Marienkapelle (Würzburg)

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Lady Chapel

Marienkapelle on the Würzburg market square

Basic data
Denomination Roman Catholic
place Wurzburg , Germany
diocese Diocese of Würzburg
Patronage Most Holy Virgin Mary
Building history
construction time 1377 - around 1480
Building description
Architectural style Gothic
Coordinates 49 ° 47 '41.2 "  N , 9 ° 55' 46.5"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 47 '41.2 "  N , 9 ° 55' 46.5"  E
Template: Infobox church building / maintenance / function and title missing

The Marienkapelle in Würzburg is a Gothic church building from the 14th century on the north side of the Lower Market in Würzburg. Despite its size, it is a chapel under canonical law , as the building erected by the citizenry was not granted parish church rights. Today the chapel is a side church of the combined parishes of Dom and Neumünster .

history

The history of the origins of the Marienkapelle is closely linked to the destruction of the formerly flourishing Jewish community in Würzburg. A rumor spread in the plague year 1349 that the Jews were to blame for the outbreak of the plague through well poisoning led to a pogrom on April 21, 1349 in which Jews from Würzburg were murdered, the Jewish quarter razed and the synagogue burned down. Soon after the pogrom, construction of a wooden Lady Chapel began on the site of the destroyed synagogue, and the remains of a mikveh are said to have been preserved under the sacristy .

Behind the Marienkirche was the Seelhaus "zur Elenden Ruh", donated by Friedrich von Steren, a canon in Neumünster , probably in 1379 until the late Middle Ages .

With monetary and material donations from the citizens of Würzburg, the construction of the current Marienkapelle began in 1377. According to the building inscription on the outer southern side of the nave, Bishop Gerhard von Schwarzburg laid the foundation stone for today's church on May 16, 1377. The choir, the construction of which probably began a few years earlier, is said to have been consecrated on August 15, 1392. The nave of the church must have been completed in 1441 largely because of the displaced from the Wuerzburg Cathedral, Bishop Sigismund von Sachsen St. Mary's Chapel for a short time as a cathedral used. Also in 1441, the construction of the 70 meter high tower was started on the north-west corner as a largely independent construction. The tower was apparently not included in the original planning; it only emerged as a purely urban project as a result of the change in meaning to the council and citizen church, which was completed in 1479.

In 1460, Konrad Gümplein painted St. Christopher, who was supposed to save from sudden death, in a huge format on the church wall.

Marienkapelle Würzburg around 1845 with baroque tower dome, oil painting by Peter Geist ( Fürstenbaumuseum Würzburg)
Radiant Madonna on the tower of the Lady Chapel

As early as 1527 the church was in poor condition; from 1556 to 1558 construction work took place on the tower. From 1616 the west gallery in the interior was drawn in and the roofs were renewed at the beginning of the 18th century. As part of this construction project, the tower was given a Welsche dome in 1713 with the crowning statue of Mary made by goldsmith Martin Nötzel based on a template by Jakob van der Auwera (1672–1760). The 3.45 meter high golden double Madonna rotates with the help of a rotating iron structure like a weather vane. Jacob's son, Johann Wolfgang van der Auwera , had created a gold-framed statue of a grieving angel for the Lady Chapel, which was removed in the 19th century and taken to the Mainfränkisches Museum .

The Marian citizen modality , which was previously located in St. Michael , was moved to the Marienkapelle in 1796. The Würzburg Rosary Brotherhood has been meeting in the Marienkapelle since 1805 (after the Dominican Order was abolished). As early as the 15th century there was a brotherhood of St. James and St. Sebastian in the Marienkapelle. In 1469 she had inherited the entire fortune of Heinz Meisenbach - disinheriting his wife. The Marienkapelle itself, for example, inherited the entire belongings of the Kunigunde and Hans Haßpel family in 1451.

Extensive restoration work took place between 1843 and 1853 under the direction of the Munich sculptor Andreas Halbig .

During the bombing raid on Würzburg on March 16, 1945 , the chapel was badly damaged and burned down completely; numerous works of art were lost. Altars created in the late 1660s had already disappeared in the 18th and 19th centuries. The reconstruction took place under the direction of Eugen Altenhöfer in the years 1948 to 1961. The pillars and the vault were rebuilt and the interior was designed in a modern way , partly using usable remains . As one of the last Würzburg churches to be destroyed during the war , the Marienkapelle was consecrated by Bishop Josef Stangl on March 20, 1962. 1996-2003 a general renovation took place.

architecture

The south portal with copies of the sandstone figures by Tilman Riemenschneider
West portal with a copy of the Madonna in the original location. Tympanum depicting the Last Judgment
Tympanum of the north portal

The architecture of the red and white Marienkapelle is a mixed form between basilica and hall church , which was mainly used in the late Gothic period . The three-aisled hall made of five bays adjoins the steep, elongated choir to the west . On the south side between the choir and nave is a polygonal stair tower , the so-called Cyriakus tower , which houses the Cyriakus bell; on the north side the sacristy and on the west facade between the buttresses and the north side aisle another smaller stair tower. The choir and aisles have cross ribs , the vault of the central nave is built in the style of an early forerunner of the net vault . The exterior of the church building is dominated by the alternation of steep lancet windows with pinnacles that surround the building and buttresses . The three portals with tympanum from the 15th century are stretched between the buttresses and facing the wall. The south portal has the richest figural decoration. Its tympanum shows the coronation of Mary, the virgins Barbara and Katharina stand to the side. The sandstone figures Adam and Eve on the south portal are copies of the work of Tilman Riemenschneider , who received one of the last major commissions in the tradition of cathedral sculpture from the city council in 1490. The city council demanded that it be made “in a mischievous manner”, that is, by hand. The originals are in the Mainfränkisches Museum at Marienberg Fortress .

The gable of the west facade shows a neo-Gothic tracery rosette, which was only added in the 19th century.

The so-called "Schwalbenlädle", general stores, have been located around the church wall since 1437. They brought the church considerable rental income and still give an idea of ​​business life in the Middle Ages. One of these shops currently (as of 2016) contains the smallest café in Würzburg.

  • Figures from the north and south portal of the Lady Chapel

  • Original of Adam in the Mainfränkisches Museum

  • Original of Eva in the Mainfränkisches Museum

  • Original of the Madonna (around 1430) in the Lady Chapel

Furnishing

The longhouse to the east

The tomb of the knight Konrad von Schaumberg in the interior is the original by Riemenschneider. Other notable works of art from the Riemenschneider workshop are the figures of Jesus , the Twelve Apostles and John the Baptist and the reliquary bust of Aquiline , the only saint born in Würzburg. The relics of Blessed Macarius also found a resting place in the Lady Chapel. Balthasar Neumann is one of the graves of important Würzburg citizens . The epitaphs of Kühlwein-Weyer (around 1563) and those of the nobles Johanna and Michael von Gebsattel, who died early in 1565, form further elements of the tomb architecture .

  • Silver Madonna "Maria in a ray wreath"

  • Knight Konrad von Schaumberg, Riemenschneider (1499)

  • Epitaph of Martin von Seinsheim († 1434), oldest grave monument in the Marienkapelle.

organ

The organ

The organ of the Marienkapelle was built in 1969 by the organ builder Michael Weise (Plattling). The history of the organs in the Marienkapelle goes back to the 17th century. In 1987 the Weise organ was restored and expanded by the organ builder Johannes Klais (Bonn). The slider chests -instrument has 20 registers on two manuals and pedal . The playing and stop actions are mechanical.

I Hauptwerk C – g 3
1. Principal 8th'
2. Reed flute 8th'
3. Octave 4 ′
4th Super octave 2 ′
5. Sesquialtera II 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
6th Mixture IV-V 1 1 ⁄ 2  ′
7th Trumpet 8th'
II breastwork (swellable) C – g 3
8th. Dumped 8th'
9. Salicional 8th'
10. Principal 4 ′
11. Flute 4 ′
12. Nazard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
13. Forest flute 2 ′
14th Third note II 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′ + 8 ⁄ 9 ′
15th Sharp IV 1'
Tremulant
Pedals C – f 1
16. Sub bass 16 ′
17th Open bass 8th'
18th Octave 4 ′
19th Mixture III 2 ′
20th bassoon 16 ′

Bells

On May 1, 2013, six new bells were consecrated by the Perner foundry in Passau. You heard in tones fis 1 -GIS 1 -ais 1 -h 1 cis 2 -dis 2 .

Song stanza 1630

In the song of Mary from our dear Frawen protector of the whole of Franckenland ( Alte und Newe Geistliche Catholische extralesene Gesäng , Würzburg 1630) it says in the fourth stanza:

"Würtzburg even has you in the heart of
the city / your church is in the middle of the city /
the beautiful church is called Capell /
you recognize yourself and you are consecrated /
Darumb O mother
hold your hand over vns in Franckenland."

literature

  • Claudia Jüngling: Children discover the Marienkapelle . Wuerzburg 2008.
  • Wolfgang Schneider: Marienkapelle Würzburg (=  The Little Art Guide No. 345 ). 8th, revised edition. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7954-4243-9 .

Web links

Commons : Lady Chapel  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume 1: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 386–409 and 647–653, here: p. 401 ( Das Seelhaus ).
  2. ^ Wolfgang Schneider: Folk culture and everyday life. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1 (2001): From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 491-514 and 661-665, here: pp. 497 and 662.
  3. ^ Hanswernfried Muth: Pictorial and cartographic representations of the city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 294–307 and 901, here: p. 306.
  4. ↑ Stefan Kummer: Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. 2004, p. 664 f.
  5. ↑ Rosary Brotherhood at the Würzburg Marienkapelle
  6. ↑ a b Wolfgang Weiß : The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 430-449 and 1303, here: p. 434.
  7. ^ Wolfgang Schneider: Folk culture and everyday life. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1 (2001): From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 491-514 and 661-665, here: pp. 495 f. and 662.
  8. ↑ Stefan Kummer : Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 576–678 and 942–952, here: p. 622.
  9. ↑ Stefan Kummer : Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 576–678 and 942–952, here: pp. 583 and 586.
  10. ^ Full bells - inauguration of the 6 new bells of the Catholic Marienkapelle Würzburg (August 15, 2013) on YouTube .
  11. ↑ Würzburg: The Bells of the Marienkapelle (exterior shot, July 3, 2016) on YouTube .
  12. ↑ From our dear Frawen protector of the whole of Franckenland ( melody ? / I )Audio file / audio sample