Märter expedition

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Illustration from Märter's Natural History of Bataten (1797).
Described by Jacquin without naming the collector Bredemeyer : Bromelia chrysantha (1797).

The Märter expedition took place in 1783–1788 on behalf of Joseph II . Originally planned as a circumnavigation, it was supposed to provide natural history as well as plants, animals and minerals for the imperial collections. The starting point was the independent USA , from which expedition leader Franz Joseph Märter also reported on politics and economy. Then the remaining participants split up: Franz Boos traveled to the Bahamas , the Cape Colony and the Mascarene Islands , Franz Bredemeyer to Martinique , Puerto Rico and Venezuela , the sick Märter Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ) and Jamaica . In 1788 and 1792, Nicolas Baudin was supposed to bring Georg Scholl back, who had accompanied Boos to the Cape . However, he lost a total of three ships, so that Scholl could not return to Vienna until 1799.

Born versus Jacquin

Joseph's father, Emperor Franz I , the founder of the menagerie and the botanical garden in Schönbrunn , had already financed an expedition to America from 1754–1759. It was led by the Dutch naturalist Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), who was accompanied by the later court gardener Ryk van der Schot (approx. 1733–1790) and two bird feeders from Florence . At that time, plants and animals from the Caribbean, Venezuela and today's Colombia came to the imperial summer residence with a total of seven transports. But many of the exotic plants froze to death when the large glass house remained unheated for one night shortly before the death of Joseph's mother Maria Theresa .

Joseph II spent a large part of his co-reign (1765–1780) and his sole government (1780–1790) on trips, but his official duties made it impossible for him to extend them beyond Europe. During his travels, he was particularly interested in gardens and natural history collections. The description of gardens is one of the few occasions on which he is enthusiastic in the diary of his trip to France (1777), using superlatives. In Paris he visited the Jardin du roi and its director Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707–1788). On his trip to the Netherlands (1781) he also visited numerous gardens, including the Hortus botanicus of the University of Leiden .

Back then negotiated the English merchant William Bolts (1738-1808), which the Indian Ocean k. k. He had founded trading shops in Brussels with the emperor, but in contrast to his mother and Chancellor Kaunitz, he was averse to colonial adventures. Soon after, was the American War of Independence , from which the neutral remaining monarchy of the House of Austria-Lorraine had profited economically, with the surrender of Yorktown decided. Bolts subsequently designed a circumnavigation project: A ship named after Joseph's friend, Vice Chancellor Johann Philipp Graf Cobenzl (1741–1810) under Captain Johann Joseph von Bauer (1751–1808) was supposed to sail via Cape Horn into Nootka Sound ( Vancouver Island ) , where James Cook was able to buy sea ​​otter skins cheaply in 1778 , and then back to Europe via China, Japan and the Cape of Good Hope . Bolts presented this project in Vienna in May 1782, and Joseph II was ready to support it.

As a participant in the expedition, Jacquin recommended his student Matthias Leopold Stupić (approx. 1732–1794), the mineralogist Ignaz von Born (1742–1791) to the adjunct in the natural history cabinet Karl Haidinger (1756–1797) and van der Schot his first assistant Franz Boos (1753–1791) 1832). That Jacquin chose the 50-year-old Croat Stupic, the first time for MD PhD , was hung with the fact that his favorite Swibert Burkhard Schiverek (1742 to 1803) a position at the newly opened University of Lvov ( Lviv followed), and perhaps also with the fact that the emperor had in mind the cultivation of American crops in the countries of the Hungarian crown or the military border.

Jacquin complains that the management of the company will soon be completely transferred to Born. He had dreamed of a circumnavigation of the world modeled on that of Cook, even if he had to give up the idea of ​​taking a ride because of his weakened health. In addition to Haidinger and Boos, the expedition team now included the botanist Franz Joseph Märter (1753–1827) and the painter Bernhard Albrecht Moll (1743–1788). Märter was a professor of natural history and economics ( agricultural and geosciences , technology , business ethics , trade ) at the Theresian-Savoy Knight Academy , which Joseph II dissolved in 1783, Moll temporarily employed in the natural history cabinet. Except for Moll, with whose family Born was friends, all belonged to the Masonic lodge , directed by him, to the true unity . He justified the fact that Born had replaced Stupić with Märter by stating that the former, with the exception of botany, “has no knowledge of any other part of natural history”. One journalist dared to predict that Haidinger and Märter would make more extensive and useful discoveries as generalists than Cook's companions Joseph Banks (1743–1820), Daniel Solander (1733–1782) and Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798), who focused on botany concentrated. Joseph Mayer (1752–1814), later professor of natural history at the Universities of Prague and Vienna , was determined to accompany Märter and Haidinger, but was content with a trip to Europe when the Kaiser increased the duration of the expedition from four to eight years.

"Our Little Scholars"

Bolts had to give up his project in autumn 1782 because it seemed too risky to his financiers in the Austrian Netherlands and the thrifty emperor only wanted to pay the researchers' costs. This meant that they were reliant on carpooling, which led to frequent changes to travel plans. In order to bridge the waiting time until departure, Haidinger visited the mines of the k. k. Hereditary lands . Märter still wanted to visit scientific institutions in Paris and Holland , but Joseph II did not allow him to do this because he feared that “our little scholars” (in contrast to the great Jacquin) would embarrass themselves abroad. In general, he no longer believed in the feasibility of the expedition. When Born appointed Märter to head it, Haidinger decided not to participate. Then Stupić got a chance, and only now it seems that Franz Bredemeyer (1758–1839), another assistant to van der Schot, has been added to the team. As a salary, Märter received 1200 Viennese guilders , his deputies Stupić and Moll 1000 and 800 respectively, the gardeners Boos and Bredemeyer 600 each.

Silhouettes by Moll show the appearance of three of the five participants in the expedition:

When the researchers were already in financial difficulties because of the delay, Count Pierre Proli (1752–1794) brought plants from the Île de France ( Mauritius ) to Vienna in February 1783 . These were gifts from Jean-Nicolas Céré (1737-1810), the director of the Jardin du roi in Pamplemousses , who supplied the French colonial empire with economically interesting exotic plants. According to Jacquin, the fact that the trees and seeds had perished along the way prompted Joseph II to give the expedition members the green light to leave in April, with the original task of collecting natural history material. The plan was to first cross the Atlantic and then the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Accordingly, Märter practiced describing birds in the South Seas .

Although the expedition had become more botanical-heavy again due to Haidinger's departure, at least in the initial phase it differed from the “botanical collecting trips” or “Schönbrunn garden expeditions”, to which it is assigned in the literature. Their organization and the correspondence with the researchers entrusted Joseph State Vice Chancellor Cobenzl, who was responsible for foreign trade. The native Slovene also laid out an English garden , which has now disappeared, on the Reisenberg near Vienna and accompanied the emperor to France in 1777.

Märter followed a trend in botany at the time, which the science historian Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane (1928–2011) brought to the formula "Utility not curiosity". He not only wanted to collect exotic items, but also the agriculture and forestry of the k. k. States promote. This against the background of the famine years 1770–1772 and the overexploitation of the forests. In 1781 he had published a list of native trees and shrubs that was published several times, in 1782 one of the plants in an “economic garden”, the selection of which should be determined by their usefulness and availability. By calling the classic botanical garden a “mishmash” and a “ chamber of rarities ”, he indirectly mocked Jacquin's work. In his eyes, however, Märter's interest was too much in the ostensibly useful.

Märter is described as "young, of a healthy physical constitution, unmarried, zealous and inquisitive". As it turned out, it was neither sea nor tropical. Only fragments of the planned circumnavigation came about because Moll and Stupić had viewed the expedition from the start as an opportunity to emigrate to the USA and because the gardeners in Schönbrunn had been instructed not to subordinate themselves to Märter.

From Philadelphia to the Bahamas

By William Bartram scale father in 1728 botanical garden in Philadelphia .
Märter and Boos admired such a huge banyan tree near their home in the Bahamas .

The provincial news from the Kaiserl. Royal States reported on June 14, 1783: “Mr. Prof. Märter, teacher of natural history and economics at the k. k. On April 27th, Theresian and his entourage began their journey to expand their knowledge of natural history and to enrich the k. k. botanical garden in Schönbrunn, the menagerie and the kaiserl. Naturalkabinets came up. "

With no idea of ​​how to get to America, the researchers first drove to Brussels, from where Märter was able to visit Holland after all. Then it was decided that they should accompany the newly appointed Imperial agent in the United States, Frédéric Baron de Beelen (1740-1805), to Philadelphia . They went to Paris to meet him. There they visited the Jardin du roi and the Cabinet d'histoire naturelle. In August they boarded the American frigate General Washington with Beelen and his family in Le Havre , carrying letters of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin in their luggage .

On the 40-day voyage, they experienced three severe storms. Märter wrote to Born: "(...) the ship was pressed down soon to the left, now to the right, now at the front so much that we could not stop at every moment for the last of our lives (...)" The expedition leader was according to Moll seasick during the whole voyage and hardly spoke a word. The day after his arrival in Philadelphia he reported to Cobenzl all the more euphorically that America seemed to be “the happiest country and a true earthly paradise: the comfort of the sky, the fertility of the earth and the multitude of new objects occurring everywhere have made me so happy Amazed that I have not yet been able to bring myself back from it. "

In Philadelphia, Märter made the acquaintance of the American botanist William Bartram (1739–1823), who subsequently delivered plants and seeds to Märter and directly to Vienna via Beelen. The plan was to travel to the southern states of the USA before the cold season began , but the ship on which the entire “ equipage ” had been sent ahead in Ostend was a long time coming. Without proper clothing, books, and equipment, one had to endure in Philadelphia. Märter wanted to devote himself to zoology and mineralogy after botany . Moll drew cryptogams , tortoises and birds. When the weather was already quite rough, Stupić with Boos and Moll and Bredemeyer collected seeds that could be found in the area ( Pennsylvania , western New Jersey ).

In November Stupić and Boos, in December Moll and Bredemeyer by ship from Philadelphia to Charleston ( South Carolina ). Märter chose the more difficult overland route. In the record-breaking winter of 1783/84 he crossed Pennsylvania, Maryland , Virginia and North and South Carolina on horseback with the naturalist Johann David Schöpf (1752–1800), who had served as a doctor for England's Ansbach - Bayreuth auxiliary troops during the War of Independence . The mineralogical observations that he made are very similar to those of Schöpf.

Arrived in Charleston in January 1784, Märter planned to send Stupić and a gardener to the Bahamas , which had previously only been entered by a single naturalist, to travel the two Carolinas and the west coast of Florida himself with a companion, the fourth companion in Charleston the groupage and to meet the others there again at the end of the summer. Since Stupić did not speak enough English, he changed his plans in March and sent him to North Carolina, where there were a few Germans. Moll and Bredemeyer stayed in Charleston. Märter drove with Schöpf and Boos via St. Augustine (San Agustín) in east Florida to New Providence in the Bahamas. He was constantly seasick again and returned to Charleston in May. Boos visited numerous islands in the Bahamas over six months, although there was a lack of food and even drinking water. Once he drove from island to island on a small sloop for 36 days with a wreck looter and a black man . During a storm he saw the slave's son drown and admired the father's strength of soul. Schöpf returned to Europe in June. He appears to be three of the seven published travel reports of “Mr. Prof. Martyr ”, and he in turn does not mention Schöpf anywhere.

From Märter's reports

Indigenous people as noble savages ( Jacquin , 1763).

Märter's mentioned reports are addressed to Born. They appeared in the Freemason's magazine Physical Works of the Amicable Friends in Vienna and previously in excerpts from the oldest daily newspaper in the imperial city, the Wienerblättchen . (The quotations are corrected according to the manuscripts.) In it, Märter deals with a wide range of topics. Among the indigenous crops in Pennsylvania, he mentions “Indian grain” first, meaning the maize grown as food for slaves and cattle as well as for export . The agricultural experts were also interested in weeds such as ragweed . As for the animal world, he describes the raccoon as "very good and easy to tame" - Boos later released specimens he was carrying when rats ate his plants during the sea transport to Europe. In contrast, Märter saw "hideous beasts" in the numerous snakes. The unrestricted hunt, which he witnessed during bird migration , was not yet an object of concern for him . Certainly he would not have thought it possible that the pigeon invading "armies"  - next to the bison the symbol for the overexploitation of nature in North America - would be exterminated as early as 1914.

Märter hoped that the cultivation of the land would improve the harsh climate. The hard work of German settlers contributed significantly to the prosperity of Pennsylvania. "There are, however, loud people from the lowest class to earn their ship cargo here have a few more years musten as slaves need can freylich nothing but what is considered the most brutal manners and the greatest one ignorance in all, for today's education belongs expect from them. ”While the Quakers have cattle like in Holland or Switzerland, that of the Germans is small and unsightly. They simply left the arable land fallow when fertility declined; he hadn't seen a single manure container. A labor shortage in agriculture leads to high wages, and these make industrial work unattractive. Therefore, almost exclusively agricultural products are still exported (to the Caribbean) and industrial goods are imported (from Europe).

In Philadelphia he was amazed by the variety of denominations: "(...) you can find Jews , Presbiterians , Sandemanians , Lutherans , Pabtists , Anapabtists , Methodists , separatists , Moravians (...) and Quakers who make up a very large part." America’s democracy is in a “tremendous ferment” and suggests that he preferred the enlightened despotism of Joseph II. He attributes the fact that Virginia was less populated than the northern states to the division of the land among noble landowners who left large areas undeveloped. He criticizes that there “all domestic business as well as field work is done only by black slaves and it would be considered a disgrace to a white man to find him doing the least work, so that only those people work the land who are under the hardest Joche, which suppresses all drive to activity, sighs. ”About the southerners of British origin, he had to say“ that pride, rawness and exuberance characterize their behavior in an excellent way (...) in addition to this, the usual and sometimes necessary cruel proceedings against the slaves are not a little may contribute. "

On Columbus' discovery of the Bahamas , Märter remarks: “At that time these islands were inhabited by very kind-hearted and willing Indians (...), but soon afterwards they were inhabited by the very Chatolian (s) nation , presumably from Eÿfer to true Christianity, with theirs baptized their own blood, and were promoted to bliss except for the last man (...) “The statements quoted have a clear reference to the reforms of Joseph II ( tolerance patent , subject patent ). Information from Märter's reports went into a contemporary children's book. The fact that he did not write any more is probably due to the fact that he fell ill and, for lack of helpers, had to work as a gardener and animal keeper. Above all, however, Cobenzl had written to him “that it is not my observations and travelogue, but the condition of the Schönbrunn Gardens that will have to speak for me over time”.

The expedition team breaks up

Master and slave ( William Blake after John Gabriel Stedman , 1796).

" Karolina is a paradise in spring, hell in summer, and a hospital in autumn."

From June to November 1784 Bredemeyer brought the first groupage transport from Charleston via London and Ostend to Vienna. On this occasion, Märter complained to Cobenzl that his companions had let him look after the plants and animals alone. The two gardeners acted according to the "resolution that was drawn from an impure source in Vienna" to be a hindrance to him at every opportunity. Bredemeyer also behaved "as if he had been sent off just to do something too good for himself", which is why he had doubts about the success of the transport.

Märter indicated that Moll and Stupić had surrendered to the vice that encouraged “too much freedom”. With that he meant at least in the case of Molls, who left his belongings to a maid without a family name, the cohabitation with a slave girl. The painter, who had previously been most useful to him, now dreams of “golden mountains”, which his art will help him to achieve in America. During his absence in the Bahamas, he did not touch a brush for him. And even after braving a raise in the most impolite way, he was negligent to get his release. He also had no help with Stupić. In addition, he makes the expedition ridiculous through “awkwardness and extraordinary behavior”. He even spread that he was cheating on him because he was paying him the salary at the local instead of the Vienna exchange rate. The only reason he did not send it back with the groupage was because otherwise he would have risked its complete loss. Märter also wrote that he wanted to spend the upcoming hurricane season (June – November) in Charleston and visit Georgia from there . In any case, there were no opportunities to travel to East India for the time being.

In South Carolina, with its humid, subtropical climate , the most common disease until the early 20th century was malaria . Märter also fell ill with the "intermittent fever", but still planned to explore the Appalachians in autumn . He wanted to collect trees with usable wood and send them to Vienna in the spring of 1785. Since there were no ships going to Spanish America, he decided to then visit the French islands in the West Indies. The first stop should be Cap-Français ( Cap-Haïtien ) in Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ). He instructed Moll to "take the first ship to Europe as a dissatisfied and completely useless member of our society (...)." He then resigned and established himself in Charleston as a drawing teacher and silhouetteur . Märter kept an album with around 150 duplicates of silhouettes Moll cut during the expedition. It is now in the Royal Ontario Museum in the Canadian city of Toronto , one of whose founders was Moll's brother William Berczy .

Märter also wanted to send Stupić back, who cursed his service, even the emperor. From an excursion he brought back a single plant species that was already known. If he was to take care of next year's transport, he would have to be given a gardener in Europe. As a last chance, Märter took Stupić with him to the Appalachians. Because of a life-threatening illness they were called back by Boos to Charleston, where the expedition leader had to take over his duties for a long time.

French West Indies, Puerto Rico

Market in the Antilles (Agostino Brunias, around 1780).

As Märter had feared, Bredemeyer only brought parts of his transport safely to Vienna. Nevertheless, Joseph II sent him back to America at the end of 1784, which Bredemeyer had asked for. This shows that Märter was not as bad a boss as the emperor had thought after Moll and Stupić dropped out. Accompanied by the gardener journeyman Joseph Schücht († 1812), Bredemeyer drove via Bordeaux to Saint-Pierre on Martinique , where he arrived in March 1785. Although he stayed there for a long time without any news from the expedition leader, he used the stay to botanize.

Märter was still in Charleston. In February he sent wild indigo and worm-resistant cabbage to Vienna with a consignment of seeds . When he also ordered Stupić to return home immediately, he opened a doctor's practice in the city. Märter wanted to send Boos ahead to the Antilles and accompany the second transport of living plants and animals at least as far as England. But when he received an invitation from the learned society Cercle des Philadelphes (Circle of Brother Lovers) in Cap-Français, founded in 1784 , he entrusted the transport to Boos. This brought a larger part of the cargo to Vienna unharmed than Bredemeyer. This is probably also because he was able to leave earlier in the year (in May instead of June) and, thanks to greater effort, was on the road less long (four instead of five months).

In Märter's interest, Beelen subscribed to the catalog of American forest trees and shrubs by the Pennsylvanian botanist Humphry Marshall (1722–1801). He expected benefits for Märter's planned stay in Peru and Chile from the directory of natural history material that the French botanist Joseph Dombey (1742–1794) had collected there and brought to Europe in early 1785.

In June, Märter wanted to pick up Bredemeyer and Schücht in Martinique, but seasickness forced him to stop in Pointe-à-Pitre on Guadeloupe . He and the gardeners only met in Cap-Français in August. At times all three were sick. For health reasons, Märter was unable to collect for half a year. Bredemeyer was the first botanist to travel to Puerto Rico in Spain until February 1786 . Märter was inducted into the Cercle des Philadelphes in September . Through his mediation, the botanist Thomas Walter (1740–1789) in Santee (South Carolina) delivered seeds to Vienna.

Although Boos also had problems with Stupić, in the eyes of the emperor it was the "contentious" Märter who caused his deputies to jump. He should therefore no longer get any new employees and travel to East India with Boos. According to a press release, it was suspected to be at the Cape of Good Hope in October 1785. In reality, however, he was still in Cap-Français. From there he asked Cobenzl why Bredemeyer had come back to him when he was such a bad boss. He was going about in December after Jamaica , Havana and Mexico travel further and on the Pacific coast to gather America's minerals. From Peru , he wants to send Schuch back to Cádiz via Acapulco and Havana and translate with Bredemeyer to Manila and China . He went on to say that it already had a “West Indian color”, but that it still couldn't take the tropical heat well and sea voyages at all.

Bredemeyer in Venezuela

Red-capped woodpecker on flowering Bucaré ( coral tree ), Venezuela.

In February 1786 Bredemeyer and Schücht von Märter were sent to Venezuela. They reached Caracas in March via Puerto Rico and the port of La Guaira . Originally Boos should have visited this part of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada. In any case, Bredemeyer was provided with a passport in his name, which not only caused problems for him, but later also for historians. The gardeners were suspected of economic espionage and struggled with money worries. In Vienna, Märter was apparently blamed for these difficulties, but Bredemeyer defended him: he got to know him in Saint-Domingue as “very righteous”, “so that I (would have) valued myself very lucky the whole world to travel around him ”.

Bredemeyer and Schücht hired a black man as an assistant and bought mules. In September they traveled east from Caracas to Guatire , Caucagua and Capaya (all in what is now the state of Miranda ). In Guatire they met the music teacher Pedro Palacios y Sojo , who is said to have received instruments and sheet music from Joseph II. 13 years before Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland they saw the American cow tree (Brosimum utile) near Capaya in the rainforest of the coastal cordillera . The writer Johann Baptist Rupprecht (1776–1846) reports on this according to Bredemeyer's statements: “The extremely excited and satisfied explorer had a happy midday meal under him and one not only drank from the tapped, rather plentifully flowing milk, but left corn and cassava bread Immediately dribble with it and collect the milk together with the bey in the strong fruit peels of the (...) calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) and was very much there. ”From March to May 1787 Bredemeyer and Schucht stayed west of Caracas in the valleys of what is now the state of Aragua and the Llanos (plains). In April 1788 they re-embarked in La Guaira. As for their yield, Bredemeyer Cobenzl promised that he would “see a miracle of nature among so many capital plants”. Via the Dutch Curaçao , where they chartered the American schooner The Commerce , they reached Amsterdam in July and Vienna in September.

180 sheets from Bredemeyer's herbarium are now in the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem . The botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765–1812) took from Bredemeyer's documents, among other things, the description of cocoa plantations in Venezuela. These would be shaded by red-flowering Bucarés ( coral trees), "which affords a splendid, extremely delightful sight and a very pleasant, cool, refreshing stay, which is so much more charming during the flowering period of the Bucarés, since then a large host of the most beautiful and largest parrots , who come to consume these flowers, enliven these (...) forests with chatty tones and beautify them with their multicolored plumage ”. Today the plant genus Bredemeyera and various plant species are named after Bredemeyer.

Märter in Jamaica

Meanwhile, Märter had been lying in the Hôpital de la Charité in Cap-Français. Still with the long-term goal of East India, he set out for Kingston in Jamaica in February 1786 . He felt better there, so he planned to make a detour to the Miskito coast (British protectorate in Nicaragua and Honduras ) or to travel on to Mexico . According to his information, he asked Bredemeyer and Schucht to return to him, but they had refused with an "improper apology". Because of his fluctuating health, it seems that he was also given the option to return home via cooler Canada . In October he could have negotiated with Nicolas Baudin (1754-1803), a former captain of the French navy who was on the way to the Île de France and then took Boos from the Dutch Cape Colony there with him.

In Jamaica, Märter penetrated the mountainous interior and, like Humboldt and Bonpland later in the Andes, examined the influence of increasing sea level on the flora . The Swedish botanist Olof Swartz (1760-1818) met him on Blue Mountain Peak , where he was sick again and could not tolerate the food. Perhaps he was also depressed by the thought of not being able to return to Austria because he had fallen out of favor there. In any case, Swartz later wrote to the aforementioned Joseph Banks, who now presided over the Royal Society , that if Märter stayed in Jamaica he would be more useful to the island than Thomas Clarke, the director of the Bath Botanical Gardens there . According to a press release, Märter discovered many plants that Hans Sloane (1660–1753), Patrick Browne (1720–1790) and Jacquin had missed. At that time he planned to spend the spring of 1787 in Havana and then to continue to Mexico.

According to its own information, Märter collected 3000 plants from June 1786 to April 1787 and also received plants from the opposite mainland such as the poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima ). Left to his own devices, he decided to bring his booty to Europe himself, which he was later accused of being arbitrary. The owner of the highest plantation in Jamaica, Matthew Wallen, informed Banks in May that Märter wanted to be introduced to him. When everything was ready for embarkation, another helper arrived from Brussels, not a gardener, but a wig maker and trader. This J. Grosjean stayed in bed all the way back. Via London, Märter reached Brussels in August, where he overwintered 1,800 living plants (including cinnamon , mango and breadfruit ) in glass houses, while Grosjean brought the seeds and birds to Vienna. In April / May 1788, Märter bought birds and plants in Holland and England, and then left for the imperial city in June. Although he lost "neither the feather of a bird nor a leaf of a plant" as far as the Danube in Ulm, the overland transport with Flemish carters, whose heads are harder "than the maturity of their wagon wheels" , seemed more exhausting than two ocean crossings.

Boos on the Cape and the Mascarene Mountains

Holland built in 1771 (cut glass attributed to Jacob Sang).
Fockea capensis with a lump-shaped trunk (bottom right) in the desert house in Schönbrunn .

Joseph II was so enthusiastic about what Boos brought with him that he immediately sent him back on a collecting trip - but not like Bredemeyer back to Märter, but directly to the Cape Colony and the Mascarene Mountains. These destinations had just become accessible again after the Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784) ended and the conflict between the k. k. Monarchy and the United Netherlands around the Scheldesperre (1784/85) had been settled. Together with the gardener Georg Scholl (1751–1831), Boos went to Brussels in October 1785, but was only able to set sail from Texel in February 1786 . There was great disorder on the Holland of the Dutch East India Company . The cabin they had to share with the fearful captain Lars Jansen was like a stable. The trip to Cape Town dragged on until June. An epidemic broke out on the ship, killing 34 of the 354 people on board.

In the Cape Colony, Boos and Scholl were annoyed with Governor Cornelis Jacob van de Graaff , who "was in a delusion that the republic could only maintain its rule over the Hottentots through the violence of terror and superstition ". Especially Scholl outraged the cruel treatment of the Bushmen : The Bure had robbed them of their cattle, their kraals burnt down when he wanted to expand his farm, and punished the slightest resistance to the death. He had imagined “this country was created because of him; because he has a white skin and - a rifle to assert his claims ”. In gratitude, however, the researchers committed the explorer Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon (1743–1795), who commanded the local garrison of the East India Company. He installed them in a garden at the foot of Table Mountain and accompanied them on their first short excursions together with the Scottish botanist Francis Masson (1741–1805) . In autumn 1786 he traveled with them to the semi-desert Karoo .

Leaving Scholl behind at the Cape as instructed, Boos went to the Île de France with the aforementioned Captain Baudin from February to March 1787. According to a letter of recommendation to Céré that the imperial consul general Jean de Pelgrom (1756-1820) gave him , Boos combined a "very simple appearance" with rare merit and complete devotion to his task. In addition to Céré, to whom he brought reciprocal gifts from the emperor for the shipment of plants in 1783, he was also supported by Governor François de Souillac (1732-1803) and Joseph-François Charpentier de Cossigny (1736-1809), who maintained an experimental garden on his estate in Palma . In October Boos visited the Île Bourbon ( La Réunion ), hiked through its mountainous interior with the botanist Joseph Hubert (1747-1825) and experienced an eruption of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano . On the other hand, he avoided Madagascar , where the Spanish botanist Francisco Noroña (1748–1788) had just contracted a fatal disease.

For the return trip, Boos Baudins chartered Pepita (Josepha), which was renamed La pépinière (The Nursery) . The material with which he set out in December 1787 had not been collected by himself - the best naturalists of the Île de France, indeed all of East India, had contributed to it. The Reichs-Post-Reiter heard from a correspondent: "If this collection reaches Europe, it will belong to the first of its kind." Because the Pépinière only displaced 320 tons, Boos at the Cape left part of the collected there under the care of the sick Scholl back. He reached Vienna in August 1788 via Málaga and Trieste. Baudin, whom he praised very much, had traveled there ahead of him. The largest animals they brought with them were two zebras . The allegedly oldest succulent plant in the world, a Fockea capensis in the desert house of Schönbrunn , is also said to come from this mission .

Märter in Brussels

If Europe's press had previously paid a certain amount of attention to the researchers (see bibliography), their return went unnoticed. Joseph II had been drawn into the Turkish war by Catherine II of Russia , and bad news came from the front . The originally planned journalistic evaluation of the expedition by Märter in collaboration with Moll was not carried out because the research team broke up. (The other members of the expedition were unable to do this because of their insufficient knowledge of German.) The plants that had come to Vienna were seized by Jacquin and later described scientifically in Latin. He did not mention to whom he owed the individual species.

Märter was appointed Professor of Botany and Special Natural History at the University of the Austrian Netherlands by Joseph II in 1788 , which was about to be relocated from Leuven to Brussels. There he published a Latin directory of the plants in a botanical garden in 1789, which was to be laid out on the land of an abolished monastery. The stands of Brabant granted for 50,000 florins. At the suggestion of the martial artist Bredemeyer, the government had appointed the garden manager. In the year mentioned, however, the Brabant Revolution made it impossible for them to continue their activities in Belgium.

Baudin in East India

André-Joseph Mécou after Joseph Jauffret: Nicolas Baudin, 1800.

After his return, Boos became an adjunct at the menagerie and at the Dutch Garden in Schönbrunn. Baudin, who he introduced to plant and animal care, set out in 1788 on a partly commercial, partly scientific mission to East India. Then he should bring Scholl back. But he lost two ships, both of which he had named La  jardinière (The Gardener) . The first was shipwrecked in the Mariana Islands under the command of his deputy en route from Macau to North America . The second fell victim to a cyclone in 1789 in Mauritius, where he bought it .

Joseph II died in 1790, but his successors Leopold II and Franz II shared his interest in natural history. In the year mentioned, Boos succeeded van der Schot and became director of the menagerie and at the same time - like Schücht - court gardener. Born also died in 1791, whom Schikaneder and Mozart are said to have immortalized as Sarastro in the Magic Flute , while the bird catcher Papageno remembers the participants in the Märter expedition and the birds they brought to Vienna.

Baudin returned to Europe on foreign ships and negotiated in Vienna about another East India voyage, which Emperor Leopold II wanted to finance only after Scholl had been transported back and his yield was 40,000 guilders. Shortly before the third Jardinière, a frigate of 600 tons and 20 cannons, with Bredemeyer, van der Schot's son Joseph, a baron von Andrian-Werburg and some k. k. Officers and soldiers set sail from Genoa in 1792 , the Kaiser died and the First Coalition War broke out. The ship was then stuck in Málaga for months. After Baudin had tried unsuccessfully to be returned to the French Navy, he continued the journey in October. While the Austrians returned home, he took over the collection of natural history material himself.

Bredemeyer also became court gardener in Schönbrunn in 1793. He looked after the orchards and parks, later the gardens of the archdukes , including the Alpinum . A collection of birds that Märter had donated to the Zurrue Eintracht Lodge was sold in 1794 after Franz II banned Freemasonry. Bredemeyer's herbarium came to Berlin. The fate of the herbaria of Märter and Boos is not known.

Baudin drove via Madeira and the Cape towards New Holland (Australia), but had to turn around due to storm damage and have the ship repaired in Bombay , where a large part of the crew was lured away from him. While his native France abolished slavery, he bought slaves on the way back in Mozambique . They were able to save themselves when the third Jardinière in 1794 at Cape Agulhas , the southernmost point of Africa, ran aground on a reef and ran aground. Subsequently, the disappointed Scholl claimed - as an investigation showed, wrongly - that Baudin had orchestrated the accident and thereby damaged Austria.

In September 1796, on behalf of the Directory of the French Republic , Baudin drove the Flûte La belle Angélique (The beautiful Angelica) from Le Havre to Trinidad in order to handle groupage intended for Schönbrunn that he said he had left there (1791 and 1794, respectively ). An American ornithologist even claimed Baudin had already in 1786 by Märter and Bredemeyer acquired bellows endemic brought birds "stolen" and on the Spanish island. When he arrived in Trinidad in April 1797, however, this was in the hands of the English, so that he had to leave without having achieved anything. The stays made by the expedition team led by Baudin in Tenerife (November 1796 – March 1797), Danish West Indies (April – July 1797) and Puerto Rico (July 1797 – April 1798) were scientifically fruitful . In June 1798 he returned to Paris via Fécamp . The following month, his palm trees, along with the works of art captured from Bonaparte in Italy, were led through the city in triumph .

Another fate of the researchers

In 1796 Märter published a new edition of his directory of Austrian trees and bushes, in which 500 instead of just 100 species are described, in 1797 a monograph on bateten ( sweet potatoes ), which he and Boos experimented with growing. As in the latter years Franz II restored. The Theresianische Ritterakademie, Märter was appointed professor of forest science, but retained it only until 1803. 1799 put it in Hernals in Vienna a commercial nursery with 300 French table fruits and erected next to 1801 one Freihof . In 1806 he sold both with reference to health problems.

Scholl held out at the Cape until 1798 and returned to Vienna the following year via London and Hamburg. In 1802 he was appointed court gardener in the Belvedere . Baudin led the French expedition to Australia named after him from 1800–1803 , but died of tuberculosis in Mauritius before it ended. Boos was appointed director of all court gardens by Franz II in 1807 with the exception of the one in Laxenburg and in 1810 he was appointed imperial councilor. In the 1810s, Märter published books on forest science topics: increasing wood production, maple sugar , softwood and burl wood. Schücht's son of the same name became a gardener in the imperial private garden and took part in the Austrian expedition to Brazil in 1820/21. Boos retired in 1827, whereupon Bredemeyer took over his position as director of the court gardens and held it until his death.

Varia

  • From the k. k. States not only drove merchants and naturalists to distant lands: 1780–1784 a Hungarian Count Gyulay traveled to East India for the second time.
  • Bolts had hired four participants on Cook's last voyage as officers, including the writer Heinrich Zimmermann (1741-1805).
  • Bauer undertook a purely commercial circumnavigation of the world with the Cobenzl from 1783–1786 (in an easterly direction, with a change of ship in Bombay and without the destination Nootka Sound ).
  • Märter had orders to carry out not only for Vienna, but also for Pavia , Brussels and Fiume .
  • In 1785 he had to warn ships under the imperial flag arriving in Charleston of a possible war with the United Netherlands.
  • In 1785, Beelen suggested that attempts should be made in Hungary and Flanders to cultivate ginseng , which the USA exported to China.
  • Bolts' ideas flowed into the planning of the French circumnavigation, which took place in 1785–1788 under the direction of Jean-François de La Pérouse (1741–1788).
  • In 1789, Beelen heard that Märter had explored the Ohio and Mississippi the previous summer . Now he wants to travel to India via California and from there to Europe by land. Had a fraudster obtained credit under a false name?
  • Also in 1789 Thaddäus Haenke (1761-1816) set out from Vienna to take part in Alessandro Malaspina's (1754-1810) Spanish expedition to the Pacific . He died in what is now Bolivia.

Used unprinted sources

Numerous other non-digitized files exist in Vienna ( Austrian National Library , Austrian State Archives ), Brussels ( Belgian State Archives ) and elsewhere.

Austrian National Library, collection of manuscripts and old prints

  • Cod. Ser. N. 3517.
  • Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd lot.

University of Vienna , Historical Collection of the Faculty Center for Biodiversity

Printed sources and literature

An overall appraisal of the expedition with due consideration of all those involved (namely Märters and Baudins), zoology , mineralogy, economics and politics as well as the sources outside Vienna is pending .

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

References and comments

  1. ↑ Giovanni Buonamici and Fernando Barculla. The government of the k. k. Maria Theresa's husband, who was kept away from the states, was Grand Duke of Tuscany as Franz II Stephan . Later Joseph Alix from Besançon joined the expedition.
  2. ↑ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones, Volume 1, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797, p. II f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F11~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  3. ↑ See the Wikipedia article Travel of Joseph II.
  4. ↑ Austrian State Archives , Department House, Court and State Archives, Hofreisen 9, lot 1.
  5. ↑ Cf. (Ludwig von Terzi :) Journal der Reisse, so his Majestæt der Kaÿser undertook the 22nd measure in 1781. Austrian State Archives, War Archives Department, Mem 1781-28-14.
  6. ^ Jean Bérenger: Michel Baudin au service de l'Autriche. In Michel Jangoux (ed.): Portés par l'air du temps, les voyages du capitaine Baudin ( Études sur le XVIIIe siècle  38), Éditions de l ' Université de Bruxelles , 2010, ISBN 978-2-8004-1486-7 ( Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fdigistore.bib.ulb.ac.be%2F2015%2Fi9782800414867_f.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D version), pp. 27–39, here: p. 28. In 1777, Joseph had seen in Brest , Rochefort and Toulon the enormous sums of money Louis XVI's navy . devoured.
  7. ^ The blockade of the Scheldt by the United Netherlands deprived the states of the dynasty of their most important port, Antwerp . They therefore tried to participate in world trade via the free ports of Livorno , Trieste and Fiume and, since 1781, Ostend .
  8. ^ Robert J. King: Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-1783. In: The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 21, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 235–262 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol21%2Ftnm_21_235-262.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), here: pp. 237, 239.
  9. ↑ Plants at sea were threatened by, among other things, a lack of fresh water and light, salinization and rat damage. See Marianne Klemun: Live plants on the way: ship, island, botanical garden, paradise and container as systemic flexible connected spaces in between. In: Journal of History of Science and Technology, 5/2012, pp. 30–48, here: p. 32.
  10. ↑ Stupić used the Hungarian spelling Stupics and later the English Stupich for his name.
  11. ↑ Cf. division of the emperors. royal Natural collection in Vienna. Edited by Karl Haidinger, adjuncts at the k. k. Natural history cabinet . Christian Friedrich Wappler, Vienna 1782 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Dq_1PAAAAcAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Deintheilung%2Bder%2Bkaiserl%2Bk%C3%B6nigl%2Bnaturaliensammlung%2Bzu%2Bwien%26hlved%3Dde%2BwienX26hlved%3Dde% 3D0ahUKEwj65ujwl8PfAhXNMewKHQH4CPAQ6AEIKTAA% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  12. ↑ According to the inscription on his tombstone in Charleston ( digitized version), Stupić died in http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ftolomatocemetery.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fthe-demise-of-gravestone.html~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D1794 at the age of 62. Since the Emperor Jacquin asked for a young botanist, Ridler mistakenly describes Stupić as young. Cf. (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature , 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 153 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ). The fact that the author of the epitaph made the Croat Stupić a Transylvanian is due to the confusion of his place of birth Karlstadt ( Karlovac ) with Karlsburg ( Alba Iulia ).
  13. ↑ See Theses practico-medicæ quas (…) in (…) Universitate Vindobonensi publicæ disquisitioni submittit Math. Leopoldus Stupics Carlostadiensis (…) Mathias Andreas Schmidt, Vindobonæ 1782 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Dw2piAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP3%26dq%3Dstupics%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjD8Kn55_neAhUMa1AKHRwECHw23IAv26%Depage%DALAB MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  14. ↑ (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 153 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  15. ^ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones. Volume 1, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797, p. III ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F12~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  16. ↑ Gazzetta universale o sieno note istorice, politiche, di scienze, arti, agricoltura ec. (Florence), Volume 9, August 17, 1782, p. 532 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DImw3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA532%26dq%3D%2522maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiCnfLN47LfAhXR-6go4KAHSonf23%qo4MAHSonf23vgo4MAHSonf23 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). The literature wrongly assigns other first names (Adam, Nikolaus) and the title of nobility to Moll .
  17. ↑ (Theodor Kravina von Kronstein): Draft of the economic knowledge which aristocratic youth brought up in the imperial royal Theresianum. Joseph Kurzböck, Vienna 1773 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D86zwKKNGxDQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dde%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse%26HALSE 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  18. ^ Moll's uncle Bernhard Paul von Moll (1697–1780) and Moll's father Albrecht Theodor Moll (1713–1772) had collected minerals , his cousin Johann Paul Karl von Moll worked in the natural history cabinet from 1778–1780. See John Andre, Hartmut Fröschle : The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172; Mary Macaulay Allodi et al .: Berczy (catalog of an exhibition on Moll's brother). National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa 1991, pp. 25-28, 299-303; Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn5~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  19. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): The New World , Austria and the Exploration of America, Austrian National Library , Edition Christian Brandstätter , Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77, here: p. 66.
  20. ↑ Münchner Stats-, learned, und mixed news, July 22, 1782, p. 455 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  21. ↑ Therese Forster (Ed.): Georg Forster ’s all writings. 7th volume, Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus , Leipzig 1843, p. 249 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DpZRmAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA249%26dq%3D%2522Mayer%2522%2B%2522m%C3%A4rter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved %go3D7Ah8UKEQ%26vedBfiD0ah8UKEQBH 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  22. ↑ The Cobenzl belonged to the Compagnia imperiale di  Trieste e  Anversa , which Bolts had founded in 1781. In October 1782 he was bankrupt. See Robert J. King: Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-1783. In: The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 21, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 235–262 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol21%2Ftnm_21_235-262.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), here: pp. 237, 244 f.
  23. ^ Sébastien Brunner : Correspondances intimes de l'empereur Joseph II avec son ami le comte de Cobenzl et son premier ministre le prince de Kaunitz (...) François Kirchheim, Mayence 1871, p. 33 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrespondancesi00jose%2Fpage%2F33~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  24. ^ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones. Volume 1, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797, p. III ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F12~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D). According to Alphonse Sprunck: Two Austrian research trips from the time of Joseph II. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 12/1959, pp. 414–426, here: p. 418 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_12%2F%3Fpg%3D426~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), Haidinger only resigned at the last moment.
  25. ↑ Alphonse Sprunck: Two Austrian research trips from the time of Joseph II. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 12/1959, p. 414–426, here: p. 415 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_12%2F%3Fpg%3D423~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  26. ^ Reproduced from John Andre: William Berczy , Co-Founder of Toronto . A Canada Centennial Project of the Borough of York, Toronto 1967, unpaginated part of the illustration, where the images of Boos and Bredemeyer are reversed. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, Fig. 3 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2F16~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  27. ^ Allegedly illegitimate son of State Chancellor Kaunitz, guillotined as a spy.
  28. ↑ Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones, Volume 1, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797, p. IV ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F13~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), VIII – XII (description of the trees given by Céré).
  29. ↑ Stations: Panama , Peru , Chile or Acapulco , Philippines , Sunda Islands , Bengal , Coromandel Coast , Malabar , Mascarene Islands, Cape Colony. Cf. Alphonse Sprunck: Two Austrian research trips from the time of Joseph II. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 12/1959, pp. 414–426, here: p. 416 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_12%2F%3Fpg%3D424~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  30. ↑ Mr. Joseph Märters (...) Description of some birds from the family of Parrots and Kolubri , from the coasts of the South Seas. In Ignaz Edler von Born (ed.): Physical work of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 1785, 1st quarter, p. 75 f., Tab. 2 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317708~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); 2nd quarter, p. 47 f., Tab. 2 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317797~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  31. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): Die Neue Welt, Austria and the exploration of America, Austrian National Library, Edition Christian Brandstätter, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77; Christa Riedl-Dorn: The Schönbrunn garden expeditions 1754-1860. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst- und Denkmalpflege, 57/2003, issue 3 f., Pp. 508–520; Marianne Klemun: Austrian scientific collecting trips to the Americas, 1783–1789. Intentions, instructions and implications. In: Thomas Fröschl , Ursula Prutsch (eds.): Austria and the Americas ( Wiener Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Neuzeit, 5/2005, Issue 1), pp. 21–35.
  32. ^ Jean Bérenger: Michel Baudin au service de l'Autriche. In Michel Jangoux (ed.): Portés par l'air du temps, les voyages du capitaine Baudin ( Études sur le XVIIIe siècle  38), Éditions de l ' Université de Bruxelles , 2010, ISBN 978-2-8004-1486-7 ( Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fdigistore.bib.ulb.ac.be%2F2015%2Fi9782800414867_f.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D version), pp. 27–39, here: pp. 28, 35.
  33. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years. The role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. In: Archives of Natural History, 18/1991, pp. 333–362, here: p. 345.
  34. ↑ Cf. Hubert Steinke : Scholars - Lovers - Economists, Types of Botanical Correspondence in the 18th Century. In Regina Dauser et al. (Ed.): Knowledge on the Net, Botany and Plant Transfer in European Correspondence Networks of the 18th Century ( Colloquia Augustana  24), Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-05-004144-5 , pp. 135–147.
  35. ↑ Directory of the Austrian trees, shrubs and bushes with brief notes from the natural and economic history of the same. Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1781 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzuz%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F9868646~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); 2nd edition, Berlin 1785; unauthorized 3rd edition (edited by Christian Baumann): Die Obstbaumzuchten, together with the list of all trees, shrubs and bushes (...) Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1795 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.31175035218349%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Authorized 3rd edition: Directory of Austrian trees and bushes (…) Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1796 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DxxJQAAAAcAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dm%C3%A4rter%2Bb%C3%A4ume%2Bstr%C3%A4ucher%2B1796%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX% 26ved% 3D0ahUKEwj1naqejNHeAhWEyqQKHdpxAfUQ6AEIKDAA% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  36. ↑ According to Friedrich Nicolai : Description of a journey through Germany and Switzerland in 1781 (…) 4th volume, Berlin / Stettin 1784, p. 774 / note. ( Digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DrvdfAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA774%26lpg%3DPA774%26dq%3D%2522D.%2BM%C3%A4rter%2522%26source%3Dbl%26Jots%3D3-_Rr26sig % 3DACfU3U0cKOtPw7H87x81aA1xu6G5pqvpLQ% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwip_K2kjL7hAhVFL1AKHbtaAbEQ6AEwBnoECAcQAQ% 23fal ~ 3Dseoppfepage% SIDE% SAcQAQ% 23fal ~ 3Da% 3DseonZ version), Märter envisaged “an even more complete ideal of such a garden” than the existing complex of the Theresianum.
  37. ↑ Franz Joseph Märter: Presentation of an economic garden based on the principles of applied botany. Krauss, Vienna 1782, preliminary report, unpaginated ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Freader.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Ffs1%2Fobject%2Fdisplay%2Fbsb10297434_00008.html~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  38. ^ Marianne Klemun : Exoticism, use, science, practices and plant appropriation in the "Economic-Botanical Garden" of the Theresian Academy. In: Franz M. Eybl (Ed.): Structural change in cultural practice, contributions to a cultural-scientific view of the Theresian age ( Yearbook of the Austrian Society for Research in the 18th Century 17/2002), ISBN 978-3-85114-644-8 , Pp. 303–333, here p. 328.
  39. ↑ He writes that “there is nothing in the world that is useless, for it is God's work”. Cf. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin : Instructions for plant knowledge according to Linné's method (...) Christian Friederich Wappler, Vienna 1785, p. 7 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F217560%23page%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  40. ↑ After returning to Vienna, he married Eva Kommenda (approx. 1774–1856).
  41. ↑ Marlies Raffler: Austriae extensio in orbem ultimum, natural scientist from the Habsburg monarchy overseas. In: Harald Heppner : To expand the horizon ( The Eighteenth Century and Austria 13), WUV Universitätsverlag, Vienna 1999, ISBN 978-3-85114-443-7 , pp. 181–196, here: pp. 193 f.
  42. ↑ See Austrian National Library, collection of manuscripts and old prints (henceforth: ÖNB), Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783), 25 (Märter an Cobenzl, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783), 27 verso (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783).
  43. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 37 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, June 15, 1784).
  44. ↑ Professor Märter's news from the Bahamian Islands (...) New Providence , May 15, 1784. In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 2nd year, 1st quarter, 1786, Pp. 58–84, here: pp. 77 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2439369~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  45. ^ Provincial news from the Kaiserl. Royal States (Vienna), June 14, 1783, p. 756 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dpkk%26date%3D17830614%26seite%3D4~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  46. ^ The Writings of Benjamin Franklin . Ed. V. Albert Henry Smith, Volume 9, Macmillan, New York / London 1906, pp. 35 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsofbenjam09franuoft%2Fpage%2F35~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  47. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 15 (Märter to Cobenzl, Philadelphia, September 10, 1783).
  48. ↑ Philadelphia , September 15, 1783, Professor Marter's first letter (…) about his journey from Europe to Philadelphia in North America. In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 3rd quarter, 1785, pp. 53–66, here: p. 61, cf. S. f., 59 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317903~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  49. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783).
  50. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 15 (Märter to Cobenzl, Philadelphia, September 10, 1783).
  51. ↑ See Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern united North American states to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784. Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, 1st part, p. 130– 133 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige01sch%2Fpage%2F130~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  52. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, pp. 381, 406-408, 425-428, 541, 544-551, 744 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F381~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  53. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 20 (Märter to Cobenzl, Philadelphia, October 25, 1783); Philadelphia in North America, September 25th (read: October) 1783, Professor Märter's second letter from Philadelphia (...) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 3rd year. Quarter, 1785, p. 66 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317908~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  54. ↑ See the description of Charleston in Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern United North American States to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784. Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, Part 2, Pp. 258-304 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige_02sch%2Fpage%2F258~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  55. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 30 (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, January 12, 1785); Professor Märters mineralogical remarks on a trip from Philadelphia in Pennsylvania to Charleston in Karolina . In Ignaz Edler von Born (ed.): Physical work of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 3rd quarter, 1785, pp. 82–87 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317924~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). According to Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern United North American States to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784, Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, Part 2, pp. 183, 245 ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige_02sch%2Fpage%2F183~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), a third person belonged to the tour company.
  56. ^ Johann David Schöpf: Contributions to the mineralogical knowledge of the eastern part of North America and its mountains. Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1787 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D5BdNvhOKTxcC%26pg%3DPP1%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DBeytr%C3%A4ge%2Bzur%2Bmineralogischen%2BKenntni%C3%9F%2Bdes%2B%2B%C% 2BTheils% 2Bvon% 2BNordamerika% 26source% 3Dbl% 26ots% 3D0oXOmVE9-m% 26sig% 3Dt8_EdUuOpP7epEj7CcPbJvssq7Y% 26hl% 3Den% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwjz5ebYk7_eAhUQKFAKHenLC-8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAQ% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Albert V. Carozzi, Marguerite Carozzi: Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783–1784. In: Earth Sciences History, Volume 13, No. 1 (1994), pp. 5-20, here: pp. 5, 9 f.
  57. ↑ Mark Catesby , 1725. Cf. Ignatius Urban (ed.): Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta florae Indiae occidentalis , Volume 3, fratres Horntraeger, Lipsiae 1902 f., P. 147 ( digital copy http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F3753%23page%2F150%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  58. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 30/33 (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, January 12, 1784), 37 (ditto, June 15, 1784).
  59. ↑ St. Augustin in East Florida, March 17, 1784, the same (Märters) Nachrichten aus Ostflorida (...) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical works of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 1st year, 4th quarter, 1785 , Pp. 101-107 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2318041~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); Professor Märter's news from the Bahamian Islands (…) New Providence , May 15, 1784. There, 2nd volume, 1st quarter, 1786, pp. 58–84 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2439350~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern United North American States to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784, Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, Part 2, pp. 352-499 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige_02sch%2Fpage%2F352~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  60. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 17 f. (Märter an Born, Philadelphia, September 12, 1783), 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783), 34 verso (Märter an Cobenzl, Charleston, June 15, 1784).
  61. ↑ (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ). The author's statement that Märter left the Bahamas after a fortnight is incorrect.
  62. ^ Contributions to the learned Austria. (Continuation.) In: Archive for Geography, History, State and War Art (Vienna), 6th year, No. 156, December 29, 1815, pp. 756–758, here: p. 756 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DM0ZEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA756%26dq%3D%2522Maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjDkIPU16TfAhXRblAKHY23% IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  63. ↑ The Reports on the Natural History of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and East Florida. Cf. Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern united North American states to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784, Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, 1st part, unpaginated preface ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige01sch%2Fpage%2Fn14~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ) .
  64. ↑ See Heather Morrison: "They hear you tell of such things as if they were from America", Representations of the Newly Independent United States in an Austrian Botanist's Travelogue. In: Austrian History Yearbook, Volume 48, April 2017, pp. 74–90 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Faustrian-history-yearbook%2Farticle%2Fthey-hear-you-tell-of-such-things-as- if-they-were-from-america-representations-of-the-newly-independent-united-states-in-an-austrian-botanists-travelogue% 2FA592BB48B6688EF2493CC16E58B5AB6E% 23 ~ GB% 3D ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  65. ↑ Das Wienerblättchen , January 1785, pp. 200–202, 208–210, 241 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwib%26date%3D17850123%26seite%3D6~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); February 1785, pp. 26-28, 35 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwib%26date%3D17850203%26seite%3D10~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); March 1785, pp. 99 f., 115 f., 122–124, 132 f., 144–146 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwib%26date%3D17850310%26seite%3D7~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  66. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd lot.
  67. ↑ Philadelphia in Pensylvania, November 14th 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten about the natural history of Pensylvania (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical works of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 1st year, 4th quarter, 1785, Pp. 20–39, here: pp. 31 f., 34 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317971~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Williamsburg in Virginia , December 20, 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten aus Virginia (…) Ibid, pp. 93–100, here: p. 96 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2318036~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  68. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (Ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, pp. 95-102, here: p. 99.
  69. ↑ Philadelphia in Pensylvania, November 14th 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten about the natural history of Pensylvania (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical works of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 1st year, 4th quarter, 1785, Pp. 20–39, here: pp. 24–29 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317964~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  70. ↑ Ibid., Pp. 20 f., 24, 35–39, quotations: p. 37 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317964~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  71. ↑ Ibid., P. 39 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317979~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); see. Williamsburg in Virginia , December 20, 1783, Professor Märters Nachrichten aus Virginia (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unanimous friends in Vienna, p. 93-100, here: p. 97 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2318037~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  72. ↑ Ibid., Pp. 95, 97 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2318035~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); see. Das Wienerblättchen, January 1785, p. 202 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwib%26date%3D17850123%26seite%3D8~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  73. ↑ Professor Märter's news from the Bahamian Islands (...) New Providence, May 15, 1784. In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical work of the unanimous friends in Vienna, 2nd year, 1st quarter, 1786, Pp. 58–84, here p. 64 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2439356~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); see. Das Wienerblättchen , March 1785, p. 123 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwib%26date%3D17850313%26seite%3D7~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). What is meant are the Arawaks enslaved by the Spaniards and extinct in the Caribbean .
  74. ^ Georg Christian Raff , continued by Christian Carl Andre : Geography for Children. 3. Theil, Wilhelm Heinrich Schramm and Johann Friedrich Balz, Tübingen 1791, pp. 10, 21, 175, 191 f., 386, 398 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DQAZDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10%26dq%3Dvioletter%2Bblasen%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiDiYiJmK_hAhWKoh3JMepage %%3QFeqeDQ3Depage26%3%3QFeQeqeQjAQMK_hAhWKohIPj026%26% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  75. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 264/267 (Märter to Cobenzl, Kingston, April 14, 1787).
  76. ^ Johann David Schöpf: Journey through some of the central and southern united North American states to East Florida and the Bahama Islands, undertaken in the years 1783 and 1784. Johann Jacob Palm, Erlangen 1788, 2nd part, p. 272 ​​( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freisedurcheinige_02sch%2Fpage%2F272~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ) .
  77. ↑ Meant: van der Schot. See ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 41 verso (Märter an Born, Cap-Français, October 30, 1785, copy), 339 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, March 7, 1788).
  78. ↑ Through a trustee. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 30 / note. 84 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn31~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  79. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 34, 36-38 (Märter an Cobenzl, Charleston, June 15, 1784), 39 f. (Ditto, June 30, 1784).
  80. ^ Peter McCandless: Malaria. In University of South Carolina : South Carolina Encyclopedia, accessed April 26, 2019 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.scencyclopedia.org%2Fsce%2Fentries%2Fmalaria%2F~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  81. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 41 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, July 25, 1784), 43 f. (Ditto, August 20, 1784). Saint-Domingue was the colony with the world's largest sugar production.
  82. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 51 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, September 28, 1784).
  83. ↑ See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn5~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  84. ^ John Andre, Hartmut Fröschle : The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172; Mary Macaulay Allodi et al .: Berczy (exhibition catalog). National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa 1991; Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn5~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  85. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 51 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, September 28, 1784).
  86. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 5317, fol. 56 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, December 22, 1784), 62 f. (ditto, February 2, 1785). Boos' biographies ignore his illness, except that the oldest of them calls South Carolina an "unhealthy country." See contributions to scholarly Austria. (Continuation.) In: Archive for Geography, History, State and War Art (Vienna), 6th year, No. 156, December 29, 1815, pp. 756–758, here: p. 756 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DM0ZEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA756%26dq%3D%2522Maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjDkIPU16TfAhXRblAKHY23% IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  87. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, symposium in the Austrian National Library, conference proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, pp. 95-102, here: pp. 99 f.
  88. ↑ See Austrian National Library, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 141–144 (Märter an Born, Cap-Français, October 30, 1785, copy).
  89. ↑ See Hof- und Staats-Schematismus (…) Hof- und Staats-Druckerey, Vienna 1812, p. 62 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ); 1813, p. 63 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DVlZvtgAACAAJ%26q%3Dboos%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  90. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 62 f, (Märter to Cobenzl, Charleston, February 2, 1785).
  91. ↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 25 / note. 71 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn26~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  92. ↑ See James E. McClellan III: L'historiographie d'une académie coloniale: le Cercle des Philadelphes (1784-1793). In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 320/2000, pp. 77-88 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fahrf%2F148~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  93. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, pp. 428 f., 431 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F428~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  94. ↑ Cf. Provincial News from the Kaiserl. Royal States (Vienna), October 15, 1785, p. 2221 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dpkk%26date%3D17851015%26seite%3D9~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Contributions to learned Austria. (Continuation.) In: Archive for Geography, History, State and War Art (Vienna), 6th year, No. 156, December 29, 1815, pp. 756–758, here: p. 756 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DM0ZEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA756%26dq%3D%2522Maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjDkIPU16TfAhXRblAKHY23% IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  95. ↑ Humphry Marshall: Arbustrum (sic) Americanum. The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalog of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnæan system (...). Joseph Crukshank, Philadelphia 1785 ( archive.org ).
  96. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, p. 429 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F429~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  97. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 129 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Cap-Français, August 18, 1785).
  98. ↑ Ernst Moriz Kronfeld: Emperor Joseph II Cap Expedition (1786 to 1788). In: Wiener Zeitung , June 15, 1894, pp. 3–5, here: p. 4 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwrz%26date%3D18940615%26seite%3D4~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Ignatius Urban (ed.): Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta florae Indiae occidentalis , Volume 3, fratres Horntraeger, Lipsiae 1902/1903, p. 81 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F3753%23page%2F84%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D). After all, Märter reached Fort-Dauphin ( Fort-Liberté ) and Maribahoux (Ferrier), east of Cap-Français. See ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 317/322 (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, October 1, 1787).
  99. ↑ Ignatius Urban (ed.): Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta florae Indiae occidentalis, Volume 3, fratres Horntraeger, Lipsiae 1902 f., P. 27 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F3753%23page%2F30%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  100. ^ Henri Alain Liogier : Botany and Botanists in Puerto Rico. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 776, No. 1 ( The Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ), June 1996, pp. 41-53 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1996.tb17410 .x ), here: p. 42.
  101. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 146 (September 18, 1785); Tableau du Cercle des Philadelphes, établi au Cap-François avec l'approbation du Roi, le 15 août 1784. Imprimerie Royale, Cap-François 1787, p. 4 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29311238%2Fpage%2F4~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  102. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3793, fol. 110 f. (Walter to Cobenzl, Santee, January 11, 1785), 171–175 (ditto, January 5, 1786), 178 f. (ditto, January 31, 1786), 204 f. (Binder to Cobenzl, Hamburg, July 1, 1786), 248 f. (Delahaye to Cobenzl, Le Havre, March 24, 1787), 258 f. (Mercy to Cobenzl, Paris, April 7, 1787).
  103. ^ Cf. (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., Here: p 154 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  104. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Botanical collecting trips to America in the 18th century. In: Franz Wawrik et al. (Ed.): The New World, Austria and the Exploration of America, Austrian National Library, Edition Christian Brandstätter, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-85447-427-X , pp. 61–77, here: p. 67.
  105. ↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 15, 20, 25 f., 28 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofearlyso2111995muse%2Fpage%2Fn26~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  106. ^ Saunder's News-Letter, and Daily Advertiser ( Dublin ), November 16, 1785, p. 1 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001057%2F17851116%2F001%2F0001~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  107. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 141–144 (Märter an Born, Cap-Français, October 30, 1785, copy).
  108. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 220 f. (Instructions for Bredemeyer and Schucht, Cap-Français, February 7, 1785).
  109. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 205-207, 228 (Schucht to Cobenzl, Caracas, December 31, 1786); Helga Lindorf: Notices on the Austrian expedition in a Venezuelan document dated 1787 and comments on botanical names linked to the collectors. In: Acta Botanica Venezuela 27/1, Caracas 2004, pp. 57-64 (unpaginated digital copy http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262481981_Notices_on_the_Austrian_Expedition_in_a_Venezuelan_document_dated_1787_and_comments_on-link_dollee_1787_and_comments_on-link_dolle_Doppels%3%%3D%D%3D%D%2F%2F 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  110. ↑ Helga Lindorf: Notices on the Austrian expedition in a Venezuelan document dated 1787 and comments on botanical names linked to the collectors. In: Acta Botanica Venezuela 27/1, Caracas 2004, pp. 57-64 (unpaginated digital copy http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262481981_Notices_on_the_Austrian_Expedition_in_a_Venezuelan_document_dated_1787_and_comments_on-link_dollee_1787_and_comments_on-link_dolle_Doppels%3%%3D%D%3D%D%2F%2F 3D ~ PUR% 3D); the same: Entre lo clandestino y lo permittido, Dos exploraciones botánicas del siglo XVIII documentadas en archivos venezolanos. In: Bitácora-e Revista Electrónica Latinoamericana de Estudios Sociales, Históricos y Culturales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2017/1, pp. 36–56 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321168550_Entre_lo_clandestino_y_lo_permitido_Dos_exploraciones_botanicas_del_siglo_XVIII_documentadas_en_archivos_historicos_venezolanos~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseitig%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), here: pp. 44–49.
  111. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 313 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Caracas, September 15, 1787).
  112. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 224–227 (calculation by Bredemeyer and Schucht, February 10– December 31, 1786). The other issues concerned plant boxes and birds in particular.
  113. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 313 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Caracas, September 15, 1787). According to Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones, Volume 1, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797, p. IV ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F13~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), they would be much further east, to the interior of the Paria peninsula (state of Sucre ) and into the vicinity of the Orinoco - Delta , arrives.
  114. ↑ Ramón de la Plaza: Ensayos sobre el arte en Venezuela. Opinión Nacional, Caracas 1883, p. 93 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbdh-rd.bne.es%2Fviewer.vm%3Fid%3D0000069804%26page%3D103~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Arístides Rojas: Estudios históricos. 1st part, Comercio, Caracas 1926, p. 307.
  115. ↑ Austrian National Library, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 224–227 (calculation by Bredemeyer and Schücht, February 10– December 31, 1786), here: fol. 225 verso; Alexander von Humboldt , Aimé Bonpland : trip to the equinoctial -Gegenden of the New Continent in the years 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 and 1804. 3. Theil, J. G. Cotta , Stuttgart / Tübingen 1820, p 180-193, 221 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D7D3jfVQE-GoC%26pg%3DPA182%26dq%3D%2522Hrn.%2BBredemeyer%2Bzu Follow%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DXJJ26ved%3DXA182%26DQUKEwiz% % 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  116. ^ Johann Baptist Rupprecht: The South American cow tree. (Palo de Vaca.) In: Oesterreichisch-Kaiserliche privileged Wiener Zeitung, August 31, 1838, p. 1213 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwrz%26date%3D18380831%26seite%3D3~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  117. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 270/273 (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Caracas, June 1, 1787).
  118. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 350 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, La Guaira, April 20, 1788).
  119. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 362 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Amsterdam, July 7, 1788). According to Ignatius Urban (ed.): Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta florae Indiae occidentalis, Volume 3, fratres Horntraeger, Lipsiae 1902 f., P. 158 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F3753%23page%2F161%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), Bredemeyer would have botanized in Curaçao .
  120. ↑ Helga Hühnel: Imperial “journeyman gardeners” travel to America. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (Ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften 160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, pp. 95-102, here: p. 102 / note. 22; see. Leopold Joseph Fitzinger : history of the kais. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes (1st division). In: Session reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Volume 21, k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856, pp. 433–479, here: pp. 457, 479 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DJUcUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA457%26dq%3DHaidinger%2Bcalabrito%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwj5-q3b ~ h8PfQDcQHXIz26%3bh8PfQDcQHXIz26%3bh8PfQDcQHXIz26%d%3qdcqdq6aDepage IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  121. ↑ Carl Ludwig Willdenow : Some rare plants. In: The Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin new writings, 3rd volume, Berlin 1801, pp. 413-432, here: pp. 429-431 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2F1938305_003%2F442%2F~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  122. ↑ Helga Lindorf: Notices on the Austrian expedition in a Venezuelan document dated 1787 and comments on botanical names linked to the collectors. In: Acta Botanica Venezuela 27/1, Caracas 2004, pp. 57-64 (unpaginated digital copy http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262481981_Notices_on_the_Austrian_Expedition_in_a_Venezuelan_document_dated_1787_and_comments_on-link_dollee_1787_and_comments_on-link_dolle_Doppels%3%%3D%D%3D%D%2F%2F 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  123. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 2nd bundle, fol. 13 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Cap-Français, February 8, 1786).
  124. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 169 (Märter to Bredemeyer, Cap-Français, February 24, 1786, copy). Jamaica's sugar cane plantations are said to have brought in more for the British than the lost colonies in North America.
  125. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 171 f. (Märter to Bredemeyer, Kingston , March 15, 1786, copy).
  126. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 164 (Märter to Bredemeyer, Kingston, April 15, 1786, copy).
  127. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 308/311 (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, September 12, 1787).
  128. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 165 (Märter to Bredemeyer, Kingston, May 15, 1786, copy), 167 (Claeßens to Bredemeyer, Cap-Français, August 21, 1786, copy).
  129. ↑ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l ' Île-de-France (...), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , p. 33 incl. Note 26 .
  130. ↑ Alexandre de Humboldt (Red.): Essai sur la geographie des plantes, accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales (…) Fr. Schoell, Paris 1807 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbotanicus.org%2Fpage%2F1061689~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D ).
  131. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3794, 3rd group, fol. 66-75 ( attempt of a step division of the physico-tropical climates on the occasion of a mountain trip on the island of Jamaica ), cf. Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 323 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, October 24, 1787).
  132. ↑ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (...), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , p. 99.
  133. ^ Warren Royal Dawson: The Banks letters. A calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks (…) British Museum , London 1958, p. 799 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F258347%23page%2F847%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  134. ↑ Kentish Gazette ( Canterbury ), March 6, 1787, p. 3 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000235%2F17870306%2F006%2F0003~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); see. Ernst Moriz Kronfeld: Emperor Joseph II Cap Expedition (1786 to 1788). In: Wiener Zeitung, June 15, 1894, pp. 3–5, here: p. 5 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwrz%26date%3D18940615%26seite%3D5~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  135. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 264, 267 (Märter to Cobenzl, Kingston, April 14, 1787).
  136. ↑ See ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 240 f. (Märter an Cobenzl, Montego Bay , February 10, 1787).
  137. ^ Warren Royal Dawson: The Banks letters. A calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks (...) British Museum , London 1958, p. 850 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F258347%23page%2F898%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  138. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3793, fol. 228 f. (Grosjean to Cobenzl, Brussels, January 22, 1787), 232 f. (Reviczky to Cobenzl, London, January 30, 1787), 296 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, August 20, 1787), 308 f. (ditto September 12, 1787); Alexandre Pinchart: Archives des Arts, des Sciences et des Lettres. § 24. Voyages scientifiques. In: Messager des sciences historiques, des arts et de la bibliographie de Belgique, born 1855, L. Hebbelynck, Gand , pp. 389–392, here: p. 391 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DZaZMAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA391%26dq%3D%2522Gros-jean%2522%2Bjama%C3%AFque%2B1787%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26vedw3jh8PHUKEQ%26vedw3jh8PhUKEtQwBAShAHUt93 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  139. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 292 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, August 16, 1787), 298 f. (ditto, August 22, 1787), 306 f. (ditto, September 8, 1787), 325/327 (ditto, December 20, 1787).
  140. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 343 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, April 15, 1788), 348 f. (ditto, Brussels, May 15, 1788), 358 f. (ditto, June 15, 1788).
  141. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 366 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Ulm, July 15, 1788).
  142. ↑ The Fontainebleau Treaty between the Emperor and the States General was signed in November.
  143. ↑ Alphonse Sprunck: Two Austrian research trips from the time of Joseph II. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 12/1959, p. 414–426, here: p. 425 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_12%2F%3Fpg%3D433~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  144. ↑ Details of voyage 4514.5 from Texel to Batavia. In: The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fdas%2FdetailVoyage%2F95565~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). Joseph Boos: Biographical sketch of Franz Boos, plant collector in the Antilles and at Cap b (onae) Sp (ei) , later director of the Hofgarten in Schoenbrunn (manuscript from 1864). University of Vienna , Historical Collection of the Faculty Center for Biodiversity, Botany Library, J.-Nr. 6439, Sign. C38 / 29 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fphaidra.univie.ac.at%2Fdetail_object%2Fo%3A358173~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), gives the number of sailors and soldiers on the Holland as 655.
  145. ↑ (Johann Wilhelm Ridler :) Franz Boos, Director of the k. k. Court gardens. In: Austrian Archive for History, Geography, State Studies, Art and Literature, 1832, March 29, pp. 150 f., March 31, pp. 153–155, April 7, p. 166 f., No more published , here: p. 166 f. ( Text archive - Internet Archive ).
  146. ↑ Joseph Boos: Biographical sketch about Franz Boos, plant collector in the Antilles and at Cap b (onae) Sp (ei) , later director of the Hofgarten in Schoenbrunn (manuscript from 1864). University of Vienna , Historical Collection of the Faculty Center for Biodiversity, Botany Library, J.-Nr. 6439, sign. C38 / 29 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fphaidra.univie.ac.at%2Fdetail_object%2Fo%3A358173~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ). Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (…), Port-Louis 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 36–39.
  147. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century. An Episode in the Career of Nicolas Thomas Baudin. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 35/1982, pp. 85–109, here: p. 92 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_35%2F%3Fpg%3D105~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  148. ↑ A tobacco box with a flora in the medallion and a ring. See Extrait du Journal des Isles de  France & de  Bourbon , no.22, Imprimerie Royale, ( Port-Louis ) 1787 (ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 250). According to Christa Riedl-Dorn: The green world of the Habsburgs, botany - horticulture - expeditions - experiments ( publications from the Natural History Museum in Vienna , new series 23). Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna 1989, p. 24, would have thanked Joseph II for a tincture against the eye disease he had suffered from in 1781/82 (Derek Beales: Joseph II. Volume 2, Cambridge University Press , 2009, ISBN 978 -0-521-32488-5 , p. 225).
  149. ^ Wiener Zeitung , June 18, 1788, p. 1494 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwrz%26date%3D17880618%26seite%3D2~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  150. ^ Ernst Moriz Kronfeld: Park and Garden of Schönbrunn ( Amalthea library, 35th volume). Amalthea-Verlag, Zurich 1923, p. 100.
  151. ^ Reichs-Post-Reiter ( Altona ), June 10, 1788, page 5 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Drpr%26date%3D17880610%26seite%3D5~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  152. ^ Contributions to scholarly Austria (Franz Boos). In: Archive for Geography, History, State and War Art, 6th year, Anton Strauss, Vienna 1815, December 29, pp. 756–758 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DM0ZEAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA756%26dq%3D%2522Maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjDkIPU16TfAhXRblAKHY23% IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century. An Episode in the Career of Nicolas Thomas Baudin. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 35/1982, pp. 85–109, here: pp. 92–100 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_35%2F%3Fpg%3D105%26layout%3Ds~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); the same: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (…), Port-Louis 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 42–54.
  153. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 360 f. (Boos to Cobenzl, Trieste, June 24, 1788).
  154. ↑ See Sébastien Brunner: Correspondances intimes de l'empereur Joseph II avec son ami le comte de Cobenzl et son premier ministre le prince de Kaunitz (...) François Kirchheim, Mayence 1871, pp. 75, 78 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrespondancesi00jose%2Fpage%2F75~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  155. ^ Peter Bruyns / Cornelia Klak: A Systematic Study of the Old World Genus Fockea (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, Volume 93, No. 4, December 2006, pp. 535-564, here: pp. 552-554 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40035054%3Fseq%3D18%23metadata_info_tab_contents~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); Ernst Zecher: The old lady of Schönbrunn (…) self-published, Vienna 2008.
  156. ↑ See remarks on the educational institutes for botany in Vienna, from a botanist traveling through Europe. Published anonymously in Ernst Gottfried Baldinger : Neues Magazin für Aerzte, Volume 14, Friedrich Gotthold Jacobäer, Leipzig 1792, pp. 789–798, here: p. 794 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DPQxnAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA494%26dq%3D%2522Da%2Baber%2Bprofessor%2Bjacquin%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3DKAhXScAvjik%3D0ahUKEwjb%26qed%3D0ahUKEW8B 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  157. ↑ Nicolai Josephi Jacquin observationes botanicæ. In: Nicolai Josephi Jacquin collectanea ad botanicam, chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum figuris, Wappler, Vindobonæ ( digitalisathttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzuz%2Fdoi%2F10.3931%2Fe-rara-48017~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), Volume 1 (1786), pp. 33-170, Volume 2 (1788), pp. 260-374, volume 3 (1789), pp. 167-276, Volume 4 (1790), pp. 93-226, Supplementum cum figuris coloratis (1796), pp. 3-163; Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin: Plantarum rariorum horti cæsarei Schœnbrunnensis descriptiones et icones. 4 volumes, C. F. Wappler, Viennæ 1797–1804 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7665%23page%2F6~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  158. ↑ Georg Ernst Kletten (Ed.): Vienna Medical Monthly, Volume 1, Joseph Georg Oehler, Vienna 1789, p. 253 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DZJBSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA253%26lpg%3DPA253%26dq%3D%2522m%C3%A4rter%2522%2BProfessor%2Bbotanik%26source%3DblORT7vu26ots %3DK 3D6TUPQRmTLaRxqsHr_layRNbBZMw% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwjQha397-XeAhWrMewKHZ1hAloQ6AEwB3oECAYQAQ% 23v% 3Don% 26q ~ 3DZoppelsepage% 23v% 3Don% 26q ~ 3DZoppels% 3DZepage% 23v% 3Don% 26q ~ 3DZoppels 3D ); Marion Huibrechts: "From imperatore Josepho secundo in Americam missus erat", Franz Josef Märter in America. In Dries Vanysacker et al. (Ed.): The Quintessence of Lives, Intellectual Biographies in the Low Countries presented to Jan Roegiers ( Bibliothèque de la Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 91), Brepols, Louvain-la-Neuve / Leuven 2010, ISBN 978-2-503- 53210-3 , pp. 319-328, here: p. 319.
  159. ↑ Fundamenta et termini botanici, congesta secundum methodum, et ad ductum Celeberr. Eq. Car. à Linné , in usum prælectionum theoreticarum à F. J. Märter (…) Matthæus Lemaire, Bruxellis 1789, pp. 53–130, plate ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D1cewtFvh420C%26pg%3DPA53%26dq%3D%2522regio%2Bbotanico%2Bsacr%C3%A6%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26veddw6DAhSHU%26VedTw6DAhSYHU%26VDW6DAhSY 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Review: General German Library . Edited by Friedrich Nicolai , Volume 110, Kiel 1792, p. 472 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2F2002572_139%2F493%2F~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  160. ^ Charles Morren : Notice sur les jardins botaniques de Bruxelles. In: L'horticulteur belge, journal des jardiniers et des amateurs, Volume 1, Bruxelles 1833 f., Pp. 164–167, here: p. 165 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DpBlFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA165%26lpg%3DPA165%26dq%3D%2522jardin%2Bbotanique%2522%2Bbruxelles%2B1788%2Bbruxelles%2B1788%326source%3Dbl626s-U3DPF%3Dbl626s-Usig%3DPF Lshd7zlNmhLmzfmQHpt9nQ% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwjEmNnJqObhAhUSb1AKHTJ6BkAQ6AEwD3oECAgQAQ% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% SZ% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ LT% 3Dfalse ~ 3Dfalse% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3D ); the same: Sur les fleurs nationales de Belgique (…). In: Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, Volume 13, 2nd half, Hayez, Bruxelles 1846 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Du4QUAAAAQAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dde%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%3Dfalse~DIAZ%3D~25 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), pp. 442-470, here: pp. 468 f .; Inventaires des cartes et plans, manuscrits et gravés, qui sont conservés aux Archives générales du Royaume . M. Hayez, Bruxelles 1848, pp. 64, 232 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DmZYNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA232%26dq%3DPlan%2Bdun%2Bjardin%2Bbotanique%2C%2Bprojet%C3%A9%2B%C3%A0%2BBruxelles%2C%2C 2B1789% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D0ahUKEwjwq9jg97zfAhVLL1AKHZATDOEQ6AEIMTAB% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D% ~ 3D% 3D double-sided ); Denis Diagre-Vanderpelen: Le Jardin botanique de Bruxelles 1826-1912 (…) Académie royale de Belgique, Bruxelles 2012, ISBN 978-2-8031-0298-3 , not paginated ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DT7fgDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22%26dq%3D%C3%A9chafaud%C3%A9%2C%2Bd%C3%A8s%2B1788%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX% 26ved% 3D0ahUKEwjWot3U3LPfAhWLaVAKHd1SAV0Q6AEIKzAA% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  161. ^ Provincial news from the Kaiserl. Royal States on Statistics, Economics, Action, Arts and Sciences (Vienna), March 14, 1789, p. 329 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DDAxaAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA330%26dq%3D%2522maerter%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjrn96S1bLfAhWN6z3q26AHWal%%3DPAhWN6qvjAHWal IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  162. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 380 f. (Märter to Cobenzl, Brussels, December 8, 1788).
  163. ^ The greenhouse gardener (...) From the English of Johann Abercrombie. Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1792, preface by the translator J. E. Fr. v. L., p. 8 / note. a ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D9cQ6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA8%26dq%3D%2522der%2Bauf%2Bseiner%2Bamerikanischen%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEAGwiv23Av4XDepage%3D0ahUKEAGwiv23Av4XDepage%3D0ahUKEAGwiv23Av4X0 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  164. ↑ Franz Gräffer / Johann Czikann (Ed.): Oesterreichische National-Encyklopädie (…) 1st volume, Friedrich Beck, Vienna 1835, p. 353 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Faustria-forum.org%2Fweb-books%2Fosterreichische01de1835kfu%2F00000367~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  165. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century. An Episode in the Career of Nicolas Thomas Baudin. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 35/1982, pp. 85–109, here: pp. 100–102 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_35%2F%3Fpg%3D109~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); the same: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (…), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 52–54.
  166. ↑ Gottfried Emanuel Ferdinand Anton (1766–1827)? Cf. Gothaisches genealogical pocket book of the baronial houses, 9/1859, p. 3 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  167. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 414 f. (Bredemeyer to Cobenzl, Málaga, May 26, 1792), 416 f. (ditto, August 24, 1792), 418-420 (ditto, September 29, 1792); Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century. An Episode in the Career of Nicolas Thomas Baudin. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 35/1982, pp. 85–109, here: pp. 103–107 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_35%2F%3Fpg%3D116~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); the same: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (…), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 54–62.
  168. ↑ Imperial and Royal Court and Honor Calendar (...) Edler von Ghelensche Erben, Vienna 1793, unpaginated ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DfD4_AAAAcAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Deditions%3AnxrNgOW-2LYC%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwiq6KGj_23AQDepage26%%3D0ahUKEwiq6KGj_F3QVAh%26%3D0ahUKEwiq6KGj_23_QDz26%%%3D0ahUKEwiq6KGj_23_QDVAh IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D); Court and State Schematism (...) Joseph Gerold, Vienna 1794, p. 386 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26date%3D1794%26size%3D45%26page%3D123~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  169. ^ Pomological systems in the monarchy. In: Economic News and Negotiations (Prague), December 1811, p. 459 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno-plus%3Faid%3Doek%26date%3D1811%26page%3D473~GB%3D~IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Ernst Moriz Kronfeld: Park and Garden of Schönbrunn ( Amalthea library, 35th volume). Amalthea-Verlag, Zurich 1923, pp. 35–39, 70.
  170. ↑ Leopold Joseph Fitzinger: History of the Imperial King. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes (1st division). In: Session reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Volume 21, k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856, p. 433–479, here: p. 478 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DFnNJAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA453%26dq%3Dfranz%2Bjoseph%2Bm%C3%A4rter%2Bl%C3%B6wen%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3D5HWBUVED9Dde%26sa%3DXHW6VED9He%26sa%3DXWahWBved9He%26sa%3DXHW6BVED9HeQWAH00%3DXHWBVed9He%26SAH00 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  171. ^ Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Contacts between Schönbrunn and the Jardin du Roi at Isle de France (Mauritius) in the 18th Century. An Episode in the Career of Nicolas Thomas Baudin. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchiv 35/1982, pp. 85–109, here: pp. 107 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_35%2F%3Fpg%3D120~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Frank Horner: The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801-1803. Melbourne University Press 1987, pp. 27 f .; Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l'Île-de-France (…), Port-Louis (Mauritius) 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 62–64, 70–74 .
  172. ↑ David Kenneth Wetherbee: The extinct Cuban and Hispaniolan macaws (Ara, Psittacidae), and description of a new species, Ara cubensis. In: Caribbean Journal of Science, 21 (16), pp. 169-175 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.redciencia.cu%2Fgeobiblio%2Fpaper%2F1985_Wetherbee_The%2520Extinct%2520Macaws.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D%MDZ%S3D%0A~ 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), here: pp. 170 f .; same: Zoological exploration of the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands for endemic species. Self-published, (Shelburne, Massachusetts ) 1985 (not seen); same: Zoological exploration of Puerto Rico for endemic species. Self-published, (Shelburne, Massachusetts) 1986 (not seen).
  173. ^ André-Pierre Ledru: Voyage aux iles de Ténériffe, La Trinité, Saint-Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, exécuté par ordre du gouvernement français, de septembre 1796 à juin 1798 (...) 2 volumes, Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1810 (1:  digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fscduag%2Fdocs%2Fsch13215~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ; 2:  digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fscduag%2Fdocs%2Fsch13216~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), v. a. Volume 1, pp. III-V, XXXIV; Frank Horner: The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801-1803. Melbourne University Press 1987, pp. 28-35; Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane: A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years. The role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. In: Archives of Natural History, 18/1991, pp. 333-362, here: pp. 352-355; the same: Le Géographe et le Naturaliste à l ' Île-de-France , 1801, 1803. Ultime escale du capitaine Baudin. Port-Louis 2003, ISBN 99903-31-12-X , pp. 75-85; Michel Jangoux: L'expédition from Antilles de "La Belle Angélique" (1796-1798). In Michel Jangoux (ed.): Portés par l'air du temps, les voyages du capitaine Baudin ( Études sur le XVIIIe siècle  38), Éditions de l ' Université de Bruxelles , 2010, ISBN 978-2-8004-1486-7 ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fdigistore.bib.ulb.ac.be%2F2015%2Fi9782800414867_f.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), pp. 41–50.
  174. ↑ Franz Joseph Märter: Directory of Austrian trees and bushes (...) 3rd edition, Joseph Stahel, Vienna 1796 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DxxJQAAAAcAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dm%C3%A4rter%2Bb%C3%A4ume%2Bstr%C3%A4ucher%2B1796%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX% 26ved% 3D0ahUKEwj1naqejNHeAhWEyqQKHdpxAfUQ6AEIKDAA% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  175. ↑ Franz Joseph Märter: Natural History of Bataten , sweet or Spanish potatoes. Along with remarks and experiments on their culture. Carl Schaumburg, Vienna 1797 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzuz%2Fcontent%2Ftitleinfo%2F8716143~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), here: pp. 44–49.
  176. ↑ Karl Hofbauer: The Wieden with the noble seats Conradswerd, Mühlfeld, Schaumburgerhof and the free circle Hungerbrunn (...) Karl Gorischek, Vienna 1864, p. 100 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DWVR1aVtdbB8C%26pg%3DPA100%26dq%3D%2522m%C3%A4rter%2522%2B%2522wieden%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX% 26vedXfEKAhUHUz 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Annual report of the grammar school of the KK Theresianische Akademie in Vienna, submitted at the end of the school year 1891 , Vienna 1891, p. 41.
  177. ↑ Directory of the genuine, fine French dessert fruit varieties cultivated in the large systematic tree nursery in Hernals near Vienna and obtained from them. Karl Schaumburg, Vienna 1805 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DlWg7AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1%26lpg%3DPR1%26dq%3DVerverzeichnis%2Bder%2Bin%2Bder%2Bgro%C3%9Fen%2Bsystematis%2BBaumschule%2Bzu%2BHsource %2B 3Dbl% 26ots% 3DrLTEOmON_x% 26sig% 3Dfytjj36GvKL0Y6eX8qBSL51UsxE% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwi7hv6HhIjfAhVPalAKHYepage% %mnDHsQ6Afal ~ 3DAoppelsepage%% 26% dHsQ6Ae ~ 3DAonZA LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Austria's progress in fruit culture. In: Vaterländische Blätter for the Austrian Imperial State , 16./20. November 1810, pp. 402-405, here: p. 403 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Dt7NCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA403%26dq%3Dm%C3%A4rter%2Bhernals%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwj_0o-5KzDQ6epage26%3DVIMZalQHAC23%3%3QEqzDACHAC23% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Franz von Paula Woeß: Tree nursery in Herrenals near Vienna. In: Economic News and Negotiations, July 1811, pp. 278 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D_LpaAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA279%26lpg%3DPA279%26dq%3Dm%C3%A4rter%2Bhernals%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D-OpGJjz2vgA% 26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D-OpGJjbz2VgA%26%26shl_OpGJjz2VgA%26%26SH 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwilxe3cjYjfAhXFKlAKHW0gAW4Q6AEwDnoECAAQAQ% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dtrue ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided 3D% 3D% LT% ); Dominicalhof, along with a systematic fruit tree nursery for sale (…) In: Wiener Zeitung, June 24, 1812, p. 12 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dwrz%26date%3D18120624%26seite%3D12~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  178. ↑ About the need for an extraordinary and increased wood production appropriate to the current circumstances through the establishment and appropriate use of national tree nurseries. Geistinger, Vienna 1810 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D13dUAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1%26lpg%3DPR1%26dq%3D%2522m%C3%A4rter%2522%2Bbaumschule%26source%3Dbl%26kots%3DpqhizThzd7Dus%26ots%3DpqhigThzd7Dus%26ots% 7HA% 26hl% 3Dde% 26sa% 3DX% 26ved% 3D2ahUKEwiRj-OYk4jfAhWLfFAKHZEbDiEQ6AEwDHoECAMQAQ% 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D% PUR ~ MDZ% 3D% 0 ~ d ~ 3D ~ 3D ~ 3D 3D ).
  179. ↑ About the probable expected value of maple sugar production in the temperate regions of the European continent. Audiatur et altera pars . In Christian Peter Laurop (ed.): Annalen der Forst- und Jagd-Wissenschaft, 2nd volume, 1st issue, Heyer and Leske, Darmstadt 1812, pp. 29–43 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DtcECAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA29%26dq%3DUeber%2Bden%2Bwahrscheinlichen%2BErwartungswerth%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3DYfAHUzW26%26ved%3DYfAHUzHW26%26ved%3DYfAHUzW26%26ved%3DYfAHUZW26%26ved%3DYfAHUzHW26%26Ved%3DYfAHUZW26% Depage%qNYFHUZHW26%26Ved%3DYfAHUzW26% Depage 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  180. ↑ Characteristics and culture of the Mahaleb or perfume cherry tree (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1813 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalniknihovna.cz%2Fmendelu%2Fview%2Fuuid%3A96ef1100-2565-11e1-b074-001fd02ebcd6%3Fpage%3Duuid-403A479-11ec 001fd02ebcd6 ~ GB% 3D ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  181. ^ Draft of a theory about the natural origin as well as the artificial production of the burl wood (...) Geistinger, Vienna / Triest 1815 ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DhtJaAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA120%26dq%3DEntwurf%2Beiner%2BTheorie%2Bdes%2BMaserholzes%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKE0wjS88%26ved%3D0ahUKE6AqEBKAjHon%3D0ahUKE0wjS88%26ved%3D0ahUKE0yqE26%26ved%3D0ahUKE0wjS88%3D0ahE6AqEBFy%3D0ahUKE0yqE26%3d 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  182. ^ Gabriele Mauthe: The Austrian expedition to Brazil. In Elisabeth Zeilinger (ed.): Austria and the New World, Symposium in the Austrian National Library, proceedings ( Biblos-Schriften  160), Austrian National Library, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-01-000010-X , pp. 128-137, here : P. 133 f.
  183. ^ Provincial news from the Kaiserl. Royal States (Vienna), October 27, 1784, p. 534 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Faid%3Dpkk%26date%3D17841027%26seite%3D6~GB%3D~IA%3D~ MDZ% ​​3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  184. ↑ Cf. Heinrich Zimmermanns von Wissloch in der Pfalz Reise around the world with Capitain Cook. Schwan, Mannheim 1781 ( archive.org ); Robert J. King: Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-1783. In: The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 21, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 235-262 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol21%2Ftnm_21_235-262.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  185. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, pp. 290, 317 f., 422 f., 479 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F290~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); Alphonse Sprunck: Two Austrian research trips from the time of Joseph II. In: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 12/1959, pp. 414–426, here: p. 416 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMosta_12%2F%3Fpg%3D424~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  186. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, pp. 427 f., 430 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F427~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  187. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, pp. 440-446. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F440~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ); see. Philadelphia in Pensylvania, November 14th 1783, Professor Märter's news about the natural history of Pensylvania (…) In Ignaz Edler von Born (Ed.): Physical works of the unifying friends in Vienna, 1st year, 4th quarter, 1785, p 20–39, here: p. 34 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F2317974~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  188. ^ Robert J. King: Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-1783. In: The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 21, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 235–262 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol21%2Ftnm_21_235-262.pdf~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D), here: p. 250.
  189. ↑ Hanns Schlitter (Ed.): The reports of Austria's first agent in the United States of America, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff, to the government of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels, 1784–1789. F. Tempsky, Vienna 1891, p. 856 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieberichtedeser00beel%2Fpage%2F856~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  190. ↑ Otto Mazal, Franz Unterkircher: Catalog of the Occidental Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library, "Series nova" (New Acquisitions), Part 3 ( Museion, New Volume 4, Volume 2, Part 3). Georg Prachner, Vienna 1967, p. 127 f. ( Digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbilder.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de%2Fhs%2F%2Fkatalogseiten%2FHSK0753_b0127_jpg.htm~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  191. ↑ Otto Mazal, Franz Unterkircher: Catalog of the Occidental Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library, "Series nova" (New Acquisitions), Part 3 ( Museion, New Volume 4, Volume 2, Part 3). Georg Prachner, Vienna 1967, pp. 288–291 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbilder.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de%2Fhs%2F%2Fkatalogseiten%2FHSK0753_b0288_jpg.htm~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  192. ↑ Written probably in Charleston, in January or February 1784. Cf. Albert V. Carozzi, Marguerite Carozzi: Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783–1784. In: Earth Sciences History, Volume 13, No. 1 (1994), pp. 5-20, here: pp. 7, 9.
  193. ↑ ÖNB, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 250.
  194. ↑ Inaccurate translation: Description of the imperial pleasure palace Schönbrunn and the garden located there (published anonymously). 2. Department, Joseph Oehler, Vienna 1805 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DyKIAAAAAcAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Deditions%3AUczh4u5lLb0C%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi-x4Ouz6LBhAh26% IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ), pp. 11-25.
  195. ↑ See review in: Annals of Literature and Art in the Austrian States, June 1805, pp. 348–351 ( digitized version http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D7wJcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA348%26dq%3D%2522wien%2Bund%2Btriest%2B1805.%2Bbey%2522%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3Diy-8HKEw2D0ahUQhAChAChChVedJw2D0ahU % 23v% 3Donepage% 26q% 26f% 3Dfalse ~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D).
  196. ↑ Contains information pertaining to Boos' activities in the Bahamas, Cape Colony, and the Mascarene Islands.