Porcelain painter
Porcelain painters, glass and ceramic painters decorate porcelain and ceramic products , but also flat glass and hollow glass . The decors ( porcelain painting ) are applied manually or partially mechanized and baked in the kiln. Artistic talent is a prerequisite for this handicraft activity.
The modern term as a training occupation in Germany is manufactory porcelain painter .
history
Immediately after it was also possible to manufacture porcelain in Europe ( Meißen , 1708), this was also glazed and painted in color. The painting on faience had already preceded this. Particularly high-quality paintings come from the so-called house painters who worked outside the manufactories in the early days. The vast majority of the porcelain preserved from the 18th century is painted in color. Many porcelain painters became famous for their work, such as Johann Gregorius Höroldt . After the death of Johann Friedrich Böttger (1719), his decors had a decisive influence on the character of Meissen porcelain . Specialists dedicated themselves to painting on porcelain plates, a genre that was particularly cultivated in Thuringia and appreciated in the 19th and 20th centuries. Until a few decades ago, porcelain painters had a special position in the manufactories and porcelain factories because of their artistic work.
Working method
The porcelain parts to be decorated are painted by the porcelain painter with border, line and ribbon decorations, different fonts, monograms , flowers, ornaments or other motifs according to their own or third-party designs ( painting templates for porcelain painting ). To do this, they apply ceramic colors and precious metal preparations such as gold and silver by hand with a brush , pen or stamp . The brush hairs of porcelain painters mostly consist of the fur of the Russian squirrel - the feh . When painting, a distinction is made between onglaze decor, inglaze decor or underglaze decor. Underglaze decor refers to painting with underglaze colors after the first firing (raw firing) of the porcelain. As inglaze decor, the painting after the second firing (cooking or smooth firing) of the porcelain. With in-glaze decor, the porcelain is fired a third time (decor firing) after being painted with in-glaze paints . Particularly heat-resistant colors (sharp fire colors or large fire colors 1350 ° C – 1400 ° C, sink colors 1200 ° C – 1280 ° C) are used for in-glaze decoration. With the overglaze decor, the porcelain is also fired a third time (decor firing) after it has been painted. Overglaze colors (muffle colors) are less heat-resistant and are therefore burned on at lower temperatures (approx. 850 ° C). Underglaze decors require an absolutely steady hand, because any mistakes in the painting can no longer be corrected due to the absorbent surface of the porcelain. Underglaze decors are particularly well protected from mechanical wear by the glaze that is then applied. In-glaze decors as well. On the other hand, onglaze decors less. Porcelain, glass and ceramic painters work at work tables in rooms that are as dust-free as possible and evenly lit. The job of a porcelain painter also includes working in a spray booth with a spray gun and stencils .
Today's job description
The manufactory porcelain painter is the modern term for the classic porcelain painter and in Germany a state-recognized training occupation according to the Vocational Training Act . The training period to become a manufactory porcelain painter is usually three and a half years. The training takes place at the training company and vocational school . It is a mono job . Manufactory porcelain painters find their jobs in companies in the porcelain industry, some of them also work for tile manufacturers or producers of Christmas decorations.
List of porcelain painters and artists
- Sakaida Kakiemon (1596–1666), Japanese porcelain painter who was most copied in Europe
- Ignaz Preissler (1676–1741), Silesian glass and porcelain painter
- David Köhler (1683–1723) invented the Meissen underglaze blue
- Johann Gregorius Höroldt (1696–1775), porcelain painter and color chemist, director of the Meissen porcelain manufactory, is considered the founder of European porcelain painting
- Christian Friedrich Herold (1700–1779), specialist in Meissen figure and gold painting
- Johann Gottfried Klinger (1701–1781), one of the best flower painters in Meißen
- Bonaventura Gottlieb Hoyer (1709–1782), one of the most important figure painters in Meissen
- Johann Martin Heinrici (1711–1786), porcelain painter in the Meißen and Frankenthal factories
- Joseph Philipp Dannhofer (1712–1790), porcelain painter in the Höchst, Ludwigsburg and Abtsbessingen factories
- Adam Friedrich von Löwenfinck (1714–1754), one of the most famous porcelain decorators of the 18th century from Meißen and founder of the Höchst Porcelain Manufactory
- Gottlieb Friedrich Riedel (1724–1784) Chief Painter in the Ludwigsburg Porcelain Manufactory , today's Schlossmanufaktur.com
- John Bacon the Elder (1740–1799), sculptor, porcelain painter and modeler
- Adolph Scharenberg (1766–1852), portrait painter and porcelain painter
- Johann Christoph Bauer , from 1776 porcelain painter in Copenhagen
- Gottfried Wilhelm Völcker (1775–1849), porcelain painter, flower painter
- Anton Auer (1778–1814), chief painter at the Nymphenburg porcelain factory
- Georg Friedrich Kersting (1785–1847), painter and artistic director of the Meissen Manufactory
- Moise Jacobber (1786–1864), porcelain painter in the Sèvres manufactory
- Christian David Busch († 1790), porcelain painter in the Meissen manufactories, Vienna, Munich, Sèvres, Kelsterbach
- Friedrich Wilhelm Delkeskamp (1794–1872), German painter, porcelain painter and engraver
- Josef Leithner (around 1800) Viennese chemist and porcelain painter, discoverer of cobalt blue
- Friedrich Karl Ens (1802–1865), the most important representative of porcelain painting in Lauscha
- Johann Christian Ziegler (1803–1833), German porcelain and landscape painter, lithographer
- Maximilian Joseph Auer (1805–1878), porcelain painter in the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory
- Felix Bracquemond (1833–1914), French painter and porcelain painter
- Theodor Grust (1857–1919), genre and porcelain painter
- Alexander Kips (1858–1910), German painter and porcelain painter, artistic director of the Königliche Porzellanmanufaktur Berlin
- Louis Scherf (1870–1955) porcelain plate painter from Lichte in Thuringia
- Albert Scherf (1876–1953), porcelain plate painter from Lichte
- Konrad Hentschel (1872–1907), German modeller and porcelain painter
- Bruno Mauder (1877–1948), porcelain painter and glass designer
- Friedrich Wilhelm Spahr (1900–1945), silver overlay (galvanic design on porcelain and glass), Schwäb. Gmuend
- David Ludwig Bloch (1910–2002), porcelain painter, painter and lithographer
literature
- Waltraud Neuwirth : Porcelain painter lexicon: 1840–1914. 2 volumes, Klinkhardt & Biermann, Braunschweig 1977.
- Joseph Hoffmann: Technologie der Feinkeramik , 8th edition. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1987, pp. 174–241, ISBN 3-342-00169-0 .
- Robert E. Röntgen: Blue painting on Meissen porcelain , Edition Leipzig in the Seemann Henschel GmbH & Co.KG, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-361-00556-6 .
- Birgitt Hellmann: Porcelain painter in Jena - a new trade for student memorabilia in the 19th century , part I [until 1858]. Once and Now , Vol. 65 (2020), pp. 89-96.
Web links
- Search for porcelain painter in the German Digital Library
- Pictures of typical porcelain brushes
- Information on the profession at the Federal Institute for Vocational Training . Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Training regulations for manufactory porcelain painter on juris (PDF; 42 kB). Retrieved November 5, 2010.
- ↑ Framework curriculum of the KMK for manufactory porcelain painter (PDF; 484 kB). Retrieved November 5, 2010
- ↑ Old Masters in miniature - Thuringian Porcelain Plate Painting Exhibition catalog Otto Ludwig Museum Eisfeld 2011.