Bernhard Albrecht Moll

Jakob Adam after Bernhard Albrecht Moll (?): Auster (Striostrea denticulata), 1780.

Bernhard Albrecht Moll (baptized November 25, 1743 in Wallerstein , County of Oettingen-Wallerstein ; † June 1788 in Charleston , South Carolina ) was a scientific illustrator, botanist , drawing teacher and silhouetteur . In 1783 he took part in the expedition to the USA financed by Emperor Joseph II and subsequently settled there.

life and work

Son of a mineral collector

Presumed self-portrait , Charleston 1783–1785.

Moll was the eldest child of the Lutheran lawyer Albrecht Theodor Moll (1713–1772), Councilor of the Count of Oettingen-Wallerstein , and the Catholic Johanna Josepha Walpurga Hefele (1719–1792). In 1745 the father became the agent of his sovereign at the Reichshofrat in Vienna. He also took over there - emulating his ennobled brother Bernhard Paul von Moll (1697–1780) - numerous other mandates from imperial estates and other lords. Bernhard Paul was a well-known map collector , and like him, Moll's father also collected minerals (especially fossils ), which brought him into connection with the mineralogist and Freemason Ignaz von Born .

Brother of William Berczy

The best-known of Moll's siblings is his next younger brother Johann Albrecht Ulrich (1744-1813), who studied with Bernhard Albrecht at the Art Academy in Vienna from 1762 and at the University of Jena in 1766 and later as a painter and co-founder of the Canadian under the pseudonym William Berczy City of Toronto gained notoriety.

When Moll's father died early, he and his brother were no longer among the agents of the Reichshof Council. Besides his collection, he only left debts. Maria Theresa refused to buy the minerals in 1777, even though Born advocated it. But she granted the widow a small pension. An attempt by Moll to graduate from the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt as a cadet in the Lattermann infantry regiment failed because of a breast disease ( tuberculosis ).

K. K. cabinet painter

A cousin of Moll, Johann Paul Carl von Moll , worked 1778–1780 on the reorganization of the k. k. Natural history cabinet by Born. At the request of the latter, Maria Theresa appointed Bernhard Albrecht in 1780 as the successor to Franz Joseph Wiedon (1703–1779) as a scientific illustrator in the Natural History Cabinet. The new title k. k. Cabinet painter he used shortly thereafter in a newspaper ad for city vistas . Apparently Born replaced at least some of the illustrations in the splendid edition of his Konchylienkatalog with those by Moll.

Joseph II canceled Moll's permanent position in 1781 for reasons of economy. However, the artist still received an annual salary as a severance payment and continued to be employed in piece wages. On the occasion, Colonel Chamberlain Count Orsini-Rosenberg , who was something like Joseph's Minister of Culture , described Moll as "undisputedly the most skilful in his field".

Member of the Märter expedition

In 1782 the unmarried artist successfully applied for participation in the expedition that Joseph II wanted to send to other parts of the world to collect minerals, plants and animals after the end of the American War of Independence and the Anglo-Dutch War . When Moll was accepted into the research team, it was to be split up along the way: The botany specialist Franz Joseph Märter was to travel to the West Indies (America), the mineralogist Karl Haidinger to the East Indies (Asia). Moll was intended to be the companion of the one who could not draw or paint himself (Märter?). In the end, they should meet again at the Cape of Good Hope .

As with Moll's position in the natural history cabinet, Born gave his scientific illustrations the highest praise. Moll himself also boasted of his skill in drawing views and landscapes. Born expected from him templates for copperplate engravings , with which planned publications about the research company should be illustrated . Although Moll was almost forty and suffering from breasts, Born described him as about thirty and healthy. According to Moll's calligraphic request to the emperor, it had always been his greatest wish to travel to distant lands. Because the members of the expedition had to be available on call since mid-1782, the painter did not accept any new orders and dismissed his students. According to Born, he was therefore in an emergency by the end of the year.

The expedition team did not receive the green light to leave until April 1783. In the meantime, Märter had been appointed head of the expedition, which Haidinger had decided not to participate. In its definitive composition, the team also included the physician Matthias Leopold Stupić , who also specializes in botany , and the gardeners Franz Boos and Franz Bredemeyer . Stupić was the first, Moll second deputy martyr. The journey across the stormy Atlantic was less bothering to Moll than Märter and especially Stupić. But there was little to draw besides a flying fish and a jellyfish .

Testament in favor of the slave girl

Augustin Dupré : Medal for the Independence of America, 1783.

Like Stupić, Moll saw the research company as an opportunity to emigrate from the start. No sooner had he arrived in Philadelphia than he confessed to Born that he would settle in the United States if he could. This because of the liberal atmosphere and the lack of artists. For now he could “make a good amount of money” with paper- cut portraits of “American civilized faces”, of which he already has a collection.

For Märter he drew cryptogams , tortoises and birds. He botanized with Bredemeyer in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and then traveled with this by ship to Charleston (South Carolina) . The expedition members met again there.

Moll's listing in the South Carolina State Gazette ( Charleston ), 1784.

When Märter returned from the Bahamas in 1784 , however, he reported that Moll had completely changed during his absence and was now dreaming of “golden mountains”. Until then, his most useful employee, instead of the work assigned to him, he had only carried out work for locals. With the first transport of groupage, Bredemeyer brought some pictures of American animals from Moll to Vienna. Shortly afterwards, Märter also sent Moll back there, but Moll refused and left the team. Stupić followed suit in 1785. One established himself in Charleston, where there were many German-speaking immigrants, as a drawing teacher and silhouetteur, the other as a doctor. In 1787 Moll opened a private drawing academy.

While Märter, Boos and Bredemeyer survived sea storms and tropical diseases on their onward journey to Jamaica , Mauritius and Venezuela and lived until 1827, 1832 and 1839 after their return to Vienna, Moll, who was previously ill, and Stupić, who was ten years older, died in 1788 or 1794. Moll left the property he apparently owned and his personal property to a trustee for the benefit of the maid who had lived with him. Since this Hagar had no family name and could not inherit, it must have been a black slave.

Toronto silhouette album

The silhouettes, named after the French finance minister Silhouette , were a popular substitute for painted portraits in Vienna around 1780. Hieronymus Löschenkohl even furnished engraved history pictures such as “Theresien's Last Day” (1781) with black silhouette heads looking to the side.

In the 1960s, the Canadian Berczy researcher John Andre discovered an album of 15 × 10 cm side length with silhouette portraits from the years 1783–1785, which Moll had cut during the expedition, at an antiquarian bookshop in Ware ( Massachusetts ). The discoverer of the little book donated it to the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. After at least six losses, it still contains portraits of 148 people, of which 24 were portrayed in Vienna (including Joseph II and Märter), 10 in Brussels, 34 in Philadelphia (including Bredemeyer and Boos) and 80 in Charleston. Among the latter is a presumed self-portrait of the artist.

John Andre and Hartmut Froeschle write in the first publication of these works:

"The longer we look at the small details that Moll uses for characterization, the clearer his mastery of capturing the essential features of an individual by raising or lowering his eyes, opening or closing his lips, and strengthening or weakening the profile."

Helene M. Kastinger Riley judges:

"Moll's silhouettes are among the best of the genre, and the mix of business people and workers, pastors' wives and aristocrats, children and old politicians provides an interesting insight into 18th century society and family life."

The portraits are duplicates, each cut in one step with the original. They are provided with captions and an index in Märter's handwriting. This must have demanded their surrender, since they were written during Moll's service for the emperor. How they eventually got to the Boston area is unclear.

In Vienna and Charleston, other types of minor works (scientific illustrations, painted portraits) are still waiting to be identified.

Paper cutouts from 1783

Imperial house

Vienna

Moll's mother
Sister Jeannette
Carl Schütz
Johann Andreas Ziegler

Märter expedition

literature

Web links

Commons : Bernhard Albrecht Moll - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

↑ Various authors wrongly assigned other first names to Moll (Adam, Nikolaus). The nobility predicate “de (von)” that appears in the baptismal register was probably not due to Moll, and he does not seem to have used it either. See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle : The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 160 / note. 33.
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 8 ( digitized version ).
↑ Moll made his will on June 25th, and Edward Lightwood appears as executor on July 23rd. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4–88, here: p. 30 incl. Note 84 f. ( Digitized version ).
↑ Bernhard Paul von Moll was the secret councilor of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as the legation councilor of the Prince of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel . Cf. Kayserlich- und Königlicher, Wie also Erz-Herzoglicher, Dann Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (...) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1760 ( digitized version ), pp. 325, 339, 350.
↑ Albrecht Theodor Moll received the title of court counselor from the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and the Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim , and from the House of Nassau-Saarbrücken that of legation councilor . Cf. Kayserlich- und Königlicher, Wie also Erz-Herzoglicher, Dann Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (…) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1754 ( digitized version ), pp. 167, 307, 319, 322 -324, 326, 333, 341, 350; 1760 ( digitalisat ), pp. 330, 336, 340, 344 f., 347, 350-353, 355 f., 362 f., 365, 370, 376, 378; New Genealogical-Schematic Reichs- und Staats-Hand-Buch (...) Franz Varrentrapp, Frankfurt am Mayn 1765 ( digitized version), pp. 21–36; Johann Jacob Moser : Reichsstättisches Magazin (...) 2nd part, Johann Conrad Wohler, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1775 ( digitized version ), pp. 516 f., 560–562, 573 f., 577 f., 581, 588 f., 650 , 681, 702, 715.
↑ See John Andre: William Berczy , Co-Founder of Toronto . A Canada Centennial Project of the Borough of York, Toronto 1967; Mary Macaulay Allodi et al .: Berczy . National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa 1991.
↑ Kayserlich- und Königlicher, as well as Erz-Herzoglicher, Then Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (…) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1772 ( digitized version ).
↑ Leopold Joseph Fitzinger : History of the Imperial King. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes (1st division). In: Session reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Volume 21, k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856, p. 433–479, here: p. 449 f. ( Digitized version ).
↑ Real newspaper or articles and advertisements of learned and art matters (Vienna), August 29, 1780, after p. 560.
↑ Testacea Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis, quæ iussu Mariæ Theresiæ Augustæ disposuit et descripsit Ignatius a Born (…) Joannes Paulus Kraus, Vindobonæ 1780 ( digitized ).
^ Elisabeth Hassmann: Sources and regesta on the treasury, picture gallery and the three cabinets from the archives of the k. k. Oberstkämmereramtes, 1777 to 1787 with a supplement to the years 1748 to 1776 ( Yearbook of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 15 f./2013 f.) Böhlau Verlag , Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-205-79622-0 ( digitized ), p. 138 f., 156 f., 178 f., 200.
↑ John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 139 f.
^ Austrian National Library , collection of manuscripts and old prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783).
↑ Philadelphia in North America, September 25th (read: October) 1783, Professor Märters second letter from Philadelphia (...) There, 1st year, 3rd quarter, 1785, p. 66 f., Here: p. 66 ( Digitized version ).
↑ See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 153-155; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 23-26 ( digitized version ).
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 29 ( digitized version ).
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 30 / note. 84 ( digitized version ).
↑ Cf. AJ von Aichenstein ( pseudonym ): Description of the silhouette factory in Vienna. Vienna 1782 ( digitized version ), p. 5 ff.
↑ See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 137 incl. Note 7, 144–146, 158–163 incl. Note 33; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 6-8, 37-42 ( digitized version ).
↑ Vienna: No. 1 f., 8–29 recto ; Brussels: No. 30–39 recto; Philadelphia: numbers 40-72 recto; Charleston: No. 74 f., 77–81 recto, 7–58, 60–72, 74–78, 80 f., 83 verso . The fact that Moll also portrayed people from other places (e.g. Amsterdam or New York) does not mean that he was there himself.
↑ Freely translated from John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 160 / note. 33.
↑ Translated from Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 34 ( digitized version ).
↑ Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 7 f., 34/36 ( digitized version ).
↑ See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: p. 159; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 32, 36 ( digitized version ).

personal data
SURNAME	Moll, Bernhard Albrecht
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	German-American draftsman and botanist
DATE OF BIRTH	1743
PLACE OF BIRTH	Wallerstein
DATE OF DEATH	1788
Place of death	Charleston, South Carolina

[1] Various authors wrongly assigned other first names to Moll (Adam, Nikolaus). The nobility predicate “de (von)” that appears in the baptismal register was probably not due to Moll, and he does not seem to have used it either. See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle : The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 160 / note. 33.

[2] Helene M. Kastinger Riley : Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 8 ( digitized version ).

[3] Moll made his will on June 25th, and Edward Lightwood appears as executor on July 23rd. See Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4–88, here: p. 30 incl. Note 84 f. ( Digitized version ).

[4] Bernhard Paul von Moll was the secret councilor of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as the legation councilor of the Prince of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel . Cf. Kayserlich- und Königlicher, Wie also Erz-Herzoglicher, Dann Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (...) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1760 ( digitized version ), pp. 325, 339, 350.

[5] Albrecht Theodor Moll received the title of court counselor from the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and the Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim , and from the House of Nassau-Saarbrücken that of legation councilor . Cf. Kayserlich- und Königlicher, Wie also Erz-Herzoglicher, Dann Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (…) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1754 ( digitized version ), pp. 167, 307, 319, 322 -324, 326, 333, 341, 350; 1760 ( digitalisat ), pp. 330, 336, 340, 344 f., 347, 350-353, 355 f., 362 f., 365, 370, 376, 378; New Genealogical-Schematic Reichs- und Staats-Hand-Buch (...) Franz Varrentrapp, Frankfurt am Mayn 1765 ( digitized version), pp. 21–36; Johann Jacob Moser : Reichsstättisches Magazin (...) 2nd part, Johann Conrad Wohler, Frankfurt / Leipzig 1775 ( digitized version ), pp. 516 f., 560–562, 573 f., 577 f., 581, 588 f., 650 , 681, 702, 715.

[6] See John Andre: William Berczy , Co-Founder of Toronto . A Canada Centennial Project of the Borough of York, Toronto 1967; Mary Macaulay Allodi et al .: Berczy . National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa 1991.

[7] Kayserlich- und Königlicher, as well as Erz-Herzoglicher, Then Dero Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Wien Staats- und Standes-Calender (…) Leopold Johann Kaliwoda, Vienna 1772 ( digitized version ).

[8] Leopold Joseph Fitzinger : History of the Imperial King. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes (1st division). In: Session reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Volume 21, k. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856, p. 433–479, here: p. 449 f. ( Digitized version ).

[9] Real newspaper or articles and advertisements of learned and art matters (Vienna), August 29, 1780, after p. 560.

[10] Testacea Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis, quæ iussu Mariæ Theresiæ Augustæ disposuit et descripsit Ignatius a Born (…) Joannes Paulus Kraus, Vindobonæ 1780 ( digitized ).

[11] Elisabeth Hassmann: Sources and regesta on the treasury, picture gallery and the three cabinets from the archives of the k. k. Oberstkämmereramtes, 1777 to 1787 with a supplement to the years 1748 to 1776 ( Yearbook of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien 15 f./2013 f.) Böhlau Verlag , Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-205-79622-0 ( digitized ), p. 138 f., 156 f., 178 f., 200.

[12] John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 139 f.

[13] Austrian National Library , collection of manuscripts and old prints, Cod. Ser. N. 3517, fol. 19 (Moll an Born, Philadelphia, September 17, 1783).

[14] Philadelphia in North America, September 25th (read: October) 1783, Professor Märters second letter from Philadelphia (...) There, 1st year, 3rd quarter, 1785, p. 66 f., Here: p. 66 ( Digitized version ).

[15] See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: pp. 153-155; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 23-26 ( digitized version ).

[16] Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 29 ( digitized version ).

[17] Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 30 / note. 84 ( digitized version ).

[18] Cf. AJ von Aichenstein ( pseudonym ): Description of the silhouette factory in Vienna. Vienna 1782 ( digitized version ), p. 5 ff.

[19] See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 137 incl. Note 7, 144–146, 158–163 incl. Note 33; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 6-8, 37-42 ( digitized version ).

[20] Vienna: No. 1 f., 8–29 recto ; Brussels: No. 30–39 recto; Philadelphia: numbers 40-72 recto; Charleston: No. 74 f., 77–81 recto, 7–58, 60–72, 74–78, 80 f., 83 verso . The fact that Moll also portrayed people from other places (e.g. Amsterdam or New York) does not mean that he was there himself.

[21] Freely translated from John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135–172, here: p. 160 / note. 33.

[22] Translated from Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: p. 34 ( digitized version ).

[23] Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht minor and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 7 f., 34/36 ( digitized version ).

[24] See John Andre, Hartmut Froeschle: The American Expedition of Emperor Joseph II and Bernhard Moll's Silhouettes. In Gerhard K. Friesen, Walter Schatzberg (Ed.): The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas, Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, University Press of New England, Hanover (New Hampshire) 1977, ISBN 0-87451-133 -X , pp. 135-172, here: p. 159; Helene M. Kastinger Riley: Charleston's Drawing Master Bernhard Albrecht Moll and the South Carolina Expedition of Emperor Joseph II of Austria. In: The Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Volume 21, Winston-Salem (North Carolina) 1995, pp. 4-88, here: pp. 32, 36 ( digitized version ).