Amphibious group
The Amphibious Group (AmphGrp) was an association of the German Navy , in which their amphibious forces were combined. The group existed from 1958 to 1993.
history
The amphibious group was set up on November 1, 1958 in Wilhelmshaven as the command of the amphibious armed forces and placed under the command of the fleet . The commander of the amphibious group was a sea captain . From February 12, 1963, the commander also carried the designation stage manager of the amphibious transport troops , after the former coastal handling battalions had been detached from the amphibious group and placed under the territorial army. When the fleet was restructured in 1965, the amphibious group was subordinated to the North Sea Marine Section Command , which was transferred to the North Sea Marine Division in 1967 . On November 30, 1966, the name was changed to amphibious group , and on July 1, 1968 the staff of the amphibious group was moved to Emden . On October 1, 1969, the amphibious group was renamed Amphibious Transport Group .
At the end of 1969 the amphibious group was divided as follows:
- 1st landing squadron (Borkum)
- Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 2 (Emden)
- Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 4 ( Großenbrode )
- Strandmeisterkompanie (Borkum)
- Combat swimmer company (Eckernförde)
- 2nd landing squadron (unit, part of the reserve flotilla in Wilhelmshaven in peace )
In 1974, as part of a further reorganization of the Navy, the amphibious group was again placed directly under the command of the fleet as a type command of the amphibious forces of the Navy. On March 7, 1978 the relocation of the staff to Kiel was completed and on April 1, 1978 the old name amphibious group was taken over again. At the same time the staff of the landing craft group was integrated into the staff of the amphibious group.
After the end of the East-West conflict and the resulting new military situation in Europe, amphibious forces of the Navy were deemed unnecessary. On September 3, 1993, the amphibious group was disbanded.
tasks
One of the planned tasks of the German Navy was to take part in the Allied defense of the German Baltic Sea coast and the Danish islands and to help prevent enemy naval forces from breaking through from the Baltic Sea into the North Sea. The transshipment troops of the amphibious group served to ensure supplies for the Allied forces in Germany and the supply of the German population even if the ports failed. In addition, when the navy was being built up from 1956, there were considerations of relieving the burden on one's own land front by landing an Allied landing in the rear of the enemy. Such a landing should be supported by your own amphibious forces. However, the ability to make independent combat landings was not provided.
In the 1960s it became clear that a landing against the strong land and naval forces of the Warsaw Pact in the Baltic Sea region was unrealistic. From the end of the 1960s, the main focus was on supplying and handling goods in the coastal area. Accordingly, the amphibious potential was reduced and geared towards the mobility of our own troops in the island landscape of the Baltic Sea accesses. The tasks now mainly included troop transports and logistical landings. The ability to assist in combat landings has been abandoned. Instead, the landing craft should now be used to lay sea mines . Because of their shallow draft, they were particularly suitable for laying anti-invasion minefields close to the coast, which served to repel enemy amphibious landings.
Organization and subordinate associations
The commander of the amphibious group was subordinate to a changing number of floating and land units of the Navy. The staff of AmphGrp was available to him for his task. The amphibious group was temporarily a large formation at the brigade level , otherwise an association at the regimental level .
Commanders
| No. | Rank | Surname | Beginning of the appointment | End of appointment | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Frigate captain | M. H. Klein | 1992 | 1993 | |
| 9 | Sea captain | Kurt Harald Jacobi | 1986 | 1992 | |
| 8th | Sea captain | Uwe Büttner | 1982 | 1986 | |
| 7th | Sea captain | Werner Gies | 1976 | 1982 | |
| 6th | Sea captain | Adolf Elf | 1974 | 1976 | |
| 5 | Sea captain | Adolf Graef | 1970 | 1974 | |
| 4th | Sea captain | Johann Janssen | 1965 | 1970 | January 1, 1967 Renamed Amphibious Group |
| 3 | Sea captain | Adolf Piening | 1963 | 1965 | |
| 2 | Sea captain | Erich Topp | 1962 | 1963 | later deputy to the navy inspector |
| 1 | Sea captain | Otto Kretschmer | 1958 | 1962 |
Landing craft group
The landing craft group was set up on October 1, 1965 as the 1st landing squadron (1st LG) in Wilhelmshaven. In 1966, the 1st landing squadron initially received ten multi-purpose landing craft of the Barbe class . After taking up the six units of the lizard and natter class of the 2nd landing squadron, the squadron relocated to Borkum on July 1, 1968. There these larger units were decommissioned between 1969 and 1973 and returned. In 1973 the squadron received seven more boats of the Barbe class from the reserve flotilla.
These 17 boats were part of the 1st landing squadron until it was decommissioned. The squadron was divided into four divisions, each with four to five boats. The division chief and commander of the respective guide boat was a lieutenant captain , the other boats were led by portepee sergeants.
In March 1977 the 1st landing squadron was relocated to the base in Kiel-Stickenhörn and on March 8, 1978 renamed the landing craft group , whose staff was integrated into the AmphGrp.
2nd landing squadron
The 2nd landing squadron (2nd LG) was set up on April 1, 1958 in Borkum . It was initially under the command of the destroyers until the command of the amphibious armed forces was set up . The 2nd landing squadron received four landing craft and two landing support ships of the LSM-1 / LSM (R) class from stocks of the US Navy . In 1966, the 2nd landing squadron also received five multi-purpose landing craft of the Barbe class . On March 31, 1968, the 2nd landing squadron was transferred to reserve status and gave its larger units to the 1st landing squadron.
Amphibious Transport and Handling Battalion 2
The Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 2 (AmphTrsp / UBtl 2) was set up on April 1, 1960 under the name of the Coastal Umschlagbataillon 2 in Borkum and relocated to Emden on October 1, 1960 .
On August 1, 1961, the Coastal Handling Battalion 2 was subordinated to the Commander Territorial Command North and German Plenipotentiaries in the area NORTHAG (Northern Army Group Central Europe) in the Territorial Army, but consisted almost exclusively of naval personnel. The right of inspection remained with the commander of the amphibious armed forces. On January 15, 1963, the battalion was renamed Amphibious Transport Battalion 2 . The tasks of the battalion included, among other things, the handling of fuels from tankers off the open coast and their delivery to field pipelines or other means of transport. Hose or pipelines up to 6,500 meters in length were available for this. The battalion also had the task of operating an emergency port.
On July 1, 1968, the battalion was again subordinated to the amphibious group in all respects. On October 1, 1969, it was named Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 2 . At the end of 1975 the battalion was disbanded.
Amphibious Transport and Handling Battalion 4
The Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 4 (AmphTrsp / UBtl 4) was set up on October 1st, 1962 as Coastal Handling Battalion 4 in Emden and relocated to Großenbrode on October 1st, 1963 . On January 15, 1963, the battalion was renamed Amphibious Transport Battalion 4 . On September 30, 1969, the battalion was decommissioned and continued as an equipment unit with the name Amphibious Transport and Umschlagbataillon 4 until its dissolution on September 30, 1974. The battalion had class 521 landing craft and various amphibious vehicles .
Sea battalion
1958-1964
The Seebataillon (SeeBtl) was set up as a naval pioneer battalion in Sengwarden on April 1, 1958 and was initially under the command of the destroyers . On October 1, 1958, it was placed under the command of the Amphibious Armed Forces and renamed the Sea Battalion in 1959 . On July 1, 1961, it was relocated to Wilhelmshaven. On December 31, 1964, it was dissolved again and some of it was transferred to the beach maid company .
1988-1990
On December 16, 1988, the sea battalion was re-established as a troop trial until September 30, 1990. At that time it consisted of the beach master company and the combat swimmer company. After the end of the troop trial, both units became independent companies again, which were directly subordinate to the amphibious group.
Beach master company
On January 1, 1965, the Strandmeisterkompanie (SMKp) was set up in Borkum and was initially subordinated to the naval pioneer battalion and later to the sea battalion. She had the assignment to support landing troops in overcoming the beach zone. In detail, this included:
- Exploration, designation and construction of the landing beaches, loading and unloading points
- Traffic regulation within the beach zone
- Implementation of the rescue service
The beach maintenance company was equipped with various amphibious and landing vehicles for the transport of personnel, material, equipment and weapons. She had, among other things, two multi-purpose landing craft and six LCM.
After the sea battalion was dissolved, it was placed directly under the command of the amphibious armed forces in 1964. On October 1, 1972, the beach maintenance company relocated to Emden, before moving to its last location in Eckernförde on July 1, 1978, where it was disbanded on March 31, 1993 as part of the dismantling of amphibious forces.
Combat swimmer company
The combat swimmer company was set up on April 1, 1964 in Eckernförde. Except during the brief subordination to the Sea Battalion from 1988 to 1990, it was directly under the amphibious group. After its dissolution, it was subordinated to the weapons diving group , and later to the Marine Specialized Forces .
1st submarine squadron
From its formation on October 1, 1961 to the change of position under the newly established submarine flotilla on November 1, 1962, the 1st submarine squadron of the amphibious group was subordinate to troops.
Other amphibious associations and facilities of the Bundeswehr
Not all amphibious forces in the Bundeswehr belonged to the amphibious group. There were other forces in the army and navy that had various amphibious tasks. This included above all training facilities, security troops and river pioneers.
Naval Service School
In the early years of the German Navy, uniform basic military training took place in several naval training battalions. The soldiers then received specialist training at various schools or other naval institutions. The land combat training of the coastal defense troops, which went beyond the general basic training, took place in the amphibious transport and handling battalions. In 1968 Neustadt in Holstein the naval training inspection coastal protection erected and Marine NCO School in Plön subordinated to the soldiers of the order of use form coast backup service (VR 76). The battalions continued to train the soldiers of the Amphibious Service (VR 71) and the Coastal Handling Service (VR 72). The fleet service squadron was commissioned with the practical on-board training .
In 1969, also in Neustadt, a 2nd Marine Training Inspection for Coastal Security was set up for the specialist training of the crews of the coastal security service. In addition, it was decided to set up a separate school for amphibious training. The Naval Coast Service School (MKüDstS) was formed in Grossenbrode in 1970 from the two coastal security training inspections and from the personnel and material of the AmphTrsp / UBtl 4, which had been placed in reserve status. The basic training teaching group belonging to the MKüDstS was set up in Glückstadt from parts of a naval training battalion previously stationed there.
At the MKüDstS, the specialist training for all amphibious and security subjects, for the motor vehicle service and vehicle repairs in the Navy took place. These tasks continued until the school was closed in 1995. The training of coastal service soldiers was transferred to the Naval NCO School in Plön.
Marine security forces
The task of the naval security troops was to secure bases and facilities against attacks from the land. The soldiers were trained at the Naval Coast Service School while it existed. The security troops were partly subordinate to the naval bases and at times to a naval security regiment subordinate to the Navy Office. They were not part of the amphibious group.
Forces taken over from the People's Navy
At the time of reunification in 1990 , the People's Navy of the GDR had 12 landing ships of the type Frosch-I (project 108) . These ships were larger than the German Navy LSM and could carry a combat company with up to 280 soldiers and up to twelve armored personnel carriers. Their armament consisted of 57-mm and 30-mm anti-aircraft guns and some 122-mm multiple rocket launchers. They were decommissioned on October 1, 1990 and handed over to the Indonesian Navy from 1993 after no further need for such ships in the German Navy was determined.
In addition, the People's Navy had various amphibious land units, including
- a naval engineer battalion (MPiB-18), Sassnitz
- a combat swimmer command (KSK-18), Kühlungsborn
- a coastal defense regiment (KVR-18), Rostock (from 1988)
These forces were taken over to a small extent, and parts of the KVR-18 were formed into the 3rd Marine Security Battalion, initially in Rostock and later in Seeth, which has since been incorporated into the naval protection forces .
Forces of the Army
The army had amphibious forces in its river pioneer companies, whose main task was to secure river and canal crossings. These forces were subordinate to the territorial army and also exercised regularly in the coastal area.
equipment
Landing ships and boats
When it comes to equipping it with landing vehicles, the German Navy has largely oriented itself towards the US Navy , from which it received its initial equipment . The self-built landing craft were also US types.
Lizard class (DropShip class 550)
The four landing ships of the Lizard class were LSM (Landing Ship Medium) vehicles that were taken over from the US Navy and were slightly modified in Germany. Krokodil was the only ship to undergo a somewhat more extensive renovation in order to serve as the command and medical ship of the squadron. In addition to a medical area, a helicopter landing deck was installed. The ships were built in 1943-1944 and participated in World War II and the Korean War . They were later mothballed as reserve units. They were taken over on August 15, 1958 in Charleston, SC, put into service on September 5, and together transferred to Germany from November 6 to December 6 of the same year.
At the beginning of 1959 they were rebuilt in German shipyards and adapted to the technical standards of the German Navy. As a load, they could hold 350 t, which corresponds to six medium battle tanks or ten trucks and 100 soldiers. Their self-protection armament consisted of a 40 mm twin flak.
Together with the landing support ships of the Natter class, they formed the 2nd landing squadron until they were subordinated to the 1st landing squadron in 1968. In 1969, Salamander and Viper were initially decommissioned and later sold. The crocodile and lizard followed in 1972 and 1973, respectively.
Natter class (landing support ship class 551)
The two landing support ships of the Natter class were used for fire support during combat landings. The ship type was based on the same hull as the Lizard class and had largely the same technical systems. The ships had a 127 mm gun and eight twin 127 mm rocket launchers for fire support. For self-protection, they had two 40 mm twin flak. Both ships were decommissioned in 1967.
Barbel class (landing craft class 520)
The 22 multi-purpose landing craft of the Barbe class ( MZL class 520 , originally MZL 63 ) built by Howaldtswerke in Hamburg between 1965 and 1966 corresponded to the US type Landing Craft, Utility (LCU). They got names from fish (exception: dolphin and porpoise ). Ten of them initially formed the core of the 1st landing squadron, others were assigned to the 2nd landing squadron and the beach master company. Ten boats were temporarily mothballed as part of the reserve flotilla in Wilhelmshaven, within which they were led as a transport squadron .
1972–1973 all boats except for Renke and Salm were reactivated. The latter remained in the Wilhelmshaven naval arsenal . Of the other boats, 17 belonged to the 1st landing squadron, two boats to the beach master company (official name: beach master landing craft ) and Inger served as a school boat for the seamanship teaching group in Borkum.
The boats had a payload of around 140 t and could transport three to four larger vehicles or tanks. As armament they carried one, later two 20 mm flak. They were also able to carry and lay a large number of anti-invasion mines.
LCA (landing craft class 552)
As part of the initial equipment for the amphibious forces, the German Navy received ten small landing craft of the type LCA ( Landing Craft Assault ) from Great Britain in October 1958 , which were designated as LCA 30 - 40 . The number LCA 32 was not assigned. These boats, some of which were made of wood, could be armed with a machine gun and transported 25 soldiers. They were too small for vehicles. The boats were assigned to the Sea Battalion and retired around 1967.
LCM (landing craft class 521)
Between 1964 and 1967 the Navy had 28 small landing craft of the NATO type LCM ( Landing Craft Mechanized ), designated as supply and transport boats , which had been developed from the British type LCM (8). The boats had an open hold for up to 50 men or 60 t , which was accessible via a bow hatch. They were not put into service as warships, but rather as floating equipment assigned to various units of the amphibious group and had no permanent crew.
Most of the boats were initially kept in reserve in the naval arsenal and some were delivered to AmphTrsp / UBtl from 1969 onwards. Other boats were distributed to the naval bases as supply and transport boats, others remained in the arsenal. LCM 1 - 8 and LCM 21 - 28 temporarily formed the LCM company of the reserve flotilla. The names of the vehicles were given the designation LCM 1 to LCM 28 , which they also had as a body number. In the 1990s, the still existing boats were given names of marine animals.
Other landing craft
For the MPiBtl and the Coastal Handling Battalion 1, the Navy borrowed five Mannheim 59 river ferries from the army in 1961 for testing purposes . These non-seaworthy boats were designated in the Navy as LCM 231, LCM 233, LCM 235, LCM 236 and LCM 237 . They were returned in the mid-1960s and subsequently served in the army's river pioneer units.
The German Armed Forces received six LCM (6) landing craft from British stocks , which were initially handed over to the Army in 1958 and to the Navy in 1960. In the navy they carried the designations LCM 10 and LCM 602 - 606 as landing craft class 523 and were used at various points in the amphibious group. They served as models for the LCM class 521 and were quickly eliminated after these boats were introduced in 1964.
In 1958, the Navy received a boat of the US type family LCT / LSU / LCU (6) from US stocks, which was carried as a landing craft class 554 under the name LCU 1 with the unusual identifiers 1 M Pi Btl and later 1 See Btl . The boat also served as a command vehicle and mother platform for the LCA . Its payload was slightly lower than that of the later LCU of the Barbe class .
Amphibious vehicles
DUKW
DUKW were three-axle amphibious vehicles, of which the Federal Navy received a large number from stocks of the US armed forces in the 1950s. The official German name was "LKW 2.5 t gl Schwimm (6 × 6)". As vehicles approved for public road traffic, the DUKW had a six-digit Y-license plate number. The name DUKW was a type designation of the manufacturer General Motors and said: DUKW - D = 1942; U = utility (amphibian); K = front wheel drive; and W = Two rear driving axles. The DUKW had a payload of 2.5 t. They reached a top speed of 80 km / h on the road and 10 km / h in the water. From the mid-1960s, the DUKW were separated and most of them were given to the technical relief organization .
LARC
In the 1950s, the United States developed a family of amphibious vehicles called the Lighter Amphibious Resupply Cargo (LARC) . The German Navy acquired a total of 247 of the three types in this family in 1965/6. This number was reduced again in the course of time and some of it was sold through VEBEG . From the mid-1970s there were still 50 LARC-Vs and a number of LARC-XVs at the MKüDstS, the SMKp and in depots. Like the DUKW, the LARC-V and part of the LARC-XV were approved for public road traffic and had Y license plates.
| LARC data | LARC-V | LARC-XV | LARC-LX |
|---|---|---|---|
| number | 192 | 47 | 8th |
| Payload (kg) | 4536 | 13,600 | 60,000 |
| Gschw. Road (km / h) | 45 | 40 | 25th |
| Gschw. Water (km / h) | 15th | 15th | 12 |
| Length (m) | 10.11 | 13.72 | 18.60 |
| Width (m) | 3.05 | 4.30 | 8.10 |
| Height (m) | 3.10 | 4.17 | 5.80 |
Amphibious equipment projects not realized
Landing craft class 502
The landing craft of the lizard class were to be replaced by four (according to other sources six) new landing craft of a class 502 to be built in Germany in 1973–1974 , which should also be classified as LSM. They should be slightly larger than their predecessors and have a continuous loading deck spanned by a so-called Rialto Bridge . In addition to two 40 mm anti-aircraft guns, the ships were to receive two anti-aircraft missile launchers for the Sea-Cat system. With a top speed of 17 knots, the ships should be significantly faster than the Lizard class . The project was abandoned in 1971 due to a lack of budget.
A slightly larger type with the shipyard designation RoRo 1300 was developed from the draft, of which two ships were built for the Nigerian Navy in 1978/9.
Multipurpose ship
In view of the challenges that the Bundeswehr faced in the context of Operation Southern Cross in the repatriation of the German contingent in Operation UNOSOM II at the beginning of 1994, the Inspector General ordered that considerations be given to the procurement of a suitable command ship. As early as July 1994, the tactical concept multi-purpose ship was approved, in which the essential tasks of such a vehicle were specified. It should be able to transport, land, lead and supply an army contingent of around 700 soldiers. That included the medical service. With an own crew of 180 soldiers, about another 950 members of the army contingent, the army aviators, the medical service and a staff should be able to embark. The ship should have limited self-protection, including its own air defense capability. As a result of the planning, a dock landing ship with a large helicopter deck was designed that was supposed to displace almost 20,000 t.
As early as 1996, the project failed, mainly due to political resistance. It was also judged to be too ambitious because too many skills were supposed to be combined in one ship.
ETrUS
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Since after the failure of the Bundeswehr multipurpose ship project, the capabilities that were to be implemented with the ship were still lacking, a new project called the task force support ship (ETrUS) was started shortly afterwards . This project was technically less complex and was based on the Dutch Rotterdam class , of which the Dutch and Spanish navies each procured two ships. This project was abandoned in 2003, mainly for financial reasons, and the Bundeswehr relied on civilian ships to transport troops. A follow-up project, which is currently planned under the name Joint Support Ship , has not yet been decided. It was temporarily removed from the Bundeswehr planning.
Other uses of landing craft in the Navy
In the first few years after the establishment of the Federal Navy, it took over a number of other landing ships from US stocks, which were intended for various tasks. This included seven Landing Ship, Tank (LST) ships and one Landing Ship, Dock (LSD) ship.
Three LST were intended as mine layers. Of these, two were put into service for mine ship squadrons in 1964 as Bochum ( ex-LST 1089 Rice County ) and Bottrop ( ex-LST 1101 Saline County ) as Bottrop class ( mine-laying class 730 ) (initially class 765 ) for mine ship squadrons and decommissioned in 1971. The conversion of the third ship with the intended name Bamberg ( ex-LST 799 Greer County ) was canceled and the ship was sold in 1970.
Two LST were commissioned as Small Workshop Ships Class 726 ( Odin class ) Odin ( ex-LST 967 / USS Ulysses ARB9 ) and Wotan ( ex-LST 1119 / USS Diomedes ARB 11 ). They were subordinate to the command of the supply ships, the 1st and 2nd supply squadrons and finally with civilian crew the naval arsenals Kiel and Wilhelmshaven.
For two other LSTs ( ex-LST 1041 Montgomery County and ex-LST-987 Millard County ) that had been acquired in this overall package, the intended task was uncertain. They were discussed as class 726 workshop ships, class 708 floating arsenals and as large artillery carriers, similar to a landing support ship. Neither of these options was implemented and both ships were submitted for scrapping in 1970.
In 1961 the German Navy bought a former US Navy dock landing ship. This ship was built in the United States for the British Royal Navy and was named HMS Northway and USS Cutlass LSD-11 . At times it was used as a civil rail and car ferry under the names José Marti and City of Havana . It was brought to Germany under its last name in 1962, where it was to be converted into a class 555 dock, workshop and base ship . However, the necessary modifications were never initiated. Instead, the ship was used as a residential ship with the designation WS 1 for the crews of shipyard boats. In 1965 it was sold and then served again as a ferry.
See also
literature
- Siegfried Breyer, Gerhard Koop; The ships and vehicles of the German Federal Navy 1956–1976; Munich 1978; ISBN 3-7637-5155-6
- Gerhard Koop / Siegfried Breyer: The ships, vehicles and aircraft of the German Navy from 1956 to today , Bernard & Graefe Verlag Bonn 1996, ISBN 3-7637-5950-6
- Egbert Thomer / Jürgen Rhades; Yearbook of the German Navy 1971, 6th episode; Bremen undated; P. 50ff "Landing at dawn"
Web links
- Holdings amphibious group BM 18 in the Federal Archives / Military Archives
- NavSource Photo Archives Pictures and information about LSM and LSM (R) (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Egbert Thomer, Jürgen Rhades. Navy Yearbook 1970 , Fifth Volume, p. 15; Bremen no year
- ↑ a b c d e Marine history on janmaat, page 2 ( Memento from August 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b c d Marine history on Janmaat, page 3 ( Memento from August 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Marine history on Janmaat, page 4 ( Memento from March 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Memorandum of the Rear Admiral a. D. Gerhard Wagner on the "establishment of a German naval contingent within the framework of German participation in the defense of Europe" of March 14, 1951, so-called Wagner memorandum
- ^ A b Egbert Thomer, Jürgen Rhades; Yearbook of the Navy 1966, 10 years of the German Navy; Bremen no year
- ^ History of naval security ( memento from March 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) on the official homepage of the German Navy
- ↑ a b Egbert Thomer / Jürgen Rhades; Yearbook of the German Navy 1971, 6th episode; Bremen undated; P. 50ff "Landing at dawn"
- ↑ a b Bernd-Michael Vangerow: The sea mine - your use from the perspective of a changed strategic sea situation. In: MarineForum. 9, 1996, p. 9 ff.
- ↑ Holdings in the Federal Archives / Military Archives ( Memento of the original from April 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Holdings of the BM 31 Ubootgeschwader in the Federal Archives ( Memento of the original from April 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Egbert Thomer, Jürgen Rhades; Yearbook of the Navy 1969, fourth volume; Bremen no year
- ^ Siegfried Breyer, Peter-Joachim Lapp; The People's Navy of the GDR; Koblenz 1985; ISBN 3-7637-5423-7
- ↑ General information about river pioneers of the army ( Memento of the original dated May 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Annual sea target shooting by the river pioneers ( memento of the original from May 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ eidechse.heinfuchs.de ( Memento of the original from September 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On-board community LSM Lizard.
- ↑ lsm275.com Technical Specifications.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Siegfried Breyer, Gerhard Koop: The ships and vehicles of the German Federal Navy 1956-1976 . Munich 1978, ISBN 3-7637-5155-6
- ↑ LCM Mannheim 59 Information and pictures on the use of the Mannheim type LCM by river pioneers
- ↑ Navsource information on LCT / LSU / LCU
- ↑ en: DUKW English WP
- ↑ AMBE and OFIOM: Two landing ships from Germany for Nigeria. In: Soldat und Technik 7/1979, p. 377.
- ↑ Jens Detlefsen: The multi-purpose ship - state of affairs and planning: February 1995 . In: MarineForum 4-1995 p. 11 ff.
- ↑ Erhard Rosenkranz; The maritime standards in an environment determined by naval powers, An interview with the inspector of the navy, Vice Admiral Hans-Rudolf Boehmer; in: MarineForum 1 / 2-1997 p. 4 ff.
- ↑ Gunter Guseck: ETrUS - A new maritime procurement project for the Bundeswehr . In: MarineForum 9-2000 p. 8 ff.
- ↑ Interview with the Inspector of the Navy Vice Admiral Wolfgang Nolting in: European Security Sept. 2007 ( Memento of October 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Statement by the commander of the fleet, Vice Admiral Hans-Joachim Stricker at the 11th DWT MARINEWORKSHOP 2009
- ↑ Navsource Information on USS Cutlass
- ↑ Picture of the City of Havana as a trailer in Bremerhaven around 1963
