Franz Joseph Märter

The only existing portrait of Märter ( silhouette of Bernhard Albrecht Moll , Vienna 1783).

Franz Joseph Märter (born November 1, 1753 in Freiburg im Breisgau ; † May 7, 1827 in Vienna ) was a botanist and naturalist from Upper Austria who , on behalf of Emperor Joseph II. 1783–1787, explored the southern United States , the Bahamas , Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ) and Jamaica traveled, while other members of the expedition he led from 1785–1788 reached Venezuela and the Mascarene Islands . He later specialized in forest science and pomology .

life and work

Professor at the Theresianum

"Economic garden" of the Theresian Knight Academy , 1775.

Title page of Märter's first work, 1781.

Märter was Doctor of Medicine , Professor of Natural History and the economy ( agriculture and earth sciences , technology , business ethics , commercial ) Savoy Theresan-at the Knights Academy in Vienna and a member of the Masonic Lodge to true unity , the grand master of the mineralogist Ignaz von Born was . In 1781 he published a directory of Austrian trees and shrubs. In 1782 there followed one of the plants in an "economic garden", the selection of which should be determined by their usefulness and availability. By calling the classic botanical garden a “mishmash” and a “ chamber of rarities ”, he indirectly mocked that of Schönbrunn , who was subordinate to the famous Dutchman Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin . This although he is said to have acquired his own botany knowledge from Jacquin and Schönbrunn.

Expedition leader in America

Beginning of the report to Born , which Märter wrote in the Bahamas.

Shortly before Joseph II converted the Knight's Academy into an engineering school in 1783, Born appointed his lodge brother to head a group of researchers who were to sail around the world on the model of James Cook . The thrifty emperor then reduced the project to an expedition without his own ship, which led to a constant change in travel plans. The other members of the heterogeneous team were the botanist Matthias Leopold Stupić , the painter Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the gardeners Franz Boos and Franz Bredemeyer .

During the stormy crossing from Le Havre to Philadelphia it became apparent for the first time that Märter was not seaworthy. In the USA, the researchers were supported by the Imperial agent in Philadelphia, Frédéric Baron de Beelen . The American botanists William Bartram and Thomas Walter provided seeds. While Märter sent his companions by ship from Philadelphia to Charleston (South Carolina) , he chose the land route with the ansbach - Bavarian military doctor Johann David Schöpf in the record cold winter of 1783/1784. From Charleston, he then traveled to East Florida and the Bahamas in full swing . In his reports to Born, previously in part in the Masonic magazine and in Vienna's first daily newspaper published were, he treated alongside natural history and economic and political issues. He criticized the large estates and slavery in the southern states , but also let it be known that he preferred the enlightened despotism of Joseph II to America's "booming" democracy .

Sick and abandoned

Märter soon suffered from malaria in Charleston , and later Boos also became critically ill. Bredemeyer and Boos brought plants and animals to Vienna in 1784 and 1785, respectively. Moll and Stupić left the expedition team and established themselves as drawing teachers and silhouetteur and as a doctor. Although they had viewed the expedition as an opportunity to emigrate from the start, the emperor blamed the "contentious" Märter for it and did not replace it. Bredemeyer, on the other hand, asked to be allowed to return to Märter, which prompted him to comment that he was probably not such a bad boss after all. Bredemeyer went to Martinique with the gardener Joseph Schücht . Märter wanted to pick her up there, but had to go ashore in Guadeloupe because of his seasickness . Finally they met in Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ). Märter was ill there for half a year. He sent Bredemeyer to Puerto Rico and later, shyly, to Venezuela. When the problems they caused them there were blamed on Märter in Vienna, Bredemeyer wrote that he got to know him as “very righteous”, “so that I (would have been very lucky) to travel around the whole world with him ".

Boos was sent by Joseph II with the gardener Georg Scholl to the Dutch Cape Colony and to the French islands Île-de-France ( Mauritius ) and Île Bourbon ( La Réunion ), where, unlike Venezuela, there were resident botanists and helpful officials. But Märter now had to get along without a companion and give up the plan to sail around the world. Although it now had a “West Indian color”, it still did not tolerate heat well and sea voyages at all. In 1786 he crossed to Jamaica . There he felt better, penetrated the mountainous interior and, like Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland later, examined the influence of increasing sea level on the flora in the Andes . The Swedish botanist Olof Swartz met him on Blue Mountain Peak , where he was sick again. Perhaps he was also depressed by the thought of not being able to return to Austria as someone who had fallen out of favor. In any case, Swartz wrote to the President of the Royal Society , Sir Joseph Banks , that if Märter stayed in Jamaica he would be more useful than the director of the botanical garden there .

According to its own information, Märter collected 3,000 plants on the island. Left to his own devices, he decided to bring what he had harvested to Europe himself. When everything was ready for embarkation, another useless helper called J. Grosjean arrived from Brussels. Via London, Märter reached Brussels, where he overwintered 1,800 live plants in glass houses. In 1788 he bought birds and plants in Holland and England before he left for the imperial city. Although he lost "neither the feather of a bird nor the leaf of a plant" as far as the Danube in Ulm, the land transport seemed more strenuous to him than two ocean crossings. Shortly afterwards Boos and Bredemeyer were back in Vienna. The gardener Georg Scholl, on the other hand, whom Boos had left behind at the Cape of Good Hope , was only able to return to Europe after a fourteen-year absence because of the First Coalition War .

University professor in Brussels

The originally planned journalistic evaluation of the expedition by Märter in collaboration with Moll was not carried out because the research team broke up. The plants that came to Vienna were seized by Jacquin and later scientifically described. He did not mention to whom he owed the individual species.

Märter was appointed Professor of Botany and Special Natural History at the University of the Austrian Netherlands by Joseph II in 1788 , which was about to be relocated from Leuven to Brussels. There he published a list of Linnaeus' botanical terms and the plants in a botanical garden that was to be laid out on the land of an abolished monastery. A Belgian botanist scoffed later that he had the plants as the regiments want to set up the emperor. The stands of Brabant granted 50,000 guilders for the garden. At the suggestion of Märters Bredemeyer, the government had appointed it to head it. The Brabant Revolution of 1789 made it impossible for them to continue their activities in Belgium.

Forest scientist and pomologist

Märter's catalog of his nursery in Hernals , 1805.

Back in Vienna, Märter married Eva Kommenda (approx. 1774–1856) and had offspring with her. A collection of birds that he had given to the Freemason lodge Zur True Eintracht was sold when Emperor Franz II banned Freemasonry in 1794. The fate of his plant collection is not known. In the last year mentioned, the “jubilated” (retired) professor was contacted by the Vienna Jacobin Franz Hebenstreit , who was later executed , but did not get into the crosshairs of the investigation himself. In 1795 he protested against an unauthorized new edition of his directory of Austrian trees and bushes , whereby he remarked that he owned a "handsome garden". In 1796 he himself published a new edition of the work in which he increased the number of the described species from a good 100 to 500, and the following year he published a monograph on bateten ( sweet potatoes ), which he and Boos experimented with growing.

When Franz II restored the Theresian Knight Academy in 1797, Märter received another professorship, this time in forest science. In 1799 he set up a tree nursery with 300 French dessert fruit varieties in Hernals and built a free farm next to it in 1801 . The fact that he was "quiesziert" (retired) at the Theresianum in 1803 was possibly due to health reasons. In any case, he made such claims when he sold the tree nursery and Freihof in 1806. In a letter to the editor, the buyer attached importance to the statement that Märter “besides a head full of knowledge, has a very humane, amiable and generally valued character”. Joseph II, however, had not quite wrongly described him as "contentious", as he answered a disparaging review of the nursery catalog with a long, polemical anti-criticism . As an author, against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, he called for the establishment of "national tree nurseries" to increase wood production. On the other hand, he doubted that the cane sugar could be replaced by maple sugar , which led to criticism from a chief hunter. In his last books, Märter dealt with the stone sausage and the burl wood. He died at the age of 73.

Memberships

Economic society in Lower Austria.
Masonic Lodge For True Unity .
Cercle des Philadelphes in Cap-Français ( Cap-Haïtien ).
Linnean Society of London .
Natural Research Society in Zurich.
Agricultural society in Vienna.

Publications

Natural history of sweet potatoes , sweet potatoes or Spanish. Along with remarks and experiments on their culture. Karl Schaumburg, Vienna 1797 ( digitized version ).

List of the genuine, fine French dessert fruit varieties cultivated in the large, systematic tree nursery at Hernals near Vienna. Karl Schaumburg, Vienna 1805 ( digitized ).

About the need for an extraordinary and increased wood production appropriate to the present circumstances through the establishment and appropriate use of national tree nurseries. Geistinger, Vienna 1810 ( digitized version ).

About the probable expected value of maple sugar production in the temperate regions of the European continent. Audiatur et altera pars . In Christian Peter Laurop (ed.): Annalen der Forst- und Jagd-Wissenschaft, 2nd volume, 1st issue, Heyer and Leske, Darmstadt 1812, pp. 29–43 ( digitized version ).

Characteristics and culture of the Mahaleb or perfume cherry tree (…) Geistinger, Vienna / Trieste 1813 ( digitalized ).

Draft of a theory about the natural origin as well as the artificial production of the burl wood (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Trieste 1815 ( digitized ).

literature

Web link

Maerter, Franz Joseph (1753-1827), on: Global Plants ( digitized ).

References and comments

↑ Franz Joseph Märter: Directory of Austrian trees and bushes (...) 3rd edition, Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1796 ( digitized ).

↑ Franz Joseph Märter: Natural History of Bataten , sweet or Spanish potatoes. Along with remarks and experiments on their culture. Carl Schaumburg, Vienna 1797 ( digitized version ), here: pp. 44–49.

^ Annals of Literature and Art in the Austrian States . 4th year, 1st volume, Anton Doll, Vienna 1805, column 17 ( digitized version ); Franz Joseph Märter: anti-criticism. In: Beylage to the intelligence sheet of the annals of the Austrian Empire, March 1808, columns 1–12, here: column 12 ( digitized version ); Joseph August Schultes : Travels through Upper Austria in the years 1794, 1795, 1802, 1803, 1804 and 1808. 2. Part, Johann Georg Cotta , Tübingen 1809, p. 106 ( digitized version ); Karl Hofbauer: The Wieden with the noble seats Conradswerd, Mühlfeld, Schaumburgerhof and the open space Hungerbrunn (...) Karl Gorischek, Vienna 1864, p. 100 f. ( Digitized version ); Annual report of the grammar school of the KK Theresianische Akademie in Vienna, submitted at the end of the school year 1891 , Vienna 1891, p. 41.

↑ Francis of Paula Woess: nursery to Herrenals near Vienna. In: Economic News and Negotiations, July 1811, pp. 278 f. ( Digitized version ); see. Austria's progress in fruit culture. In: Vaterländische Blätter for the Austrian Imperial State , 16./20. November 1810, pp. 402-405, here: p. 403 ( digitized version ); Dominicalhof, along with a systematic fruit tree nursery for sale (…) In: Wiener Zeitung , June 24, 1812, p. 12 ( digitized version ).

^ Intelligence Journal of the Annals of Literature of the Austrian Empire , September 1807, p. 103 f. ( Digitized version ).

↑ Directory of the genuine, fine French dessert fruit varieties cultivated in the large systematic tree nursery in Hernals near Vienna and obtained from them. Karl Schaumburg, Vienna 1805 ( digitized ).

^ Anti-criticism and answer of the reviewer in: Beylage zum Intellektivenblatte der Annalen des Österreichisches Kaiserthumes, March 1808, columns 1–16 ( digitized version ).

↑ About the need for an extraordinary and increased wood production appropriate to the current circumstances through the establishment and appropriate use of national tree nurseries. Geistinger, Vienna 1810 ( digitized version ).

↑ About the probable expected value of maple sugar production in the temperate regions of the European continent. Audiatur et altera pars . In Christian Peter Laurop (ed.): Annalen der Forst- und Jagd-Wissenschaft, 2nd volume, 1st issue, Heyer and Leske, Darmstadt 1812, pp. 29–43 ( digitized version ).

↑ Ludwig Friedrich Franz Freiherr von Werneck: Refutation of the treatise published by Prof. Märter in Vienna on the probable expected value of maple sugar production (...) Krieger, Marburg 1814.

↑ Characteristics and culture of the Mahaleb or perfume cherry tree (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1813 ( digitized version ).

^ Draft of a theory about the natural origin as well as the artificial production of the burl wood (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1815 ( digitized ).

↑ Franz Joseph Märter: The fruit tree farms, in addition to the directory of all trees, shrubs and bush plants (...), 3rd ed, Stahel, Vienna 1796, front page (. Digitalisat ); Transactions of the Linnean Society. Volume 5, J. Davis, London 1800 ( digitized ), List of the Linnean Society, 1799, p. (7).

↑ Written probably in Charleston, in January or February 1784. Cf. Albert V. Carozzi, Marguerite Carozzi: Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783–1784. In: Earth Sciences History, Volume 13, No. 1 (1994), pp. 5-20, here: pp. 7, 9.

^ Review: General German Library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 110, Kiel 1792, p. 472 f. ( Digitized version ).

^ Review by Bh .: New general German library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 38, Kiel 1798, pp. 515-518 ( digitized version ).

↑ Review in: Intelligence Journal of the Annals of Literature of the Austrian Empire , September 1807, p. 103 f. ( Digitized version ); Anti-criticism and answer of the reviewer in: Beylage to the intelligence sheet of the Annals of the Austrian Empire (sic), March 1808, columns 1–16 ( digitized version ).

personal data
SURNAME	Märter, Franz Joseph
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Austrian botanist
DATE OF BIRTH	November 1, 1753
PLACE OF BIRTH	Freiburg in Breisgau
DATE OF DEATH	May 7, 1827
Place of death	Vienna

[1] Also written Maerter, Märder, Marter, Martyr, Merter or similar.

[2] Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, pp. 95-102, here: p. 95.

[3] Oesterreichisch-Kaiserliche privilegirte Wiener-Zeitung , May 11, 1827, p. 517 ( digitized version ); New necrology of the Germans . 5th year, 1827, 2nd part, Bernhard Friedrich Voigt , Ilmenau 1829 ( digitized ), p. 1114 f.

[4] (Theodor Kravina von Kronstein): Draft of the economic knowledge which aristocratic youth brought up in the imperial royal Theresianum. Joseph Kurzböck, Vienna 1773 ( digitized version ).

[5] Directory of the Austrian trees, shrubs and bushes with brief notes from the natural and economic history of the same. Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1781 ( digitized version ); 2nd edition, Berlin 1785; unauthorized 3rd edition (edited by Christian Baumann): Die Obstbaumzuchten, together with the list of all trees, shrubs and bushes (...) Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1795 ( digitized version ); Authorized 3rd edition: Directory of Austrian trees and bushes (…) Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1796 ( digitized version ).

[6] According to Friedrich Nicolai : Description of a journey through Germany and Switzerland in 1781 (…) 4th volume, Berlin / Stettin 1784, p. 774 / note. ( Digitized version), Märter envisaged “an even more complete ideal of such a garden” than that of the Theresianum.

[7] Franz Joseph Märter: Presentation of an economic garden based on the principles of applied botany. Krauss, Vienna 1782, preliminary report, unpaginated ( digitized version ).

[8] Marianne Klemun : Exoticism, use, science, practices and plant appropriation in the "Economic-Botanical Garden" of the Theresian Academy. In: Franz M. Eybl (Ed.): Structural change in cultural practice, contributions to a cultural-scientific view of the Theresian age ( Yearbook of the Austrian Society for Research in the 18th Century 17/2002), ISBN 978-3-85114-644-8 , Pp. 303–333, here p. 328.

[9] Warren Royal Dawson: The Banks letters. A calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks (…) British Museum , London 1958, p. 799 ( digitized version ).

[10] Das Wienerblättchen , January 1785, pp. 200–202, 208–210, 241 f. ( Digitized version ); February 1785, pp. 26-28, 35 f. ( Digitized version ); March 1785, pp. 99 f., 115 f., 122–124, 132 f., 144–146 ( digitized version ).

[11] Williamsburg in Virginia , December 20, 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten aus Virginia (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (ed.): Physical work of the unanimous friends in Vienna, pp. 93–100, here: p. 95 ( Digitized ).

[12] Philadelphia in Pensylvania, November 14th 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten about the natural history of Pensylvania (...) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical works of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 1st year, 4th quarter, 1785, Pp. 20–39, here: p. 39 ( digitized version ); see. Williamsburg in Virginia , December 20, 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten aus Virginia (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unanimous friends in Vienna, p. 93-100, here: p. 97 ( digitized ).

[13] Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): The New World, Austria and the Exploration of America, Austrian National Library, Edition Christian Brandstätter, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77, here: p. 67.

[14] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 141–144 (Märter an Born, Cap-Français, October 30, 1785, copy).

[15] Moriz Kronfeld : Kaiser Joseph II. Cap Expedition (1786 to 1788). In: Wiener Zeitung, June 15, 1894, pp. 3–5, here: p. 4 ( digitized version ).

[16] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 313 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Caracas, September 15, 1787).

[17] Austrian National Library, collection of manuscripts and old prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 141–144 (Märter an Born, Cap-Français, October 30, 1785, copy).

[18] Alexandre de Humboldt (Red.): Essai sur la geographie des plantes, accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales (…) Fr. Schoell, Paris 1807 ( digitized ).

[19] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 66-75 ( attempt of a step division of the physico-tropical climates on the occasion of a mountain trip on the island of Jamaica ), cf. Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 323 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, October 24, 1787).

[20] Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (...), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , p. 99.

[21] Warren Royal Dawson: The Banks letters. A calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks (…) British Museum , London 1958, p. 799 ( digitized version ).

[22] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 264, 267 (Märter to Cobenzl, Kingston, April 14, 1787).

[23] See ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 240 f. (Märter an Cobenzl, Montego Bay , February 10, 1787).

[24] See ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3793, fol. 228 f. (Grosjean to Cobenzl, Brussels, January 22, 1787), 232 f. (Reviczky to Cobenzl, London, January 30, 1787), 296 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, August 20, 1787), 308 f. (ditto September 12, 1787); Alexandre Pinchart: Archives des Arts, des Sciences et des Lettres. § 24. Voyages scientifiques. In: Messager des sciences historiques, des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique, born 1855, L. Hebbelynck, Gand , pp. 389–392, here: p. 391 ( digitized version ).

[25] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 292 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, August 16, 1787), 298 f. (ditto, August 22, 1787), 306 f. (ditto, September 8, 1787), 325/327 (ditto, December 20, 1787).

[26] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 343 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, April 15, 1788), 348 f. (ditto, Brussels, May 15, 1788), 358 f. (ditto, June 15, 1788).

[27] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 366 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Ulm, July 15, 1788).

[28] See remarks on the educational institutes for botany in Vienna, from a botanist traveling through Europe. Published anonymously in Ernst Gottfried Baldinger : Neues Magazin für Aerzte, Volume 14, Friedrich Gotthold Jacobäer, Leipzig 1792, pp. 789–798, here: p. 794 ( digitized version ).

[29] Nicolai Josephi Jacquin observationes botanicæ. In: Nicolai Josephi Jacquin collectanea ad botanicam, chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum figuris, Wappler, Vindobonæ ( digitalisat ), Volume 1 (1786), pp. 33-170, Volume 2 (1788), pp. 260-374, volume 3 (1789), pp. 167-276, Volume 4 (1790), pp. 93-226, Supplementum cum figuris coloratis (1796), pp. 3-163; Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones. 4 volumes, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797–1804 ( digitized version ).

[30] Georg Ernst Kletten (Ed.): Vienna Medical Monthly, Volume 1, Joseph Georg Oehler, Vienna 1789, p. 253 ( digitized version ); Marion Huibrechts: "From imperatore Josepho secundo in Americam missus erat", Franz Josef Märter in America. In Dries Vanysacker et al. (Ed.): The Quintessence of Lives, Intellectual Biographies in the Low Countries presented to Jan Roegiers ( Bibliothèque de la Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 91), Brepols, Louvain-la-Neuve / Leuven 2010, ISBN 978-2-503- 53210-3 , pp. 319-328, here: p. 319.

[31] Franz Joseph Märter: Fundamenta et terminated botanici, congesta secundum methodum, et ad ductum Celeberr. Eq. Car. à Linné, in usum prælectionum theoreticarum. Matthæus Lemaire, Bruxellis 1789 ( digitized version ); Review: General German Library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 110, Kiel 1792, p. 472 f. ( Digitized version ).

[32] According to plans of the architect Rémi Nivoy (1734-1814). Cf. Inventaires des cartes et plans, manuscrits et gravés, qui sont conservés aux Archives générales du Royaume . M. Hayez, Bruxelles 1848, pp. 64, 232 ( digitized version ); Denis Diagre-Vanderpelen: Le Jardin botanique de Bruxelles 1826-1912 (…) Académie royale de Belgique, Bruxelles 2012, ISBN 978-2-8031-0298-3 , not paginated ( digitized version ).

[33] Charles-François-Antoine Morren : Sur les fleurs nationales de Belgique (...). In: Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Volume 13, 2nd half, Hayez, Bruxelles 1846 ( digitized version), pp. 442-470, here: p. 468 f.

[34] Provincial news from the Kaiserl. Royal States on Statistics, Economics, Action, Arts and Sciences (Vienna), March 14, 1789, p. 329 f. ( Digitized version ).

[35] ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 380 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, December 8, 1788).

[36] See The Greenhouse Gardener (...) From the English by Johann Abercrombie. Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1792, preface by the translator J. E. Fr. v. L., p. 8 / note. a ( digitized version ).

[37] Oesterreichischer Volksfreund (Vienna), May 25, 1856, unpaginated ( digitized version ); Official journal of the Wiener Zeitung . 1861, July 3, p. 7, July 5, p. 17, July 7, p. 27 ( digitized version ).

[38] Leopold Joseph Fitzinger: History of the Imperial King. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes (1st division). In: Session reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Volume 21, k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856, p. 433–479, here: p. 478 f. ( Digitized version ).

[39] Kálmán Benda (ed.): A magyar jakobinus iratai (files on the Hungarian Jacobins ). Volume 2, Akadémiai Kiadó , Budapest 1952 ( digitized version ), p. 43.

[40] Franz Joseph Märter: The fruit tree farms, in addition to the directory of all trees, shrubs and bush plants (...) 3rd edition, Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1795 (. Digitalisat ). When unnamed editor it was loud Märter around the Ebracher Cistercian Christian Baumann (1739-1803).

[41] Message to the audience. In: Intelligence Journal of the General. Literatur-Zeitung ( Jena ), January 24, 1795, columns 59 f. ( Digitized version ).

[42] Franz Joseph Märter: Directory of Austrian trees and bushes (...) 3rd edition, Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1796 ( digitized ).

[43] Franz Joseph Märter: Natural History of Bataten , sweet or Spanish potatoes. Along with remarks and experiments on their culture. Carl Schaumburg, Vienna 1797 ( digitized version ), here: pp. 44–49.

[44] Annals of Literature and Art in the Austrian States . 4th year, 1st volume, Anton Doll, Vienna 1805, column 17 ( digitized version ); Franz Joseph Märter: anti-criticism. In: Beylage to the intelligence sheet of the annals of the Austrian Empire, March 1808, columns 1–12, here: column 12 ( digitized version ); Joseph August Schultes : Travels through Upper Austria in the years 1794, 1795, 1802, 1803, 1804 and 1808. 2. Part, Johann Georg Cotta , Tübingen 1809, p. 106 ( digitized version ); Karl Hofbauer: The Wieden with the noble seats Conradswerd, Mühlfeld, Schaumburgerhof and the open space Hungerbrunn (...) Karl Gorischek, Vienna 1864, p. 100 f. ( Digitized version ); Annual report of the grammar school of the KK Theresianische Akademie in Vienna, submitted at the end of the school year 1891 , Vienna 1891, p. 41.

[45] Francis of Paula Woess: nursery to Herrenals near Vienna. In: Economic News and Negotiations, July 1811, pp. 278 f. ( Digitized version ); see. Austria's progress in fruit culture. In: Vaterländische Blätter for the Austrian Imperial State , 16./20. November 1810, pp. 402-405, here: p. 403 ( digitized version ); Dominicalhof, along with a systematic fruit tree nursery for sale (…) In: Wiener Zeitung , June 24, 1812, p. 12 ( digitized version ).

[46] Intelligence Journal of the Annals of Literature of the Austrian Empire , September 1807, p. 103 f. ( Digitized version ).

[47] Directory of the genuine, fine French dessert fruit varieties cultivated in the large systematic tree nursery in Hernals near Vienna and obtained from them. Karl Schaumburg, Vienna 1805 ( digitized ).

[48] Anti-criticism and answer of the reviewer in: Beylage zum Intellektivenblatte der Annalen des Österreichisches Kaiserthumes, March 1808, columns 1–16 ( digitized version ).

[49] About the need for an extraordinary and increased wood production appropriate to the current circumstances through the establishment and appropriate use of national tree nurseries. Geistinger, Vienna 1810 ( digitized version ).

[50] About the probable expected value of maple sugar production in the temperate regions of the European continent. Audiatur et altera pars . In Christian Peter Laurop (ed.): Annalen der Forst- und Jagd-Wissenschaft, 2nd volume, 1st issue, Heyer and Leske, Darmstadt 1812, pp. 29–43 ( digitized version ).

[51] Ludwig Friedrich Franz Freiherr von Werneck: Refutation of the treatise published by Prof. Märter in Vienna on the probable expected value of maple sugar production (...) Krieger, Marburg 1814.

[52] Characteristics and culture of the Mahaleb or perfume cherry tree (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1813 ( digitized version ).

[53] Draft of a theory about the natural origin as well as the artificial production of the burl wood (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1815 ( digitized ).

[54] Franz Joseph Märter: The fruit tree farms, in addition to the directory of all trees, shrubs and bush plants (...), 3rd ed, Stahel, Vienna 1796, front page (. Digitalisat ); Transactions of the Linnean Society. Volume 5, J. Davis, London 1800 ( digitized ), List of the Linnean Society, 1799, p. (7).

[55] Written probably in Charleston, in January or February 1784. Cf. Albert V. Carozzi, Marguerite Carozzi: Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783–1784. In: Earth Sciences History, Volume 13, No. 1 (1994), pp. 5-20, here: pp. 7, 9.

[56] Review: General German Library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 110, Kiel 1792, p. 472 f. ( Digitized version ).

[57] Review by Bh .: New general German library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 38, Kiel 1798, pp. 515-518 ( digitized version ).

[58] Review in: Intelligence Journal of the Annals of Literature of the Austrian Empire , September 1807, p. 103 f. ( Digitized version ); Anti-criticism and answer of the reviewer in: Beylage to the intelligence sheet of the Annals of the Austrian Empire (sic), March 1808, columns 1–16 ( digitized version ).