Mangaseya
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Location of Mangasejas in Russia |
Mangaseja ( Russian Мангазе́я ) was a city and trading colony in northwest Siberia that existed in the early days of the Russian colonization of Siberia in the 17th century. It was located a little north of the Arctic Circle on the Tas River , which flows into the Arctic Ocean between the Ob and Yenisei .
history
Russian settlers from the White Sea coast , also known as Pomors , founded Mangaseja in 1601, having first reached the area the year before. They traded with Norwegian , Danish and English merchants by the northern sea route via Arkhangelsk . The trade route led from Arkhangelsk and Pustosersk along the coast of the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea to the Baidarata Bay . From there the Yamal peninsula was crossed on the rivers Mutnaja ("Trüber River", today's name Juribei ) and Seljonaja ("Green River"), then the Obbusen crossed and the Tasbusen followed upwards. About 200 kilometers upstream on the right bank of the tas about one kilometer wide was Mangaseja. Another, more arduous and time-consuming, but year-round passable route led across the northern Urals to Verkhoturye , on to Berjosow on the Ob, founded in 1593, and from there down the river. From Mangaseja the Turuchan River could be reached by land and smaller right tributaries of the Tas , on which the trade route ran down to the Yenisei. In Mangaseja traded with the native inhabitants of the area, the "Samoyed" and "Tungus" ; there were furs and Walrossbein collected from Siberia to during the short Nordic summer to Scandinavia to be shipped and Western Europe. In the city with more than 500 buildings, a fur fair for more than 2000 traders was held every June.
After a few years of prosperity, the northern trade route was banned in 1619 in favor of the land route via Verkhoturye, under threat of death, for two reasons: on the one hand, the Russian state had little opportunity to levy tariffs and taxes on it, on the other hand, they wanted the feared advance of the English and other foreigners to Siberia. This fear was not without reason, as the plans of King James I of England show.
The still possible land and river route to northern Mangaseja was far more risky and expensive than the route through southern Western Siberia, and thus became unprofitable. The city existed for more than half a century, but it experienced rapid decline. In 1642 there was a major fire in which, among other things, the city archive was destroyed. After another devastating fire in 1662 in connection with disputes among the Russian settlers and an attack by the West Siberian Nenets, then known as the "Juraks", most of the remaining inhabitants settled in Novaya Mangaseja, which is about 250 kilometers as the crow flies to the southeast at the confluence of the Turuchan and the Yenisei ("New Mangaseya") above. This became the administrative center of an okrug in 1780 as Turukhansk , after the loss of its administrative functions it also experienced a decline from around 1825 and is now called Staroturukhansk (today's settlement Turukhansk was built 20 kilometers away on the far right bank of the Yenisei in the 20th century). "Old Mangaseja" was completely abandoned by the end of the 17th century.
"Rediscovery"
The northern sea route of the Pomors to Mangaseja was forgotten until the 20th century, but the location of Mangaseja was never completely unknown. In the remote area, however, no archaeological work was carried out for a long time . In 1929 a wooden chapel, built in place of the old Mangaseja and consecrated to Basilius (Vasily) by Mangaseja, was moved to the village of Sidorovsk , founded in 1863 (in the far north of today's Krasnoselkup Raion of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , officially abandoned in 2006). In 1946 the archaeologist W. Tschernezow stayed at the site, but could not carry out excavations because of the existing snow cover.
Public attention was drawn to Mangaseya in the summer of 1967, when the journalist Mikhail Skorokhodov, together with the Pomorian hunter and fisherman Dmitri Butorin, followed the old sea route to Mangaseya and on to Dikson at the Yenisei Estuary in the small fishing boat Shchelja from Arkhangelsk for more than 4000 kilometers . In the following summers up to 1970 and again in the 1970s, Leningrad scientists under Mikhail Belov carried out excavations, in the course of which the remains of the Ostrog with three towers, the port, the large trading yard (Russian Гостиный двор / Gostiny dwor ), several churches, the Voivod's Palace , warehouses and workshops, including a copper foundry, and a large number of residential buildings in old Mangaseja.
Basil of Mangaseja
In connection with Mangaseja there is a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church , Basil of Mangaseja (Russian Vasily Mangaseiski ). The son of a merchant from Yaroslavl , born around 1588, accompanied another merchant to Mangaseja. When his shop was robbed, the merchant accused Vasily of complicity. During interrogations, during which Vasily asserted that he had prayed in a church during the period in question, he was mistreated to death. 1602 is assumed to be the presumed year of death.
From around 1650, when Vasili's grave was said to have been healed miraculously, his remains were venerated in Mangaseja; from 1659 he was locally considered a saint. In 1670 the remains were transferred to the Trinity Monastery of New Mangaseya, later Turukhansk. The highest and regional authorities of the Orthodox Church forbade the veneration of Basil of Mangaseja several times; It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that repeated petitions from Siberian believers met with success, and he was canonized as a martyr by the Holy Synod .
literature
- Terence Armstrong: Russian Settlement in the North . University Press, Cambridge 1965 (English).
- Michail Belov: Arktičeskoe plavanie s drevnejšich vremën do serediny XIX veka . Morskoj transport, Moscow 1956, p. 112–120 (Russian, Arctic Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Mid-19th Century ).
- W. Bruce Lincoln: The Conquest of Siberia . Piper, Munich, Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-492-03441-1 , pp. 81-82 .
- Michail Skorochodov: Putešestvie na "Ščel ʹ e" . Kazan 1977 (Russian, online - The trip with the "Shchelja" ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Inna Lubimenko: A Project for the Acquisition of Russia by James I . In: English Historical Review . Vol. XXIX, No. CXIV , 1914, pp. 246-256 (English).
- ↑ Beyond the Stone Gate: Journeys by German researchers in the 18th and 19th centuries 19th century through Siberia . Selected and introduced by Herbert Scurla . 4th edition. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1976, p. 608 .
- ^ Photos of the Shchelja expedition in 1967 in the media archive of the RIA Novosti agency
- ↑ Pravoslavnaja ėncyklopedija . tape VII . Moscow 2004, ISBN 5-89572-010-2 , pp. 206–209 (Russian, online - Orthodox Encyclopedia ).
Coordinates: 66 ° 41 ′ 30 ″ N , 82 ° 15 ′ 15 ″ E