antiseptic

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An antiseptic is a chemical that is used in medicine to prevent wound infection and subsequent sepsis . A distinction antiseptics principle of antiinfectives on the one hand (z. B. antibiotics ) by the ability of the latter, by means of the blood and lymphatic system also exciter off to fight from the site of administration systemically in the body interior, and disinfectants in a narrow sense on the other hand, which microorganisms on dead Destroy objects.

A wound has just been treated with an antiseptic iodine solution.

conditions

For this purpose, a wide variety of pathogens must be killed quickly with sufficient security without harming the patient himself.

An antiseptic should therefore have the broadest possible spectrum of activity with low inactivability by organic substances, good tissue compatibility with the lowest possible allergenic potential and the lowest possible systemic toxicity . Antiseptics can have bactericidal , bacteriostatic , fungicidal and fungistatic effects. Furthermore, it should be characterized by a good shelf life and the least possible odor nuisance .

Mechanism of action

Antiseptics work by denaturing , reducing surface tension and interacting with the pathogen metabolism.

Substance groups

Alcohols

Of the alcohols , ethanol , hexanol , n- propanol and iso- propanol can be used as antiseptics.

Ethanol has its optimum effect at a water content between 20 and 30% by volume, which is necessary for the bactericidal effect. Since alcohol works quickly and tubercle bacilli are killed within a minute, this is an ideal means of hand disinfection , although only enough of the substance should be used so that the protective fat layer of the skin is not washed away. The major disadvantage of alcohol on open wounds is that it causes burning pain.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Iodine-containing compounds

Halogenated compounds

Quinoline derivatives

Benzoquinone derivatives

Phenol derivatives

Compounds containing mercury

Well-known trademarks

Merfen

Merfen is the trade name for various drugs with antiseptic and wound healing properties from the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis . The preparations were developed (around 1940) and marketed by Zyma AG in Nyon , which merged with Novartis in 1997. Since the products are available in almost every medicine cabinet in Switzerland , the name Merfen has established itself for wound disinfectants.

In the past, almost all Merfen medicinal products - including lozenges - were monopreparations with the organic mercury compound phenylmercuriborate ( INN ) ( Latin: phenylhydrargyri boras ) as an effective ingredient. At present all products are free from mercury compounds. They mainly contain chlorhexidine digluconate and benzoxonium chloride . Merfen is available as an aqueous solution, tincture, powder, wound healing ointment and plaster. In Switzerland, all Merfen preparations in dispensing category D are available without a prescription in drug stores and pharmacies. In 1954 Zyma licensed its products in Austria to Gebro Pharma, which started in 1955 with the market launch of Merfen preparations (Merfen orange, Merfen tinctures and Hydro-Merfen). Merfen also developed into one of the most successful pharmaceutical brands in Austria.

Mercuchrome

Mercuchrom-iodine solution is the trade name for a drug with antiseptic properties from the German pharmaceutical company Krewel Meuselbach from Eitorf . The earlier formulation containing mercury (trade name Mercurochrome) was a red 2% aqueous solution of merbromine and was approved until June 30, 2003.

Mercuchrom, the active ingredient in the new formulation, contains 10 g of povidone iodine with a content of 10% available iodine in 100 ml of aqueous solution. It belongs to the group of iodophores and can be used for repeated, but time-limited, antiseptic wound treatment such as B. can be used for decubitus , leg ulcers and light burns. In Germany, the preparation is only available from a pharmacy.

history

The term antisepsis was coined by the English military doctor John Pringle at the end of the 18th century. By this he meant the action of putrefactive agents. Inspired by the work of Louis Pasteur on the process of fermentation, the British doctor Joseph Lister developed the carbolic acid dressing ( carbolic acid out of date for phenol ) in 1865 . This antiseptic marked a turning point in antiseptic wound treatment. With the carbolic bandage it was possible for the first time not only to treat wound infections, but also to make a significant contribution to preventing them. Carbole was used to clean sick rooms again, and that was a major contribution against hospitalism . However, the good antiseptic effect was offset by rather severe side effects such as local tissue damage and symptoms of poisoning through absorption. Lister himself condemned carbolic spray at a congress in 1890 and publicly apologized for his earlier recommendation of this agent. In World War I sublimate and chlorine-containing solutions were used, but not prevailed due to high tissue toxicity. This was followed by the use of azo dyes (Rivanol) in the 1920s and local treatment with sulfonamides (Cibazol powder) in the 1930s . Both substances had a strong inhibitory effect on granulation . With the development of penicillin and other antibiotics , antiseptics were pushed back for a while. As a result of the development of resistance, local therapy with antibiotics has been abandoned, and antiseptics have made a comeback, which is still going on today. The first modern, highly effective antiseptic with few side effects was povidone-iodine (PVP-iodine).

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: Antiseptic  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Roman Graven: About the ability of the organism to split off the Hg Jon from the Merfen . Dissertation, Bern 1944.
  2. ↑ Z. Alfoldy, J. Szita: Disinfectant effects of a new mercury compound: Merfen . Orvosi Hetilap. 1951, 14; 92 (41): 1313-6, PMID 14891217 .
  3. ^ History of Gebro Pharma in Austria ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Merbromin in the mirror of the expert opinions Pharmazeutische Zeitung, issue 39/2003.
  5. ↑ New formulation form: mercury for use on the skin . pharmaceutical-zeitung.de (PDF)
  6. ↑ Mercuchrom-iodine solution Technical information .
  7. ↑ Entry on phenol. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on June 9, 2013.