Matronae Hamavehae

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The Matronae Hamavehae are matrons that are handed down in an inscription on a votive stone from Inden-Altdorf , Düren district on the Lower Rhine. The epithet is connected with the name of the Germanic people of the Chamavers . The stone is dated to the 2nd to 3rd century.

Discovery and Inscription

The stone was found in Altdorf in 1582 (today the excavated desert of the Inden opencast mine ) or, according to the oldest information, plowed up while plowing. In 1590 there was a first written record of the find and the circumstances of the find. For a long time the votive stone was in the possession (collection) of the Counts of Manderscheid zu Blankenheim , then came into the museum possession of the city of Cologne and is now in the depot of the Jülich City History Museum .

The stone made of sandstone (with previously unpublished dimensions) shows a five-line inscription board above a narrow base, above the niche with a tondo centered above the three matrons usually seated, whose two outer hoods. A sacrificial servant is depicted on an acanthus base above a leaf decoration on both sides . The inscription in the usual capitalis is hardly disturbed and clearly legible except for the epithet, which is impaired in legibility by the line break and the left-sided material breakage as well as different letter forms (from the 5th to the 7th type) Hama-veh-is .

"Matronis Hama / vehis C (aius) Iulius / Primus et C (aius) Iulius / Quartus ex i [m] perio / ipsarum [v (otum) s (olverunt)] l (ibentes) m (erito)"

"Gaius Julius Primus and Gaius Julius Quartus have honored the matrons Hamavehae willingly and for a fee at their behest."

The inscription is characterized by a common formula of the Lower Rhine catalog of votive inscriptions (not only in the context of matron worship) and belongs to the group of " revelation inscriptions " through the ex imperio formula (i.e. "at the behest of the matrons") . In addition to the eye-catching surnames, the name of the founder Gaius Julius Primus is important. Because a Gaius Iulius Primus has also been assigned an identical formula as a dedicant for the Matronae Grusduahenae from Inden-Altdorf. Due to the local reference, it can be the same person, although this signature is known from other inscriptions in the Roman Rhine provinces. There is also the possibility that the dedicants have the same first names that they are brothers. In addition to the document from Inden-Altdorf, two further inscriptions from Merzenich and Thorr are read as documents for the Matronae Hamavehae . However, since these inscriptions can only be produced through considerable conjectures due to breaks, abrasions and other disturbances of the typeface , the document from Altdorf must be considered the only one for the Matronae Hamavehae so far .

Epithet and interpretation

Since Jacob Grimm , the epithet Hamavehae has been associated with the proto-Franconian West Germanic Chamavers. Günter Neumann cites in his investigation of the matrons surnames the evidence of M. Hamavehae among others as an example of an educational type based on a derivation from an ethnonym. Piergiuseppe Scardigli also connects Hamavehae with the Gau der Chamaver on the IJssel ( Tacitus , Annales 13, 55). Neumann shows that these matron s names appear identical in form to the tribal name, except for the gender. When documenting the Hamavehae , the tribe name Chamavi has been extended suffixally . Furthermore, he suspects a group name Germanic * Hamawiz in the nickname and adds the medieval crooks from the region around the Dutch Deventer Hamaland , or Hameland . A satisfactory etymology of the epithet recognized in research is still pending. Jürgen Udolph starts with a new etymology for Hamaland and vulgo for Chamavi , based on German and English place names, he starts with the determiner hama - a root * ham - meaning "angle, angular terrain on rivers, bay".

For the M. Hamavehae , Neumann sees the reason for the naming in the fact that the matrons were at home in the area of ​​the Chamavers (on the right bank of the Rhine) or, optionally, that small groups of Chamavers settled around a matron shrine in Germania inferior . According to Wolfgang Spickermann , matron worship in the region shows that a “group identity of small groups such as clan associations” is closely related. A sanctuary is assumed for the area of ​​Inden in today's deserted Geuenich . Karl Helm rated the educational type as a form of the gentile protective deities based on the Celtic model or influence.

See also

literature

  • Thomas Franke : A matron shrine in Inden-Pier, Düren district. In: Bonner Jahrbücher . Volume 199, 1999, pp. 117-140; here pp. 135–136, no. 12, figs. 20–22.
  • Brigitte Galsterer, Hartmut Galsterer : The Roman stone inscriptions from Cologne. IKöln². (= Cologne research. Volume 10). with the participation of Stefan Breuer, Bettina Goffin, Michael Herchenbach, Stephan Meusel, Sabine Schmall and Stefan Schrumpf. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-8053-4229-2 , pp. 141f. No. 147.
  • Siegfried Gutenbrunner : The Germanic god names of the ancient inscriptions. Max Niemeyer, Halle / S. 1936, pp. 169-170, 216.
  • Max Ihm : The mother or matron cult and its monuments. In: Bonner Jahrbücher. Yearbooks of the Society of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland . 83 (1887), p. 151. ( Internet Archive )
  • Andreas Kakoschke: Annotationes Epigraphicae V. On some inscriptions from the Roman provinces Germania inferior and Germania superior. In: Frankfurter Electronic Rundschau zur Altertumskunde 30, 2016, pp. 1–25, here pp. 3–4.
  • Günter Neumann , Harald von Petrikovits : Chamaver . In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . 2nd new enlarged edition. tape 4 . de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 1981, ISBN 3-11-006513-4 , pp. 368–370 ( Germanic antiquity online at De Gruyter online for a fee ).
  • Günter Neumann: Die Germanic Matronenbeinamen [Matronen and related gods (1987), pp. 103-132. Supplements to the Bonner Jahrbücher 44] . In: Astrid van Nahl, Heiko Hettrich (eds.): Günter Neumann - Name Studies on Old Germanic (=  supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde ). tape 59 . de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020100-0 , pp. 263 ( Germanic antiquity online at De Gruyter online for a fee ).
  • Hermann Reichert : Lexicon of Old Germanic Names , Volume I, Part 1: Text Volume. (= Thesaurus Palaeogermanicus . 1,1). With the collaboration of Wilibald Kraml. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-7001-0931-8 , p. 418.
  • Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of Old Germanic Names, Volume I, Part 2: Register volume. (= Thesaurus Palaeogermanicus. 1, 2). With the assistance of Robert Nedoma. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1990, ISBN 3-7001-1718-3 , p. 534.
  • Rudolf Simek : Lexicon of Germanic Mythology (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 368). 3rd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X , pp. 166-167.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ Galsterer / Galsterer: The Roman stone inscriptions from Cologne. IKöln². Mainz 2010, p. 141 (also Galsterer / Meusel in RID24.de, ID no. 820), give the year of discovery according to CIL as 1582 ( CIL 13, 7864 Arachne DFG Viewer ). In contrast, the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg records the year 1552.
  2. ↑ CIL 13, 7864
  3. ^ BH Stolte : The religious conditions in Lower Germany. In: Wolfgang Haase (Hrsg.): Rise and decline of the Roman world, Volume II 18, 1 Religion (Paganism: The religious conditions in the provinces). de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1986, ISBN 3-11-010050-9 , pp. 662-665.
  4. ^ Robert Nedoma : Matronae Grusduahenae. In: Contributions to Name Research NF 49, 4, 2014, pp. 441–449; here p. 442.
  5. ^ Brigitte Galsterer, Hartmut Galsterer: The Roman stone inscriptions from Cologne. IKöln². Mainz 2010, p. 142.
  6. ↑ CIL 13, 7874 , CIL 13, 12072
  7. ^ Jacob Grimm: History of the German language. S. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1868, p. 408.
  8. ↑ Piergiuseppe Scardigli: Language in the vicinity of matron inscriptions . In: Heinrich Beck (Hrsg.): Germanic residual and rubble languages (=  Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes ). tape 3 . De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 1989, ISBN 3-11-086471-1 , pp. 143-156; here p. 149 . ( online - paid access).
  9. ↑ Matribus meis [Ger] manis Suebis CIL 13, 8224 ; Matribus Frisavis paternis CIL 13, 8633 ; Matribus [M] arsacis paternis sive maternis CIL 13, 8630 ; Matribus paternis Kannanef [atibus] CIL 13, 8219
  10. ↑ Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: Old Germanic ethnonyms. A handbook on its etymology using a bibliography by Robert Nedoma. Published by Hermann Reichert. (= Philologica Germanica, 29), Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902575-07-4 , p. 87.
  11. ↑ Jürgen Udolph, Anna Wirtz: Hamaland . In: Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, Dieter Timpe (ed.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . tape 13 . De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 1999, ISBN 3-11-016315-2 , pp. 469 f . ( online - paid access).
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Spickermann: Cult organization and cult functionaries in the area of ​​Colonia Ulpia Traiana important . In: Thomas Grünewald (Ed.): Germania inferior. Settlement, society and economy on the border of the Roman-Germanic world (=  Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes ). tape 28 . De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2001, ISBN 3-11-016969-X , pp. 215 ( online - paid access).
  13. ^ Karl Helm: Old Germanic history of religion. Volume 1, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1913, pp. 402f.