Lübberstedt air ammunition facility
The air main ammunition plant Lübberstedt (colloquially Muna Lübberstedt ) was an ammunition plant of the German Air Force in the Bremen Forest between Lübberstedt and Bilohe in today's Osterholz district .
The exact name was Lufthauptmunitionsanstalt 2 / XI Lübberstedt , it was subordinate to Luftzeuggruppe 11 (XI) Hanover. From August 1944 to April 1945 a satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp belonged to the Muna. After the Second World War , the site was in the hands of British and American troops and was later taken over by the German Armed Forces .
history
The start of construction work on the MUNA Lübberstedt cannot be documented. Figures differ from one another - between 1936 and "until immediately before the Second World War ". In the autumn of 1939 it was announced in Axstedt and Lübberstedt that "in the forest on the other side of Albstedter Strasse the Luftwaffe was to build an ammunition store and facility. In December 1939 an office for the construction management was set up in an empty teacher's service apartment in Axstedt. A construction battalion of the Luftwaffe and Departments of the Reich Labor Service got to work, and the first barracks camp was ready for occupancy on February 1, 1940. Foreigners as well as Axstedt and Lübberstedter farmers with tractors and horse-drawn carts were deployed. In autumn 1940 the Billerbeek in Axstedt was straightened and deepened to drain the Muna The contiguous core area is given as 420 hectares. The production buildings were blown up on May 3, 1945. According to contemporary witnesses and inspection of the remains, 22 buildings belonged to the filling plant. 102 earth-sheathed concrete bunkers existed for explosives that were stored on demand and manufactured in the Muna Water for production w It was obtained from two 26 meter deep wells drilled in 1938/39. There was a separate waterworks for the accommodations. There was no special sewage treatment plant to dispose of the water contaminated with chemicals. A road network of 30 kilometers existed in the area. The total length of the railway tracks is 7.6 km. The railroad's siding runs through the facility - with several branches to different loading ramps.
The heart of the Lübberstedter Muna was the filling system. The grenade and bomb casings were prepared for filling with explosives. A mixture of several substances served as the material for the filling. The main part was TNT , which was delivered in powder form by rail. At about 90 degrees it was melted in a mixing kettle and mixed with saltpeter as an oxygen carrier. The mixture was filled into 16 grenades at the same time through insulated pipes, the process took about a minute. After cleaning and cooling, the grenades received a detonator. In the parachute house, the parachutes intended for sea mines were packed. It is not known where the material came from. "With a total weight of 1,000 kg per mine, enormous parachute surfaces must have been moved."
In the "powder mill", explosives were drilled out of defective ammunition and crushed - a waste explosive that could be reused. After the war, old ammunition was burned there. The blown building made of thick reinforced concrete walls has been preserved as a ruin.
German conscripts
“In numerous European and non-European countries, a large number of people were unemployed after the First World War . One of the models for getting this global problem under control was called the Labor Service . Above all, military associations and political parties in Germany had repeatedly called for the introduction of six months of compulsory labor service for young women and men. In June 1931, the Voluntary Labor Service (FAD) was introduced in Germany . The concept was called: community life in barren barracks with six to seven hours of work every day: road construction, flood protection, settlements, supplemented by subsequent physical and mental training. "
From October 1, 1935, every male youth was required to do six months of service in the Reich Labor Service (RAD). From September 1939 this obligation also applied to young women.
Not far from the village of Oldendorf north of Lübberstedt, a RAD warehouse was set up between September and November 1936. After the end of the war, the Oldendorf barracks served as accommodation for 300 refugees for several years.
There were several RAD camps in Lübberstedt: on Mützenweg near the level crossing to Muna, in the village around Lübberstedter Mühle, on Bargkamp and on the corner of Bogenstrasse and Schmiedestrasse. Only the first camp remained a RAD camp until April 1945. The others were temporarily occupied with construction soldiers, Eastern workers, foreign workers and prisoners of war . There was a communal kitchen, a swimming pool and a medical barracks on the site of today's Birkenstrasse.
Daily routine in the RAD
- 7 a.m. wake up
- Morning exercise in any weather with the stool as gymnastics equipment
- first breakfast
- Flag roll call and group division
- Work (e.g. drawing drainage ditches, straightening streams, draining fields and meadows, road works, work on the Muna complex)
- second breakfast at work
- Return to the camp and warm food
- an hour of bed rest
- Lessons (supplementation and deepening of general knowledge, political lessons, singing)
- 6 p.m. off duty (but still cleaning and mending work, polishing the spade with sandpaper and bacon rind)
- 10 p.m. Zap : bed rest
There was another RAD camp between Axstedt and the Muna, which was set up in 1939. Construction management, German and foreign civil workers were temporarily housed there.
There was the G-Lager (= community camp) between the village and Lübberstedt train station. This camp on Mützenweg served as accommodation for the workers of the companies and the foreign workers who were involved in the construction of the Muna. It had nothing to do with the RAD. From mid-1944 the Eastern worker families were relocated from Bilohe to here.
At the beginning of 1945 the activities of the Organization Todt , a militarily organized construction team in Lübberstedt, are documented.
Prisoners of war
"It can't hurt if the population looks at these animals in human form, is stimulated to think and can determine what would have happened if these beasts had attacked Germany."
Prisoners of war were recorded in main camps (Stalags) and officers' camps (Oflags). The Stalag XB in Sandbostel has been the operations center for thousands of prisoners of war in the Lübberstedt area since the beginning of the war , in cooperation with the Wesermünde employment office . As early as 1939, 50 Polish prisoners of war were housed in the Brünjes inn in Axstedt for work in agriculture. Belgians and French were also quartered there.
“The accommodation in the house of the innkeeper Georg Brünjes paid off ... Georg Brünjes had been a French captivity during the First World War and therefore understood the prisoner's feelings and situation. He even took souvenir photos of JA and his group, had the images developed and checked in the Stalag XB Sandbostel. He got it back through the guards. "
Serbian prisoners of war were housed in the dance hall of the Rönn inn in Hambergen . They were guarded by a single soldier. He came by bike in the morning, woke the prisoners at 6:00 am, sent them to work, and drove home in the evening after locking them in. There was no guarding during the eight hours of work - mostly with farmers, but also with a coal merchant.
" More prisoners of war came to Germany from the Soviet Union than from all other countries combined."
There were attempts in the population to give prisoners such. B. to help with boots, but "there were the inhuman rules that you couldn't give them anything". At the end of the war, the prisoners of war were poorly cared for, although they had to do hard work.
“For most of the people in Axstedt and Lübberstedt there was no doubt about how the Soviet prisoners of war would behave as soon as they were free after the end of the war. Everyone imagined the horrors, well prepared by the atrocity propaganda of the 'barbaric Bolsheviks ' and their own guilty conscience. "
The Russian prisoners of war are said to have been transported to the assembly camp in Nordholz at the end of the war . Several sources and contemporary witnesses also report on Italian military internees.
"Aliens"
“In autumn 1944 there was a foreign worker at almost every third job in the German Reich. ... A majority of the foreigners employed in the German Reich during the first years of the war had already committed themselves to work in Germany before 1939. ... After the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union, the Reich government also ordered the use of workers from the occupied eastern territories, primarily in the armaments industry. "
In February 1942, the Eastern Workers Decree regulated the lives of foreign workers. The "recruited" Eastern workers were essentially just as vulnerable to the principle of "extermination through work" as the prisoners of war.
Forms of work and working hours
The figures about the Eastern workers in the Muna complex vary. All sources give around 450 people. They did work outside the camp in agriculture or clean-up work in the Muna or with the shoemaker or a painter who employed ten Eastern workers and whose wife cooked for everyone. Armed civilians supervised them and walked them to work. They were paid for work and had Sundays and public holidays off, but could volunteer. When building the railroad, they carried sleepers and moved gravel and earth. The concrete road was also built by them. They had to unload and load wagons: wooden blocks, plates and ammunition. They also cleaned trenches.
The following is reported about the workflow of the Eastern workers:
- Get up at 6 a.m. when it was still dark
- walking to work in columns of three guarded by police officers in black uniforms
- Work as long as it was light - sometimes together with German masters who knew Polish and translated orders, also with German workers or Italians
- The working day was 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. for 12 hours (other sources indicate slightly different times)
The pay was very different. Some got no money, others got up to 25 marks a month. There was a lack of opportunities to spend the wages sensibly. The behavior of the supervisory staff was also very different. There is also talk of insults as pigs and beatings with a rubber baton, but also of having your own room on the farm, the same food as the family and neither insults nor beatings.
Eastern workers from Lübbersted remember the food in the Eastern workers' camps .
- 300 grams of bread stretched with beet pulp or wood flour
- 10-30 grams of margarine
- "Hot water called Kawa"
- At noon a liter of thin cabbage or potato soup , sometimes two liters of turnip soup or sauerkraut and white cabbage
- "There was horse meat too, but it stank like carcasses."
- You could buy additional bread and potato rations in the warehouse (one portion of bread for five marks, three potatoes for one mark)
- Heavy workers received one kilogram of black bread per week and were given noodle or barley soup on major festivals and holidays
Sometimes peasants came on Sundays and took workers out of the camp. They were given bread for work in the house and yard.
“The violent and humiliating uprooting and the harsh living conditions in Lübberstedt had to take away all courage to face life for a long time from the generally 20 to 26 year old Eastern workers. ... If [the smooth external organization] worked, then the in-house climate and, accordingly, the work performance were good. "
The camp manager registered 24 births at the Axstedt registry office . Two of the three women who reported about their time in the camp had had a child in the camp. All confirmed that the German staff had a good relationship with the children. Fresh milk and semolina were available for the babies . The nursing Eastern workers received malt beer and were allowed to nurse their children every four hours.
The end of the war was sometimes chaotic. For fear of acts of revenge, the prisoners should not be released, but continue to be guarded and handed over to the victors in a closed body. Five men could not instill any respect in an almost 100 times greater number of Eastern workers. The camp was also looted at the end of the war. "Checked bedding, skirts, blouses, lockers, everything flew through the area. [The looters] came from Hambergen [and] Bokel . In the last days of the war, prisoners from the Valentin submarine bunker in Bremen-Farge also came through Lübberstedt and Hambergen.
Human action between compassion and punishment took place many times. A particularly brave incident:
“The contemporary witness HB from Axstedt reported that a group of Hungarian prisoners passed not far from his parents' house. When a soldier from the naval riflemen tried to slip them a piece of bread, the SS guards intervened. The soldier then pulled his pistol and got his way. (One can only hope that the recipient did not have to pay for this good deed heavily!) "
In a letter, the daughter of the camp manager, Major Pfeiffer, described that her father secretly made bread, vegetable and potato waste from the kitchen available to women workers from the East and Russian prisoners of war - he officially got them "for his rabbits ".
The Lübberstedt-Bilohe subcamp
The prisoners in the concentration camps offered an inexhaustible reservoir of labor. In order not to let work in the armaments industry and war-important factories come to a standstill, satellite and sub-camps of the concentration camps were set up near such factories. In Bilohe, on the southern edge of the Muna-terrain emerged as the satellite camp of the Neuengamme concentration camp , which was set up 30 km south of Hamburg in a brick from the 1940th
A group of 500 Jewish Hungarians arrived in Lübberstedt-Bilohe after a three-day journey at the end of August / beginning of September 1944. The women had been selected for this transport in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp . But it took a while for the train to leave - wagons had to be available and the rail network to the destination had to be intact. At that time there was a lot of destruction.
“Everyone lived in great fear, as the awareness prevailed that 'we were waiting for our journey to the crematorium'. ... Finally the doors closed and the trains drove into a new uncertainty. "
The camp in Bilohe was not new accommodation. Before the Hungarians came here, Eastern worker families from Ukraine had already lived here. The barracks were built in 1941 by an air force construction battalion.
Daily routine in the Bilohe camp
- Morning roll call on the roll call square in front of the kitchen barracks when it rains in the barracks, in summer between four and five o'clock
- Breakfast (a quarter of a bread roll , some jam, a piece of margarine, half a liter of "a warm, brown broth, the 'coffee'") - the food had to be divided up: if you had saved the ration from the previous evening, you could distribute the bread from morning to day.
- Cleaning barracks, building beds, personal hygiene
- Marching to work at six o'clock - the prisoners made their way to the Muna accompanied by Wehrmacht soldiers and SS guards singing (in German!), They were tied around the stomach with ropes, the wooden clogs made it difficult to march, the rattling of the wooden galoshes was widely heard. Every now and then the women were given something edible on the way to work (see above: human behavior).
- The clothing consisted of the items of clothing preserved in the Auschwitz concentration camp, the sleeves on the clothes were interchanged in order to identify the women as concentration camp inmates.
- Work until late afternoon with a half-hour lunch break (in the Muna, because Bilohe was too far away) or in twelve-hour shifts
- Lunch (a liter of beet soup, sometimes with horse meat or a ration of small sour herrings)
- March back to the camp in Bilohe, on foot - often with blows
- Evening roll calls - often with a search for hidden food - if the number of prisoners did not match the papers, the roll calls often lasted several hours.
- Dinner (a quarter of bread, some margarine, some sausage or a spoonful of quark - sometimes a warm soup)
- Conversations, repair of clothes, personal hygiene
“The catering was never sufficient, but there was an exchange for other discounts. In winter, for example, a warm soup was exchanged for one of the coveted places by the warm stove or the heater. Due to the short night's sleep and the poorly heated barracks, clothes that got wet in the rain could only be dried with difficulty or not at all. "
In May 1944, Hitler gave the order for Hungarian Jewish prisoners to work in the arms industry.
"All of these people must be fed, housed and treated in such a way that they perform as efficiently as possible with the most economical use possible."
The prisoners were divided into work detachments.
- Internal detachments in the Bilohe camp were considered easier work
- kitchen
- Tailoring
- bath
- Shoemaking
- Equipment chamber
- "Revier" - patient care
- External detachments for work in the Muna outside the Bilohe camp
- Production of bombs for the Air Force in two shifts
- Transport of ammunition from one bunker to the next
- Loading of the ammunition in railroad cars
- Work in the parachute house
- Felling trees, digging work
- Production of bombs for the Air Force in two shifts
End of the war in the Muna Lübberstedt
"[It had] to be clear to the sober-minded that the dangerous handling of explosives in the military defense of the ammunition factory in peacetime would become an almost incalculable risk for the environment."
On February 22, 1945, a steam locomotive was hit on the Muna siding. The area around Bremerhaven was to be defended as the " Wesermünde Fortress ". On April 20, 440 Hungarian women were evacuated from the Bilohe camp in the early hours of the morning. In the evening hours, bombs fell on the Muna grounds for the first time. However, production was resumed. The Muna should be defended in two lines: The administrative area of the Muna should be developed as a citadel (fortress within the fortress). The roads to Bremerhaven / Wesermünde, Osterholz-Scharmbeck and Bremen were to be secured with machine-gun stands, anti-tank traps , tank trenches and traps, tobruk stands and foxholes for bazooka shooters . "This expanded base was of course also a great danger to the surrounding villages in the event that there had been fighting here," the camp manager Major Pfeiffer later wrote. The situation became particularly dangerous when the railway line was completely destroyed in several places by bombs on April 12th. For three days everyone lived in fear of another attack that could have blown up the immobile ammunition wagons in the Muna area.
“The defense concept had completely changed. The Muna had been informed by radio that the enemy situation would shortly require the destruction of the facility. Orders: The armed personnel should then go to Nordholz and report to the combat commander there. The rest of the retinue - equipped with hand grenades and bazookas - should be ready for guerrilla warfare in the vicinity of the facility. "
The Muna's extensive food depot was finally cleared on April 9th and 10th and the stocks distributed to the civilian population. On the evening of April 20th, bombs fell on the Muna, after explosive shells had been filled and transported in 51 wagons shortly before as part of the “Clearance of the ammunition stocks” campaign. On April 29th, English troops liberated the Sandbostel prisoner of war camp . The management of the Muna lamented "the reduced sense of duty among the civilian followers, readiness for action was barely recognizable." On May 4th, ammunition production was finally stopped. The demolition of the facility was organized and began at 6 p.m. 30 detonations were counted in four hours.
“With immediate effect, all civilians must remain in their homes. ... The heads of households have to attach a list of the residents to their front doors, as well as a list of the weapons and ammunition stored. The reception and accommodation of members of the German armed forces is prohibited. "
The demolition of the saltpeter depot resulted in the largest explosion crater . The clouds of detonation rose in the shape of a tower to several hundred meters, and the mist-shaped powder vapor was blown into the northern forest areas in a light southerly wind. The powdery powder burning in the air and the blown up warehouses full of paper and cardboard caused eight large fires in the forest. Since roads were also blown up, no fire engines could be used. The fires were left to their own devices, the sudden onset of rain prevented a catastrophe. A contemporary witness reported that the eastern workers in the village stood on the shelters and jumped into the air cheering at every explosion. The explosions were so strong that huge boulders landed over 100 m in the meadow of farmer H. not far from the Giehler Bach.
The unconditional surrender in the Elbe-Weser triangle was announced on May 6th. The camp leader of the Lübberstedt prison camp "left his office on a stolen bicycle". The civilian population began to make destroyed bridges usable again and to dismantle anti- tank barriers .
Reuse
British troops occupied the Muna Lübberstedt and handed over the area to the American armed forces after a short time. An ammunition depot was created. In 1948 school meals were organized from here . In the summer of 1951 a children's home was set up by the German Red Cross . The school-age children were educated in a home school. After the closure in 1954, another children's home was run by the Red Cross.
American soldiers were stationed in Lübberstedt from 1945 to 1954 and from 1978 to 1992. During Operation Desert Storm (Operation Wüstensturm) , the ammunition depot in Lübberstedt served as a transshipment point for the shipment of military equipment to Iraq. In the 14 years after 1978 around 15 to 20 US soldiers from the 2nd Armored Division "Hell on Wheels" were stationed in Lübberstedt, emphasized US Colonel Marlo D. Russ and Lieutenant Colonel Gerd-Jürgen Gruß when the Americans left Lübberstedt in 1992 .
From 1956 to December 31, 2009 the Bundeswehr used the complex as an ammunition depot and barracks, later as a material store. After that, the forest is used for forestry again and the barracks buildings were sold.
Photos of the state of the Muna 2010
(recorded during the performance of the play of "The Last Gem", September 2010)
Loading ramp
Former heating power station in 2010
Theater performance within a hall
Building condition 2010
Entrance to the ammunition bunker 04
Play "MUNA Lübberstedt"
In September 2010 the theater group “ The Last Gem ” staged the play Muna Lübberstedt - a documentary staging of a military fallow . The director and author of the play, Jens-Erwin Siemssen, spoke to many contemporary witnesses from the area and survivors of the camp who had experienced the Lübberstedt air ammunition facility as children or adolescents in order to write the play, which was recognized beyond the region. The barbed wire was opened to visitors for the first time in 70 years . The visitors were driven from the Lübberstedt train station to the Muna in a historic railcar. In order to get approval for the use of the area, the artist group had to clear the overgrown 7.8 km long tracks and repair them.
Scenes from the play
- Waldhaus - The "Waldhaus" used to be an excursion restaurant near the Lübberstedt train station, which was visited by weekend tourists from Bremen and Bremerhaven.
- Tailor's Room - Women worked on repairs in the tailor's shop.
- Truck - If a transport with women came, a woman from the tailor's room had to translate.
- Rote Marie - The guard was a tall blonde woman whose hair had turned red because of the material used to fill the bombs.
- Little Marie - a cruel overseer whose whole pride was to teach her column German songs.
- Galoshes - The women rattled wooden galoshes over the cobblestones.
- Ammunition - Ammunition was stored in the bunkers eighteen meters wide and fourteen meters deep.
- Barracks - There were two-story beds in the barracks. There was vegetable soup to eat. "Heinrich, from the Sudeten", sometimes put chocolate or sausage through the fence to the prisoners.
- End of the war - At the end of the war, buildings and bridges were blown up.
Photos of the state of the Muna in 2012
(recorded during the inspection of the site by the MUNA Lübberstedt working group on April 21, 2012)
Hauptwache at the entrance to the Muna in Wohlthöfener Strasse
Sign of the MUNA Lübberstedt working group, which will be offering guided tours of the site from 2012
Main street from the guard building to the Muna with former barracks buildings
Railway systems
Factory building
Entrances to the above-ground bunkers - ventilation shaft above
Extinguishing water pond with brick edges
blown building of the former powder mill
INST house - for repairs to ammunition, therefore on the right with a protective wall as high as a house
light hall buildings
one of the many extinguishing water ponds in the area
Street sign (Ohnacker = Major General Jakob Ohnacker)
MUNA Lübberstedt working group
The working group MUNA Lübberstedt eV has been devoted to research, documentation and information about MUNA Lübberstedt since January 1991. The association was founded on January 27, 1996 - the day the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated , after the working group had extensively researched the history of the camp. The documentation to which Hans-Jochen Vogel wrote the foreword appeared as a summary .
The working group visited Israel , Warsaw , and Kressbronn on Lake Constance to meet former prisoners. In addition, the members of the MUNA working group kept in contact with the research group in Sandbostel .
The Bundeswehr has not used the site since autumn 2009. The association has achieved an opening of the site. An adventure landscape with a small documentation center is to be created. Guided tours through the Muna site (also for wheelchair users and cyclists) are offered by the working group.
Projects of the association
Research and documentation of the camp
In the early 1990s, the working group undertook research and documentation of the "Muna Lübberstedt" complex. A surprising number of fellow citizens from the Hambergen community, but also from other places, were ready to bring the time between 1939 and 1945 to life in the Muna with their memories. Your commitment gave us the certainty that the fate of the people who had to live and die here in the midst of bombs and grenades, war and barracks, has not been forgotten. (Source = Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 9)
“We tried to reconstruct and describe how the Muna was built, what and how was produced here, how one lived under storage conditions in the turbulence of the war that was coming to an end. This includes information on weapons and ammunition as well as descriptions of bomb attacks and the expansion of defensive positions. ... The East Prussian Major Willy Pfeiffer, his memories and the Muna diary he kept in the last four months of the war and the contact with his children and grandson became an important source for our research. "
Graves in Axstedt and Lübberstedt
In Axstedt there is a grave site for a camp victim that is tended by the Primrose Club. In the spring of 1994, the working group took over the maintenance of the facility at the Lübberstedt cemetery with the memorial stone and community grave. The association maintains and designs the communal grave complex with 12 deceased at the cemetery in Lübberstedt - they were merged into one complex in 1989. The memorial stone there reads:
REMEMBER
HERE REST
FORCED LABOR
MEN WOMEN
CHILDREN
Memorial at the entrance to the memorial site
On November 9, 2019, to the left of the entrance to the Muna Lübberstedt site, a memorial was inaugurated by the MUNA working group in the presence of the district administrator of the district of Osterholz, Bernd Lütjen, the superintendent of the parish of Wesermünde, Albrecht Preisler and other communal personalities. Of the five apple trees that were planted around the memorial, two are corbinian apples .
Guided tours of the MUNA Lübberstedt site
Since spring 2012, the MUNA Lübberstedt working group has been offering guided tours of the Muna site on the third Sunday of each month.
literature
- Barbara Hillman, Volrad Kluge, Erdwig Kramer: Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt - Forced Labor for the War . With the collaboration of Thorsten Gajewi and Rüdiger Kahrs. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-254-3 . (The book is out of print, but is now available again as a scanned version on the working group's website, approx. 55 MB.)
- MUNA Lübberstedt, prospectus of the MUNA Lübberstedt eV working group, undated
- CD THE MUNA LÜBBERSTEDT - A RELIC OF WORLD WAR II, a documentation of the working group Muna Lübberstedt eV, available from the working group
Web links
- Website of the MUNA Lübberstedt working group
- Lübberstedt on the "Relics in Lower Saxony and Bremen" page
- Muna Lübberstedt on Geschichtsatlas.de
- Rüdiger Kahrs, The evacuation of the Lübberstedt satellite camp near Bremen to Ostholstein in 1945
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 13
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 18
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 38
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 22
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 46f
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 48
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 53
- ^ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 56
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 62
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 73
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 78f
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, pp. 80f
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 82
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 85
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 88
- ↑ “It was the end of April. An evacuation train of prisoners from Bremen Farge came through Hambergen on the way to the camp in Sandbostel. The train was accompanied by guards. They made quarters on a farm in Hambergen-Bullwinkel. The prisoners were so starved that they attacked turnips and sacks of grain. Three prisoners hid in the hayloft. In the morning one of the prisoners - a Polish hairdresser - tried to escape from a window. But a soldier jumped after and shot him with the pistol. The deceased was buried on the spot. In the morning the evacuation train continued its sad march. The two remaining prisoners then left the property and fled to the Hamberger Feldmark. There they waited for the war to end, hidden in a beet heap. In Lübberstedt, prisoners from the misery train ran into a house on the street and stole a bowl of potatoes from the table. ” (Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 89f)
- ^ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 95
- ^ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 95
- ↑ In the book Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, pp. 141-146, the story of three Hungarian Jewish women is traced.
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, pp. 117f
- ↑ At the beginning of 1944 the order was issued to develop the Muna into an advanced base for the Wesermünde Fortress. Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 163
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 164
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 190
- ↑ Written, as yet unpublished communication from the Chairman of the AK MUNA-Lübberstedt, Erdwig Kramer, from April 25, 2012
- ^ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, p. 162
- ↑ Americans say goodbye to Lübberstedt, article in the Osterholzer Kreisblatt, June 15, 1992.
- ↑ Muna Lübberstedt ( Memento from September 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) of the theater group The Last Gem .
- ↑ Breathe history in an old ammunition factory . In: The world . September 3, 2010.
- ↑ In the spring of 1988 the student Henning Bollinger ( Axstedt ) took part in a student competition organized by the State Agency for Political Education. As part of the commemorative days "50 years of the beginning of the war", the topic of " Forced Laborers in the Muna" was taken up by a church group. She remembered the Nazi era with a memorial march. In January 1992, Volrad Kluge, Barbara Hillman, Erdwig Kramer and Heinrich Oetting formed a working group. Thorsten Gajewi and Rüdiger Kahrs joined them in the course of the year. The publication of the book Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt - Forced Labor for the War 1995 led to the foundation of the association on January 27, 1996, the Holocaust Remembrance Day. After Kluge's death in February 1999, Helmut Lubitz took over the chairmanship of the association. He was followed by Erdwig Kramer and, from 2016, Karina Koegel-Renken.
- ^ The MUNA Lübberstedt association would like to build a memorial at the former Lübberstedt air ammunition facility. (Weser-Kurier.de)
- ↑ Guided tours through the former MUNA Lübberstedt
- ↑ Photos and documents from the people's possession were made available to the working group. Contacts with 10 Eastern workers in several countries brought a lot of information about life in the MUNA. From archives in Freiburg , Bremen , Hamburg , Plön , Eutin , Osterholz-Scharmbeck , Berlin , from Keele University , the Holocaust Documentation Center in Budapest , the Heinrich Böll Foundation , from the "Memorial" working group (Cologne / Moscow) ( website of the Memorial Working Group ) and the central record on the history of resistance and persecution 1933 - 1945 in the area of the state of Lower Saxony ( the central record on the history of resistance ... was located at the state center for political education in Hanover before its dissolution) and by the sponsoring association the history of the workers 'movement in Cuxhaven (address of the Friends of the History of the Workers' Movement ... see here ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ) the authors received documents and information. However, they regret that they did not have access to the materials of the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen .
- ↑ The names of the victims of the Bilohe subcamp are listed on the two plaques in front of the memorial stone: Michael Tsjaschtschenko (1919-1943), Fani Pavel (1915-1944), Rexfin Weiss (1910-1945), Sari Katz (1920-1945) ), Etel Jezkovits (1926-1945), Leonit Prostschenko (1944-1944), Natalie Kuleschenko (1943-1944), Vitalei Tazuk (1943-1944), Antonia Sorokina (1937-1944), Katja Oksenjuk (1943-1944), Wigtor Noska (1943-1944) and Valentin Tschernenko (1944-1944)
- ↑ Primel Club is the abbreviation for the " Women's Association" Our beautiful village of Axstedt " "
- ↑ Lw. 2 / XI - Muna Lübberstedt, pp. 208f
- ↑ in the Osterholzer Kreisblatt about the inauguration of the memorial
Coordinates: 53 ° 20 ′ 16.8 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 32.6 ″ E