order to rule them out
- Knowledge of the systematic structure of the training
- Basic knowledge of nutrition
- Knowledge of age-related restrictions
Psychological care
The sports psychology captured human behavior, actions and experiences of people in the field of practice sports and aims to predict the future course and ethically to influence responsible manner. Top athletes are exposed to high psychological pressure before competitions, so that they are often given sports psychological support. Even after Robert Enke's death , only a few athletes went public because of psychological stress, such as Sebastian Deisler or Sven Hannawald .
Assessment of performance in competition
It must be taken into account that there are sports that are more or exclusively based on quantifiable (measurable, physical) performance assessments, i.e. result-oriented (athletics, swimming) and those that are more than progress-oriented sports (gymnastics, figure skating). The latter, non-quantifiable sports, often involve the problem of subjective judgment by the jurors or judges .
Although there is an effort to optimize and standardize the evaluation systems for the individual competitions in almost all of those sports, the performance assessments differ fundamentally from those in the result-oriented sports. There are also sports with a certain overlap between the two forms of assessment.
Deaths in competitive sports
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arnd Krüger , Uta Engels: Thirty Years of " Competitive Sport " - Claim and Reality. In: Competitive Sports Volume 31, Number 5, 2001, pp. 4–9.
- ↑ database TUPL - Institute for Applied Training Science. In: iat.uni-leipzig.de. Retrieved February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ Karl-Heinrich Bette: Structural aspects of high-performance sport in the Federal Republic. Sankt Augustin: Richartz, 1984.
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : Trainers need pedagogy! In: competitive sport Volume 19, number 5, 1989, pp. 31-33.
- ↑ Julia Mährlein: The sports star in Germany: the development of the top athlete from hero to brand. Göttingen: Sierke, 2009. ISBN 3-868-44130-1
- ↑ Matveev, Lev P. (1972). Periodization of sports training. (Problema periodizacii sportivnoj trenirovki. German from the Russian translation by Peter Tschiene. Ed. By Arnd Krüger and HJ Ehrlich). Berlin: Bartels and Wernitz. ISBN 3-87039-948-1 (3rd edition 1978).
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : The competitive athlete as a small business owner. A new socio-economic interpretation of sport and work, in: Leistungssport 2 (1972), 3, 211-216.
- ↑ RS Lloyd, AD Faigenbaum u. a .: Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. In: British journal of sports medicine. Volume 48, Number 7, April 2014, ISSN 1473-0480 , pp. 498-505, doi : 10.1136 / bjsports-2013-092952 , PMID 24055781 .
- ↑ Sudden cardiac death in sport: "Competitive sport is dangerous for the heart". In: Spiegel Online . May 8, 2012, accessed February 2, 2015 .
- ↑ Kay Brune, Ursula Niederweis, Bernhard K. Krämer: Sport and painkillers: Unholy alliance to damage the kidneys . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt . tape 105 , no. 37 . Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag , September 12, 2008, p. A-1894 / B-1630 / C-1594 .
- ^ Karl-Oswald Bauer, Niels Logemann: Quality of teaching and didactic research. Models and instruments for measuring subject-specific learning conditions and competencies. Waxmann Verlag, Münster 2011, ISBN 3-8309-7502-3 , p. 169 f.