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In the Bible ( 2 Mos 16 EU ), the food that served the Israelites as food on their 40-year journey through the desert is called manna or heavenly bread .
Manna in the Bible
Manna is described as "something fine, crispy, as fine as ripe" ( 2 Mos 16.14 EU ), "white like coriander seeds" and with the taste of " honey cake " ( 2 Mos 16.31 EU ). This food fell on the desert floor at night and could be picked up in the morning. It could not be saved. Everything that was not eaten in the evening spoiled overnight ( 2 Mos 16 : 19-20 EU ). This can be seen as a demand from the Lord for trust. The Israelites were only allowed to gather twice as much manna on the sixth day of the week for the Sabbath . It didn't spoil overnight. On the morning of the Sabbath itself there was no fresh manna to be found ( 2 Mos 16 : 22–26 EU ). The exact meaning of the word manna ( Hebrew מָן man ) is unclear, but probably means in Hebrew “What is that?” ( Hebrew מָן הוּא man hu ), which is supposed to refer to the sudden, unexpected appearance of manna in the desert. It is believed that the name is supposed to reflect the question the Israelites asked when they saw the bread.
In the New Testament ( John 6.30–35 EU ) Jesus Christ refers to himself as the “bread of life” with reference to manna. In Christianity , therefore, manna stands as a symbol for the Eucharist .
Manna in the Koran
Manna is also mentioned in the Koran , for example:
Sura 2 Al-Baqara , verse 57: “And we made the cloud cast shadows over you. And we sent the manna and the quail down on you (asking you): 'Eat of the good things we have given you!' (But the children of Israel were ungrateful and stubborn.) And they did wrong not against us, but against themselves. "
Sura 7 Al-A'raf , verse 160: “And We divided them into twelve tribes to form communities, and We revealed to Moses when his people asked him something to drink: 'Hit the rock with your stick.' Twelve springs sprang from it: so each tribe knew its drinking place. And We let the clouds overshadow them and sent down manna and quail: 'Eat of the good things which We have given you.' And they did not harm us, but they harmed themselves. "
As well as sura 20 Tā-Hā , verse 80: "O children of Israel, We saved you from your enemy, and We made a covenant with you on the right side of the mountain and sent manna and quail down on you."
interpretation
An older interpretation interprets manna as the thalli of the edible manna lichen ( Lecanora esculenta ) widespread in the Middle East . The standard translation of the Bible refers to the resin of the manna tamarisk , but at the same time makes it clear that this occurs in too small quantities to serve to feed a larger wandering group. (Note on 2 Mos 16.31 EU ). Another theory is that is manna an excretory secretion from the Sinai living on tamarisk scale insects , which usually clear at night in the form of glass-like, sugar-rich water droplets is eliminated and takes on a milky white due to crystallization after a few days to light yellow brown color liquid. The scale insects in question are predominantly the species Najococcus serpentinus and Trabutina mannipura . Manna would therefore be a special type of honeydew .
Manna as medicine. history
From the second half of the 16th century at the latest in Europe, “manna” was understood to mean the dried juice that emerges after the ash bark has been cut. Joachim Camerarius the Younger reported in 1586 that "Manna" was collected "in French-speaking countries ... on Fraxino and his families":
"In Welſchlandt the manna / which ſo commonly eats the galls and watery moisture without purging it without purging hazelnut / commonly found on the Fraxino and ſ a bad one and collected ..."
Dioscurides and Pliny understood by “manna” the “ crumbs that came off by shaking the incense tree”.
The doctors of the Arab and Latin Middle Ages understood “manna” to be a dew (“ros”) that falls on stones and trees, is sweet and runs like honey. It should take on the nature of what it falls on. The "manna" should soften the stomach, quench acute fevers, be useful to the chest and lungs, and to the choleric and hot natures . Sources of the Arab Middle Ages: Sources of the Latin Middle Ages:
From the 16th to the 19th century, the "Manna" was mainly obtained from Calabria ("Manna calabrina") and from Sicily . There it was obtained as a secretion from the bark of the common ash or from the bark of the manna ash . As a spontaneous secretion during the dog days (July 23rd to August 23rd) or as a secretion forced by incisions in the bark in September and October. Different qualities were offered in stores depending on their origin and purity.
In therapy, "Manna" and preparations made from "Manna" were used for gentle laxation according to the rules of the theory of the juice until the 19th century . Sources of the 17th and 18th centuries: Sources of the 19th century:
See also
literature
- Laurence Gardner : Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark. Amazing Revelations of the Incredible Power of Gold. Element, London 2003, ISBN 0-00-714295-1 .
Web links
- Ludwig Schmidt: Manna. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (eds.): The scientific Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff., Accessed on June 20, 2012.
- Frieder Leipold: Bread of Heaven. Enigmatic manna. ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) historio.de from March 10, 2011
Individual proof
- ↑ Joel C. Slayton, Art. Manna In: David Noel Freedman (Ed.), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday 1992, ISBN 3-438-01121-2 , Vol. 4, p. 511.
- ↑ Leimkugel, Frank: “And when the dew was gone, lo and behold, it was round and small in the desert like the hoarfrost in the country” - The Sinai expedition of the Hebrew University of 1927 to clarify the manna phenomenon. In: Kaasch, M. & J. Kaasch: Biology and Society. Negotiations for the history and theory of biology, 17 (2012), pp. 249-253.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Houël . Voyage picturesque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari: Où l'on traite des Antiquités qui s'y trouvent encore; des principaux phenomena que la nature y offre; du Costume de Habitans, & de quelques Usages . Paris 1782, Volume I, Figure No 32: (digitized version) . Explanatory text also in: Johann Heinrich Keerl (translator). Houel's travels through Sicily, Malta and the Aeolian Islands . Ettinger, Gotha 1797, Volume II, pp. 8–9: Description of the manna harvest ( digitized version )
- ↑ google-streetview (October 22, 2019) Manna ash in Cinisi
- ↑ (digitized version)
- ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. In the translation by Julius Berendes . Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book I, Chapter 83 (digitized version)
- ↑ Pliny the Elder . 1st century Naturalis historia . Translated and explained by Philipp H. Külb . Metzler, Stuttgart 1840-1864. Book XII, Chapter 32 ( digitized version )
- ^ Avicenna . 10-11 Century canon of medicine . Book II. Simple Medicines. Translation and editing by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Venice 1555, p. 272: Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Constantine the African . 11th century Liber de gradibus simplicium = translation of the Liber de gradibus simplicium of Ibn al-Jazzar . 10th century, print. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 347: Manna Digitalisat
- ↑ Approximately instans . 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 202r: Manna (digitized)
- ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 106r: Manna (digitized)
- ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Volume II, Stuttgart 1842, p. 533 Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Konrad von Megenberg . 14th century. Main source: Thomas of Cantimpré , Liber de natura rerum . Output. Franz Pfeiffer . Konrad von Megenberg. Book of nature. Aue, Stuttgart 1861, pp. 90–91: Himelprot [ https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10076915_00164.html (digitalisat)]
- ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1484, Part II, Chapter 7 Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Peter Schöffer , Mainz 1485, chapter 267: Manna hymmeldauwe (digitized version )
- ^ Hortus sanitatis . Jacobus Meydenbach, Mainz 1491, Chapter 275: Manna (digitized version)
- ↑ Pierre Pomet . Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des animaux, & des mineraux; ouvrage enrichy de plus de quatre cent figures en taille-douce tirées d'aprés nature; avec un discours qui explique leurs differens noms, les pays d'où elles viennent, la maniere de connoître les veritables d'avec les falsifiées, & leurs proprietez, où l'on découvre l'erreur des anciens & des modern ... par le sieur Pierre Pomet .... Jean-Baptiste Loyson & Augustin Pillon Paris 1694, Book 7: Des gommes, Chapter 2: De la manne (pp. 236–239) (digitized) - German: The sincere materialist and specerey dealer or main and general description of their specereyen and materials ... in French ... made by Peter Pomet ... Leipzig, 1717, Sp 353–364 (digitized version )
- ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples, contenant leurs noms, origines, choix, principes, vertus, étymologies, et ce qu'il ya de particulier dans les animaux, dans les végétaux et dans les minéraux , Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, p 470–471: Manna (digitalisat) - German: Complete materials lexicon . Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 693–696: Manna (digitized)
- ^ Joseph Pitton de Tournefort . Traité de la matière médicale, ou l'Histoire et l'usage des médicamens et leur analyze chymique, avec les noms des plantes en latin et en françois, leurs vertus, leurs doses et les compositions où on les employe. Volume I, L. d'Houry, Paris 1717, pp. 27–37 (digitized version )
- ↑ Pharmacopoeia Argentoratensis… a Collegio Medico adornata . Johann Reinhold Dulssecker, Strasbourg 1725, p. 188: Syrupus Mannae laxativus ( digital copy ); P. 241: Manna liquida and Manna tabulata atque tartarisata ( digital copy )
- ↑ Württemberg Pharmacopoeia . Stuttgart 1741, pp. 106-107: Manna Calabrina ( digital copy ); P. 315: Syrupus de Manna laxativus ( digital copy )
- ↑ Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacy art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 955–958: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ Domenico Sestini . Lettere del signor abate Domenico Sestini . Florence 1780, Volume 2, pp. 176-192 (digitized version ) - German: Johann J. Volkemann (translator). Abbot Domenicus Sestini's letters from Sicily and Turkey to his friends in Tuscany . Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1780, Volume I, pp. 218–226: From the ash trees and the manna. (Digitized version)
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Houël . Voyage picturesque des isles de Sicile, de Malte et de Lipari: Où l'on traite des Antiquités qui s'y trouvent encore; des principaux phenomena que la nature y offre; du Costume de Habitans, & de quelques Usages . Paris 1782, Volume I, Chapter 6, pp. 52-53 (digital copy ) ; Fig. No 32: (digitized) - German: Johann Heinrich Keerl (translator). Houel's travels through Sicily, Malta and the Aeolian Islands . Ettinger, Gotha1797, Volume II, pp. 8–9: Description of the manna harvest ( digitized )
- ^ Johann Andreas Murray . Apparatus Medicaminum Tam Simplicium Quam Praeparatorum Et Compositorum In Praxeos Adiumentum Consideratus . Dieterich, Göttingen 1784, Volume III, pp. 535-541 Fraxinus excelsior ( digitized version), pp. 542-561: Fraxinus ornus - Manna vel Manna calabrina ( digitized version ) - Ludwig Christian Seger (translator). The Lord Joh. Andr. Murray D. Knight of the royal. Swedish Wasaordens, ord. Prof. the Medic. and directors of the royal. offered. Gartens zu Göttingen ... Arzney supply or instructions for practical knowledge of simple, prepared and mixed remedies. Princely Waisenhausbuchhandl., Braunschweig 1785, Volume III, pp. 610–617: Esche ( digitized ), p. 617–640 Manna or Calabrische Manna ( digitized )
- ↑ William Cullen . A treatise of the materia medica. 2 volumes. Charles Elliot, Edinburgh 1789, Volume II, pp. 508-510: Manna ( digitized version ) - German: Samuel Hahnemann (translator). Schwickert, Leipzig 1790, Volume II, pp. 564–566: Manna ( digitized version )
- ^ Jean-Louis Alibert . Nouveaux éléments de thérapeutique et de matière médicale. Suivis d'un nouvel essai sur l'art de formuler. Crapart, Paris, Volume I 1803, pp. 316–319 ( digitized version )
- ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor. Camesius, Vienna, Volume III 1814, pp. 72–78: Manna (digitized version )
- ↑ Justus von Liebig . Composition and chemical constitution of the types of sugar and of some related bodies . In: Pharmaceutisches Centralblatt , 1834, pp. 587-589, here: p. 589 ( digitized version )
- ^ Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée. Cours d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique, ou histoire des substances usitées dans la thérapeutique, les arts et l'économie domestique. Volume 2, Crochard, Paris1837, pp. 363–368 (digitized version )
- ^ Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal : Manna. In: Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch , Carl Ferdinand von Graefe , Ernst Horn , Heinrich Friedrich Link , Joseph Müller (1811–1845), Emil Osann (eds.). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medicinal Sciences. JW Boike, Berlin 1828–1849, Volume 22, 1840, pp. 437–439: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ A. Luminescent white. Investigation of several types of manna in the trade . In: Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Volume LIII (1845), pp. 124-134 (digitized version )
- ↑ Jonathan Pereira’s . Handbook of Medicines Doctrine. From the point of view of the German Medicin edited by Rudolf Buchheim . Leopold Voß, Leipzig 1846–48, Volume II 1848, pp. 384–387: Manna ( digitized version )
- ↑ August Husemann and Theodor Husemann : The plant substances in chemical, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological terms. For doctors, pharmacists, chemists and pharmacologists. Springer, Berlin 1871, pp. 610–615: Mannit ( digitized ); P. 833–835: Fraxin ( digitized version )
- ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2 volumes, Springer, Berlin 1873–1875, 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, Volume II, pp. 593–595: Manna (digitized version )