Matthias Leopold Stupić

Matthias Leopold Stupić, Hungarian Stupics, English Stupich, in the sources also Stupitz, in the literature mostly Stupicz (* approx. 1732 in Karlovac ; † August 20, 1794 in Charleston , South Carolina ), was a Croatian medic and botanist who in 1783 –1785 participated in the expedition financed by Joseph II to the USA and then settled there as a doctor.

Life

In the literature on the so-called Märter expedition , Stupić is mistakenly referred to as a “young botanist”. He was already 50 years old when he in 1782 by Professors Matthew Collin, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin and Maximilian Stoll in Vienna MD PhD was. Nothing is known about the first half century of his life. His superior and medical colleague Franz Joseph Märter wrote that Stupić “only enjoyed the crudest upbringing”. It would be conceivable that before his late studies he would become a regimental field officer in the k. k. Army.

Sent to America by Joseph II

The members of the expedition team selected Märter, professor of natural history and agriculture, and the scientific illustrator Bernhard Albrecht Moll from the mineralogist Ignaz von Born , the gardeners Franz Boos and Franz Bredemeyer from the court gardener Ryk van der Schot . The mineralogist Karl Haidinger declined to participate when Born appointed Märter to lead the expedition. Swibert Burkhard Schiverek , suggested by the botanist Jacquin, preferred an academic career. Thereupon Jacquin recommended that Stupić, who had attended his lectures for several years, be made the substitute martial artist. Born, however, did not agree with this choice because Stupić “has no knowledge of any other part of natural history”. Incidentally, in addition to Croatian ( Kajkavian ), he knew Hungarian, German, Latin and three other languages ( Štokavian , Čakavian , Slovenian ?), But neither French nor English.

Unpredictable Atlantic

American frigate, 1776.

In April / May 1783, the expedition members drove from Vienna to Brussels, with Stupić keeping a preserved diary. After a stay in Paris, they crossed from Le Havre to Philadelphia on board the American frigate General Washington in August / September . They experienced three severe storms. According to Moll, Stupic almost wanted to die, so he whined and prayed; According to Märter, he scolded his professional colleagues for not prescribing rocking exercises for sea travelers at least a year before departure in order to prepare them for the lurching of the ship.

Like Moll, Stupić saw the research company as an opportunity to emigrate from the start. Shortly after arriving in Philadelphia, he sought permission to settle in the USA through Vice Chancellor Johann Philipp Graf Cobenzl behind Märter's back . Märter, who obviously thought little of his deputy, said ironically that by relinquishing a “man so important” the emperor would certainly be grateful to the young state.

Because the separately shipped equipment for the onward journey arrived late, Stupić had to collect seeds late in the year in the Philadelphia area. In November he was sent to Charleston by ship with Boos as advance command, so that he again had to surrender to the dangers of the Atlantic. For two and a half months he kept another surviving diary. In it he describes a night on board in which he was "baptized by the waves" five times in bed. The following morning everyone was seasick. But he made himself hot chocolate and boiled salt meat for lunch . In Charleston, Stupić set up a new base for the expedition and began to botanize. Moll and Bredemeyer arrived there in December, also by ship, and in January 1784 Märter and the German naturalist Johann David Schöpf , who had covered the distance on horseback.

Encounter with an alligator

Mississippi alligator .

John Andre and Hartmut Froeschle call Stupić a "dry and humorless individualist" or an "introverted loner". But they can also see from the cited diary that despite his complaints about the cold weather and rain, he showed more perseverance than the much younger gardeners. These sometimes refused to follow him into the damp and swampy bushland of South Carolina, so he went collecting alone. A deeply religious man, he attended every church in Charleston. He also looked for interesting local products on the market square and made many short and some longer trips to neighboring areas.

According to Helene M. Kastinger Riley , Stupić's daily notes provide interesting insights into economic life in and around Charleston in the post-war winter of 1783/1784. In search of plants and seeds, he and Boos waded through knee-deep dirt and passed some bitterly cold nights on the bare ground of rural inns without a fire or blanket. It was impossible to get food in the wilderness, and because they could only change 50 thalers into local currency of the 800 thalers in banknotes that Märter Stupić had given them, they ate little in the tavern.

In January, Stupić and the gardeners spent several days trying to get to Lake Moultrie on the Copper River. But since the sloop they were traveling on was unable to move forward because of the wind and the tides, he got out and walked on along the bank. In doing so, he came across a specimen of the Mississippi alligators , which can be four meters long - they still pose a threat in the area mentioned. Except for his walking stick without a weapon and in bushland, where he would not have been able to defend himself, Stupić stayed just the withdrawal.

As Märter in Charleston arrived he wanted next, the Carolinas and west florida travel and Stupic with a gardener to the Bahamas send. But in March he drove himself to this group of islands with scoop and boos. The reason he gave to Cobenzl was that Stupić “regardless of his great knowledge of Polÿglotti” could not yet speak enough English. But since they speak neither Hungarian nor Croatian in North America, he sent him to North Carolina , where there are a few Germans. Märter also complained that Stupić often made the whole expedition ridiculous through clumsiness and strange behavior. He felt cheated because he was paid according to the Charleston exchange rate and not the Vienna one, and he kept ranting about his job, even about the emperor, which harmed the mission's reputation. Finally, Märter reported that he wanted to entrust Stupić with the first transport of groupage to Vienna, but then replaced it with Bredemeyer because Stupić did not know how to care for plants.

According to the son of Boos, who obviously had resentment against his former superior Stupić, Johann Wilhelm Ridler later drew an unfavorable picture of the latter: “Proud of his doctorate, he viewed his situation with the many hardships he had to undergo (when ) far below his rank; But when he also got seasick, he cursed in a corrupt German, mixed with Croatian curses, the hour in which he made the decision to undertake this journey, so that he was far more an object of laughter than of pity from the sailors who only gave him the Dr. Called stupid. Stupicz also wanted a soft bed in the forests of America, and sometimes exclaimed: “Who will struggle to collect plants without having had breakfast?” He shuddered at the thought of the ailments and dangers that await him on the return journey. , and therefore decided to stay in America (…) “This third-hand report should be taken with caution, which has not always happened in the past.

Medical practice in Charleston

Exchange in Charleston , built 1,771th

Together with the other researchers, Stupić, who Moll was the only one not to portray, confirmed in a written declaration that the painter left the expedition team without permission in September 1784 and established himself as a drawing teacher and silhouette cutter in Charleston. As mentioned, Stupić also wanted to stay in the USA himself, according to Born, especially because he had no prospect of employment after his return. Joseph II, however, saw the guilt for the breakup of the team with its leader and therefore let Moll and Stupićs offer to continue collecting minerals, plants and animals in South and North America independently of Märter. But they could no longer be changed. When Stupić was supposed to accompany a transport to Vienna the following year, he refused the order and, like Moll, settled in Charleston, where he opened a medical practice.

The slave economy, which was particularly widespread in South Carolina, was contrasted by a developed cultural life of the white upper class of merchants and plantation owners in Charleston . With 16,000 inhabitants, including many German speakers, the city took fourth place in the USA after New York, Philadelphia and Boston. Stupić lived there for nine years. He practiced successfully, but had lawsuits against defaulting payers. His estate administrator placed a tombstone for him in the cemetery of the Catholic Church of Saint Mary of the Annunciation with the following Latin inscription:

“Here lies buried in Mr. Matheus Leopoldus Stupich, Catholic, Transylvanian , doctor of medicine. Very knowledgeable of botany, in which he made new discoveries, he was sent to America by Emperor Joseph II. He died on August 20, 1794 at the age of 62. Johannes Jacobus Kalckoffen had this raw gift of friendship made. "

The mix-up of Matthias and Matthäus is due to the same spelling of these first names in English, those of Croatia and Transylvania to the similarity of names between Karlstadt (Karlovac) and Karlsburg ( Alba Iulia ). It is not known which botanical discoveries Stupić made, as Jacquin withheld the names of the collectors in his magnificent work on the plants of the imperial garden in Schönbrunn .

Sources and literature

Theses practico-medicæ quas (…) in (…) Universitate Vindobonensi publicæ disquisitioni submittit Math. Leopoldus Stupics Carlostadiensis (…) Mathias Andreas Schmidt, Vindobonæ 1782 ( digitized ).
Austrian National Library , Collection of Manuscripts and Old Prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 17 f., 25; Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 1st bundle, fol. 30; 3rd bundle, fol. 76-86.
Philadelphia , September 15, 1783, Professor Märter's first letter (…) about his journey from Europe to Philadelphia in North America. In Ignaz Edler von Born (ed.): Physical works of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 3rd quarter, 1785, pp. 53–66 ( digitized version).
Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin : Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones (descriptions and illustrations of rarer plants in the Schönbrunn Imperial Garden), 4 volumes, C. F. Wappler, Vienna 1797–1804.
(Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos , Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 153 f. ( Digitized version ).
Anton Edler von Rosas : History of the k. k. Austrian medic. Educational, therapeutic and charitable institutions (...) (continued). In: Medicinal year books of the emperor. royal Austrian State, 63/1848, columns 65–88, here: column 82 ( digitized version ).
Mabel L. Webber: Marriage and Death Notices from the City Gazette (Continued). In: The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine ( Charleston ), Volume 22, No. 3 (July 1921), pp. 89-93, here: p. 92 ( digitized ).
John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle : The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172.
Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): Die Neue Welt , Austria and the exploration of America, Austrian National Library, Edition Christian Brandstätter , Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77.
Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, conference proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 95-102.
Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88 ( digitized ).

Web link

The Demise of the Gravestone. In: Tolomato Cemetary Times, April 3, 2014 ( digitized version ).

References and comments

^ Mabel L. Webber: Marriage and Death Notices from the City Gazette (Continued). In: The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine ( Charleston ), Volume 22, No. 3 (July 1921), pp. 89-93, here: p. 92 ( digitized ); The Demise of the Gravestone. In: Tolomato Cementary Times, April 3, 2014 ( digitized version ).
↑ Theses practico-medicæ quas (…) in (…) Universitate Vindobonensi publicæ disquisitioni submittit Math. Leopoldus Stupics Carlostadiensis (…) Mathias Andreas Schmidt, Vindobonæ 1782 ( digitized version ); Anton Edler von Rosas : History of the k. k. Austrian medic. Educational, therapeutic and charitable institutions (...) (continued). In: Medicinal year books of the emperor. royal Austrian State, 63/1848, columns 65–88, here: column 82 ( digitized version ).
^ Austrian State Archives, Collection of Manuscripts and Old Prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 25 ( Märter to Cobenzl , Philadelphia, October 25, 1783).
↑ Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): The New World , Austria and the Exploration of America, Austrian National Library , Edition Christian Brandstätter , Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77, here: p. 66.
↑ John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle : The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 145 f .; Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 95-102, here : P. 98.
^ Austrian National Library, collection of manuscripts and old prints (henceforth: ÖNB), Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 76-81; see. Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 18 ( digitized version ).
↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 17 f. (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, September 12, 1783), 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783).
^ Austrian State Archives, Collection of Manuscripts and Old Prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 25 (Märter an Cobenzl, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783), 27 verso (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783).
↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 82–86, here: fol. 82 recto.
↑ John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 146, 150-152; see. Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here pp. 20-22 ( digitized version ).
↑ Spanish thalers at 8 reales .
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 21 f. ( Digitized version ); see. Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 95-102, here : P. 97 f.
↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 85 verso.
↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 37 (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, June 15, 1784).
↑ Quoted from John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 154 f.
↑ (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos , Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( digitized version ).
^ E.g. Ridler claims, contrary to the published travel report of Märters, that he left the Bahamas after fourteen days.
↑ Märter was supposed to travel to East India with Boos, but that did not happen. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 25 f. ( Digitized version ).
↑ John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 155-157.
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 25 / note. 71 ( digitized version ).
↑ Illustration: The Demise of the Gravestone. In: Tolomato Cementary Times, April 3, 2014 ( digitized version ); see. Mabel L. Webber: Marriage and Death Notices from the City Gazette (Continued). In: The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine (Charleston), Volume 22, No. 3 (July 1921), pp. 89-93, here: p. 92 ( digitized ).
↑ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin : Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones (descriptions and illustrations of rarer plants in the Schönbrunn Imperial Garden), 4 volumes, C. F. Wappler, Vienna 1797–1804.

personal data
SURNAME	Stupić, Matthias Leopold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Stupics, Matthias Leopold; Stupich, Matthias Leopold; Stupitz, Matthias Leopold; Stupicz, Matthias Leopold
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Doctor, botanist
DATE OF BIRTH	around 1732
PLACE OF BIRTH	Karlovac , Croatia
DATE OF DEATH	August 20, 1794
Place of death	Charleston , South Carolina

[1] Mabel L. Webber: Marriage and Death Notices from the City Gazette (Continued). In: The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine ( Charleston ), Volume 22, No. 3 (July 1921), pp. 89-93, here: p. 92 ( digitized ); The Demise of the Gravestone. In: Tolomato Cementary Times, April 3, 2014 ( digitized version ).

[2] Theses practico-medicæ quas (…) in (…) Universitate Vindobonensi publicæ disquisitioni submittit Math. Leopoldus Stupics Carlostadiensis (…) Mathias Andreas Schmidt, Vindobonæ 1782 ( digitized version ); Anton Edler von Rosas : History of the k. k. Austrian medic. Educational, therapeutic and charitable institutions (...) (continued). In: Medicinal year books of the emperor. royal Austrian State, 63/1848, columns 65–88, here: column 82 ( digitized version ).

[3] Austrian State Archives, Collection of Manuscripts and Old Prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 25 ( Märter to Cobenzl , Philadelphia, October 25, 1783).

[4] Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): The New World , Austria and the Exploration of America, Austrian National Library , Edition Christian Brandstätter , Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77, here: p. 66.

[5] John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle : The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 145 f .; Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 95-102, here : P. 98.

[6] Austrian National Library, collection of manuscripts and old prints (henceforth: ÖNB), Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 76-81; see. Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 18 ( digitized version ).

[7] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 17 f. (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, September 12, 1783), 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783).

[8] Austrian State Archives, Collection of Manuscripts and Old Prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 25 (Märter an Cobenzl, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783), 27 verso (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783).

[9] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 82–86, here: fol. 82 recto.

[10] John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 146, 150-152; see. Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here pp. 20-22 ( digitized version ).

[11] Spanish thalers at 8 reales .

[12] Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 21 f. ( Digitized version ); see. Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 95-102, here : P. 97 f.

[13] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 85 verso.

[14] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 37 (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, June 15, 1784).

[15] Quoted from John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 154 f.

[16] (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos , Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( digitized version ).

[17] E.g. Ridler claims, contrary to the published travel report of Märters, that he left the Bahamas after fourteen days.

[18] Märter was supposed to travel to East India with Boos, but that did not happen. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 25 f. ( Digitized version ).

[19] John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 155-157.

[20] Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 25 / note. 71 ( digitized version ).

[21] Illustration: The Demise of the Gravestone. In: Tolomato Cementary Times, April 3, 2014 ( digitized version ); see. Mabel L. Webber: Marriage and Death Notices from the City Gazette (Continued). In: The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine (Charleston), Volume 22, No. 3 (July 1921), pp. 89-93, here: p. 92 ( digitized ).

[22] Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin : Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones (descriptions and illustrations of rarer plants in the Schönbrunn Imperial Garden), 4 volumes, C. F. Wappler, Vienna 1797–1804.