Michel de Montaignes Tower Library

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Michel de Montaigne's tower library is located on the building complex of Michel de Montaigne's family seat , the Château de Montaigne , which has been redesigned several times over the centuries . It is located in the commune of Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne , in the Dordogne department , Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in south-west France .

La tour de Montaigne from the south, with three floors
Ground floor: the oratory of de Montaigne, on the ground floor of the tower; two prayer chairs in front of it. The prayer room is decorated with frescoes. The entrance is on the left (not in the picture)
1st floor: Chamber in the tower of the Château de Montaigne , on the first floor. Looking in the direction of Montaigne's trunk, his bed on the right. This is where the philosopher probably died. View from the entrance
1st floor: Chest on the Château de Montaigne , in the Abbé Prunis the manuscript of the Journal de voyage found

.

2nd floor: Montaigne had his private library on the second floor. You can also see the side tower with the stone spiral staircase rising in it.
2nd floor: Section from the library ceiling.
Three Latin quotes from the Bible, burned into the beams on behalf of Montaigne
2nd floor: Montaigne's study without the bookshelves, view from the entrance; to the right (not in the picture) access to the cloakroom
2nd floor: Sketched reconstruction of a library wall in the tower, direction of view: behind the desk and in front of the (former) fireplace in the south-west and south-east direction of the two windows. Not visible on the right in the picture staircase and access to the cloakroom
2nd floor: View from the cloakroom with heavily eroded frescoes above the exit. Above that, a view of the library (south-west direction). Of this in the background; the window with a view of the "Frauenturm" (see next photo)

Structural matters

The castle has undergone several structural changes in its history. It is a two-storey, closed four-wing complex with an approximately square inner courtyard, the diamond-shaped position of which is oriented north-south. The entrance gate is to the south and the “library tower” is on the right (east). The adjacent wing leads in an easterly direction to the "Frauenturm".

2nd floor: View from a window on the side of the library, the cloakroom in an easterly direction. The tower (white plastering with a conical roof) at the end of the east wing of the palace belonged to his wife, Françoise de La Chassaigne .

The "library tower" located south of the main building consists of a large and a smaller round tower with a small residential building and a spiral staircase. The tower is the only authentic remnant of the 16th century buildings.

Wooden beam ceiling with insertion boards in the library tower.

The ceiling beams are each provided with inscriptions. Each floor has a slightly different direction of the window openings.

The inscriptions can be read in different writing directions, depending on the perspective of the viewer, "upside down" or in the usual reading direction.

You enter the tower through a narrow door and first come to a small chapel . The ceiling of the vaulted oratory is painted blue. On the wall behind the small altar in a wall niche, the family coat of arms is depicted as a fresco on the left and right . In between there is a picture of St. George slaying the dragon .

A narrow spiral staircase running through the wall leads to the side round tower, which leans against the inside of the wall, and a door leads into a round living room and bedroom on the first floor; here the philosopher died. There is a large fireplace and three small windows. The library on the second floor was also Montaigne's study. There are also three windows here. The books were lined up on five round shelves . Montaigne had a view of meadows, fields and the farmyard through the many windows , the Château de Montaigne is located on a small hill. Montaigne himself describes the place in the essays :

“ At home I go to my library a little more often, from where I take care of my household on the side .... It is on the third floor of a tower. My chapel is on the first floor and a complete bedroom on the first floor, where I often lie down to be alone. There is a large cloakroom above; this was the most unnecessary place in my house in the past. I spend most of my life and most hours of the day in my library. I'm never there at night ... My library is round; it has no straight line, except for the usual ones at my table and my chair, and its curvature offers me a view of all my books at a glance, which are lined up on five shelves around the area. It has three windows with ample and unobstructed views and is sixteen paces in diameter. In winter I am there less long because my house is on a hill, as the name suggests, and has no room higher than this. That's why I like to be a bit sensitive and take some distance from work and reading. That is where the center of my life is. "

- Essais, III, 3

The cloakroom can be reached from the library via the stone spiral staircase in the side tower, also on the second floor and in a northerly direction. It is adorned with partly heavily eroded frescoes .

circumstances

From the age of thirty-eight, in February 1571, Michel de Montaigne retired to his tower library in the Château de Montaigne . He had sold his office as a judge in Bordeaux. Here in his “tower” he began his extensive life's work, the Essais . The first two volumes appeared in 1580. Until his death in 1592 Montaigne wrote on his work, which he frequently revised and constantly expanded with the help of notes.

A Latin inscription on the wall of the library reads in German:

“ In the year of salvation 1571, in the 38th year of his life, on February 28th, his birthday, Michael Montaigne, long tired of serving in court and in public offices, withdrew in full virility into the lap of learned virgins to be in Quiet and free of all worries when fate allows him to complete the little remainder of his life, which has largely passed; he has dedicated this place, this precious refuge inherited from his ancestors, to his freedom, his tranquility and his leisure. "

The book inventory

The basis of this library came largely from the legacy of his friend Étienne de La Boétie who died in 1563 of dysentery or the plague . There were about a thousand books lined up on the shelves here. The few books that are still preserved from his holdings often have marginal notes written by Montaigne , so-called scholia .

List of inscriptions on the ceiling beams

The wooden beam ceiling in the library room has two large load-bearing beams facing north-south. Between these are smaller cross beams which are divided into three compartments by the two main beams. These bars are provided with a total of 66 visible labels, 30 in Greek and 36 in Latin. From Montaigne's desk, the gaze fell on the two south-facing windows (south-west and south-east, respectively), in front of a (no longer preserved) fireplace.

“This collection of Latin and Greek sentences does not reflect Montaigne's thinking! This thinking - in constant motion and about everything - can only make reading his essais , if not fully understandable, at least touch it, provided that it is not reduced to a few French sentences of the same kind. "

- Alain Legros
The following table needs to be revised: (1) Further inscriptions have been discovered, which means that the previous list is incomplete = out of date. - (2) Typographical errors in all Greek quotations. - More details on the talk page.
Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

The inscriptions on the ceiling beams in the Tower Library by Michel de Montaigne
1st bar below: Theognis Elegien I, 1156–57 Εἴη μοι ζῆν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀλίγων μηδὲν ἔχοντι κακὸν My wish: to live from little, but without suffering.
above: Ecclesiastes 3:22 Extrema homini scientia ut res sunt boni consulere, caetera securum. It is the greatest skill of man to take things as they are and not to fear the rest.
2nd bar below: John Stobaius after Sotades Aὐτάρκiα πρὸς πᾶσιν ήδονἠ δικαία The real joy is being really on your own.
above: Ecclesiastes 1:13 Cognoscendi studium homini dedit Deus eius torquendi gratia. God has given people such unhappy labor that they have to torment themselves with it.
3rd bar below: Stobaios after Menander Μακάριος ὂστις ὐγίαν καὶ νοῦν ἔχει Happy is he who connects cleverness with health.
above: Stobaius after Socrates Τους μέν κένους άσκούς τό πνεύμα διίστησι, τούς δε άνοήτους άνθρώππυς τό όίημα. The wind blows the empty hoses, the empty head the conceit.
4th bar below: Euripides in Alceste Οὔ ποτε φήσω γάμον εὐφραίνειν πλέον ἢ λυπεῖν I would never say that marriage brings more joy than tears.
above: Ecclesiastes 9.3 Omnium quae sub sole sunt fortuna et lex par est. Everything under the sun has the same fate and law.
5th bar: Sextus Empiricus , Hypot. I, 19th Ού μάλλον ούτως έχει ή έκείνως ή ούδετέρως. Neither is it like that, nor is it like that, more than in either way.
6th bar below: Horace in Oden I, 23, 19-20 Durum sed leuius fit patientia quidquid corrigere est nefas. The unwanted is difficult to bear, but patience relieves its weight.
above: Ecclesiastes 3:11 Nullius vel magnae vel parvae earum rerum quas Deum tam multas fecit notitia in nobis est. We have no knowledge whatsoever of what God has created in so many ways, whether great or small.
7th bar below: Sophocles , Ajax 125–126 ὁρῶ γὰρ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲν ὄντας ἄλλο πλὴν
εἴδωλ 'ὅσοιπερ ζῶμεν ἢ κούφην σκιάν. 		I see that all of us who are alive are nothing but shapes or fleeting shadows.
above: George Buchanan after Palladas Si te fata ferunt fer fata ferere ferentes fata ferunt rapiunt sin minus illa feras. If fate carries you, bear it and let yourself be carried.
8th bar: Lucretius , De rerum natura II, 14th O miseras hominum mentes O pectora caeca qualibus in tenebris vitae, quantisque periclis degitur hoc aevi quodcunque est! Oh unhappy spirits, blind hearts of man! In what dark night and under what dangers this life is passed for an indefinite period!
9th bar below: Sophocles, Ajax 554 (Erasmus, Adagia II, 10) Εν τῶ φρονεῖν γὰρ μηδὲν ἢδιστος βίος τὸ μὴ φρονεῖν κάρτ 'ἀνώδυνον κακὸν Life without thinking is easy, because not thinking is a painless disease.
above: Ioannis Stobaei Sententiae Κρίνει τίς άυτόν πώποt 'ἄνθρωπον μέγαν ὅν ἐξαλείφει πρόφασις ἡ τυχοῦσ' ὅλον. Anyone who ever believes in his human size will be thrown into complete ruin at the first best opportunity.
Bar 10: Lucretius VI, 668 Omnia cum coelo terraque marique. Sunt nihil ad summam summaï totius. Heaven, earth and sea, they are all nothing compared to the sum of the sums of the unmeasurable whole.
11th bar: Proverbs Solomonis 26:12 Vidisti hominem sapientem sibi videri? Magis illo spem habebit insipiens. When you see one who thinks he is wise, more is to be hoped for from a fool.
12th bar below: Lucretius, III, 1081 Nec nova vivendi procuditur ulla voluptas. To prolong one's life, it will not give birth to new pleasure.
above: Ecclesiastes 11.5 Sicut ignoras quomodo anima conjungatur corpori sic nescis opera Dei. Since you do not know how the soul is connected to the body, you do not know God's work.
13th bar: Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 21 Ενδέχεται και ούκ ενδεχεται. This is possible and not possible.
14th bar: Plato , Kratylos ἀγαθὸν ἀγαστὸν. The good is admirable.
15th bar: Erasmus of Rotterdam , Adagia II, 10.90 (= 1990) κέραμος ἄνθρωπος. Man is like clay dishes.
16th bar below: Socrates Ή δεισιδαιμονία καθάπερ πατρὶ τῶ τυφῶ πείθεται. False religion follows the dazzling arrogance of its Creator.
above: Paulus , Ad Romanos 12:16 Nolite esse prudentes apud vosmetipsos. Do not think of yourself as wise.
17th bar below: Herodotus , VII, 10 Οὐ γὰρ ἐᾶ φρονέειν ὁ θεὸς μέγα ἄλλον ἡ έωυτὸν. God does not give praise to anyone but himself.
above: Martial , X, 47, 13 Summum nec metuam diem nec optem. Neither fear nor hope for my last day.
18th bar below: Horace, Epistles I, 1 Quo me cumque rapit deferor hospes. Wherever the wind takes me, I am passing through.
above: Preacher, 11, 6 Nescis homo an illus magis expediat an æque utrumque. You don't know, human, whether this or that is better, or whether both are equally good.
19th bar: Terence , Heautontimoroumenos 77 (= I, 1.25) Homo sum humani a me nihil alienum puto. I am human, nothing human is alien to me.
20th bar: Preacher, 7, 17 Ne plus sapias quam necesse est ne obstupescas. Don't be wiser than necessary, you will go crazy.
21st bar: Paul, Ad Corinthios I , 8.2 Si quis existimat se aliquid scire nondum cognouit quomodo oporteat illud scire. If someone imagines they know something, he does not yet have the insight how to know.
22nd bar: Paul, Letter to the Galatians, VI, 3 Si quis existimat se aliquid esse cum nihil sit ipse se seducit. When someone who is nothing thinks he is someone, he is deceiving himself.
23. Bottom bar : unidentified Latin text Great .............. et ............. O .... AV.
above: Paul, Letter to the Romans, 12, 3 Ne plus sapite quam oportet sed sapite ad sobrietatem. Not wiser than necessary, but wise with moderation.
24th bar: Xenophanes in Diogenes Laertios Καί τό μέν ούν σαφές ούτις άνήρ ίδεν έσται έίδώς. Nobody knows the one truth and nobody will know it.
25th bar: Euripides, Phrixus in Stobaios, elegy of death Τίς δ 'οίδεν εί ζήν τούδ', ό κέκληται δανείν, το ζήν δε δνήσκεν έστι. But who knows whether what dying means is not life, but that life is dying?
26th bar below: Theognis, I, 255 Κάλλιστον τὸ δικαιότατον ῤάστον δ ὐγιαίνειν. Nothing like excellent morals, but the most pleasant thing is good health.
above: Preacher, 1, 8 Res omnes sunt difficiliores quam ut eas possit homo consequi. Things are too complex for humans to follow.
27th bar: Homer , in Diogenes Laertios, Life of Pyrrhon Επέων δὲ πολύς νόμος ἔνθα και ἔνθα Here as there, a wide field of words.
28th bar: Lucretius, IV, 597 Humanum genus est avidum nimis auricularum. The human race is too eager for fairy tales.
29th bar: Persius I, 4th Quantum est in rebus inane. How empty is the world!
30th bar: Preacher, 1, 2 Per omnia vanitas. Vanity everywhere.
31. Bottom bar : Text not identified
above: Lucan 2,381-382 Servare modum, finemque tenere, naturamque sequi. Keeping moderation, preserving the end, just obeying nature.
32nd bar: Preacher, 10, 9 Quid superbis terra et cinis. What do you get over yourself, dust and ashes?
Bar 33: Isaiah , 5, 21 Væ qui sapientes estis in oculis vestris. Woe to those who think they are wise.
34.Bar below: Cornelius Nepos , Life of Atticus Mores cuique sui fingunt fortunam. Each of the fate that determines his behavior.
above: preacher, 3, 22 Fruere iucunde præsentibus cætera extra te. Enjoy the present, the rest cannot be reached.
35. Bar: Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 27 Πάντι λόγος ίσος άντίκειται. Every argument is opposed to an equal.
36th bar: Michel de l'Hôpital Nostra vagatur in tenebris nec caeca potest mens cernere verum. Our minds err in the dark and blindly cannot discern the truth.
37. Bar below: Cicero , Tusculanes , I, 8 after Epicharmos Emori nolo sed me esse mortuum nihili æstimo. I don't want to die, but I guess not to be dead.
above: Ecclesiastes 7.1 Fecit deus hominem similem umbræ de qua post solis occasum quis iudicabit. God made man like a shadow that no one can judge when the sun has set.
38th bar: Pliny , nat. hist. II, 7 Solum certum nihil esse certi et homine nihil miserius aut superbius. The only thing that is certain is that nothing is certain and nothing is more miserable and inflated than man.
39. Bottom bar : text not identified
above: Preacher, 11, 5 Ex tot Dei operibus nihilo magis quidquam homini cognitum quam venti vestigium . Of all the works of God, nothing more is known to man than the trace of the wind.
Bar 40: Euripides , Hippolytos 104 ἄλλοισιν ἄλλος θεῶν τε κἀνθρώπων μέλει. Not everyone values ​​everyone, neither man nor God.
41. Bottom bar : text not identified
above: Menander, Epimpramene Έφ 'ώ φρονείς μέγιστον, άπολεί τούτό σε, τό δοκείν τίν' είναι. Whatever you think is the greatest, the delusion of being something, it will ruin you.
42.Bar: Epictetus , handbook  5 Ταράσσει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οὐ τὰ πράγματα, ἀλλὰ τὰ περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων δόγματα. It is not things that confuse people, but opinions about things.
43. Bottom bar : text not identified
above: Sophocles, Colchides Καλόν φρονείν τόν δνητόν άνδρώποις ίσα. It is mortal to think humanly.
44. Bottom bar : text not identified
above: Horace , Oden , II, 11 Quid aeternis minorem consiliis animum fatigas? What do you plague your underage mind with eternal plans?
45. Bottom bar : Latin text not identified
above: Psalm 36 : 7 Iudicia domini abyssus multa. The Lord's choices are deep.
46. ​​Bar: Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 22, 23, 26 Ούδέν όρίζω. Ού καταλαμβάνω. Έπέχω. Σκέπτομαι. I don't determine anything (don't state anything). I do not understand. I abstain from judgment. I am considering.
The two main support beams
A 1 : after Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 15 Iudicio alternante. Judge alternately.
A 2 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 26 Άκαταληπτώ. I don't understand.
A 3 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 7 Οὐδὲν μᾶλλον. Completely equal.
A 4 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 27 Ἀρρεπώς. Without wavering.
B 1 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 26 Οὐ καταλαμβάνω I don't draw any conclusions.
B 2 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 22 ΕΠΕΧΩ I don't give up.
B 3 : Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 3 ΣΚΕΠΤΟΜΑΙ I'm looking for.
B 4 : after Sextus Empiricus, Hypot. I, 8th More duce et sensu. Guided by the morals and the senses.

Influence on writing

Some historians, such as Edouard Galy and Léon Lapeyre (1861), hypothesized that the surroundings of the tower also influenced Montaigne's writing. Montaigne himself goes into the importance of the library for his writing in the third part of his essay on this. Montaigne was not only inspired by the books in his library, but also by the paintings and the quotes that were affixed to all the walls and ceilings, as shown by the use of the quotes in the essays. However, the extent and nature of this influence remains difficult to determine. Recent research tends to blame Montaigne's basic personal approach, through being inspired or through the arrangement of objects and through "the one structure based on comparison and contrast," for Montaigne's associative writing.

Current situation

After the fire in the castle in 1885, u. a. the tower undamaged. Marie Thirion Mautauban arranged for the palace to be rebuilt and redesigned. As part of the Domaine de Michel de Montaigne , the property is still privately owned by the Mähler-Besse family (6th and 7th generation after Pierre Magne). The palace courtyard and the tower are regularly open to the public as part of guided tours. At the entrance u. a. the tickets can be purchased. Admission is free for disabled people or seriously disabled people from the EU . A park path leads to the gate and above it to the castle courtyard, the Montaignes tower is on the right hand side near the entrance. The way is difficult for wheelchair users . The ascent to the tower requires unimpaired walking ability . The well-founded tours are only available in French . Audio guides are not available; In the boutique area, however, laminated texts are made available with explanations of the individual floors of the tower in different languages.

Although the French state recorded the object under the heading Monuments historiques in 1992 , the cultural-historical preservation of the monument, i.e. the preservation of its authenticity, taking into account the age and history, without changing it irreversibly or changing it to protect or restore the existing frescoes etc., despite all efforts to overwhelm the private sponsors . The Ministry of Culture , Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication , which maintains the Base Mérimée , is responsible for the Monuments historiques .

literature

Web links

Commons : Montaigne Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Official website of Montaigne Castle [1] (en / fr / es)
  2. ^ Alain Legros: La librairie et ses sentences. 25 mars 2012, Société Internationale des Amis de Montaigne. BSAM, online.
  3. ↑ Drawing of La tour de Montaigne with the floor plan drawings of the individual floors [2] from Claude Ignace François Michaud (ed.), Michel de Montaignes: Essais de Montaigne (self-édition) texts original, accompagné de la traduction en langage de nos jours by Montaigne, Michel de, 1533-1592. Firmin-Didot, Paris 1907 [3] on archive.org, p. 12
  4. ↑ Google Earth, aerial photo of today's palace complex [4]
  5. ↑ Aerial view from the east. Montaigne's tower is in the south (left), his wife's tower is in the foreground. [5] accessed on cdt24.media.tourinsoft.eu
  6. ↑ Photograph of the current situation on the 2nd floor of the tower. [6] retrieved from luc.greliche.free.fr
  7. ↑ Photograph of the tower entrance. Montaigne: Journal de voyage.
  8. ↑ a b Richard Friedenthal: Discoverer of the I. Montaigne, Pascal, Diderot. R. Piper, Munich 1969, p. 42 f.
  9. ^ Ralf Nestmeyer: The tower of the philosopher. Montaigne in Montaigne . In: Ders: French poets and their homes . Insel-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005. ISBN 3-458-34793-3 . Pp. 201-210.
  10. ↑ Uwe Schultz: Michel de Montaigne. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1989, ISBN 3-499-50442-1 , pp. 7-12.
  11. ↑ Reconstruction of the 2nd floor of La tour de Montaigne on f.hypotheses.org [7] [8]
  12. ^ Alain Legros: Catalog des sentences de la librairie. Société Internationale des Amis de Montaigne, March 24, 2012 (French): "Ce florilège de sentences latines et grecques ne constitue pas la pensée de Montaigne, pensée en mouvement et sur tous sujets que seule la lecture des Essais peut permettre, sinon d ' appréhender, du moins de côtoyer, à condition toutefois de ne pas la réduire à des sentences françaises de même type. ";
  13. ^ The Latin translation from which Montaigne took the biblical quotations has not yet been identified. Alain Legros expressly notes this for the Kohelet passages, but the Paul quotations do not correspond to the Vulgate either . - Alain Legros: Sentences peintes au plafond de la bibliothèque de Montaigne. (pdf) In: Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes. November 20, 2015 (French): "Ecclésiaste (...) dans une version à déterminer.";
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Translated from Legros
  15. ↑ Montaigne knew the passage from a quote from Stobaius. - Alain Legros: Sentences peintes au plafond de la bibliothèque de Montaigne. (pdf) In: Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes. November 20, 2015 (French): "Sophocle, Ajax porte-fouet , 125-126, dans Stobée," De l'orgueil ", éd. 1549, p. 186. ";
  16. ↑ Complete text at: University of Zurich (Latin and Greek). Erasmus quotes from a source that has not been named and has not been ascertained since (he discusses the readings of various codices) and later compares this quote with a word from Paul: 2 Cor 4,7  LUT.EU.ELB . - Legros only gives Erasmus as the source in 2015, without asking for its source, and thus corrects his earlier assumption that it was a Paul quote mediated by Erasmus. - Alain Legros: Sentences peintes au plafond de la bibliothèque de Montaigne. (pdf) In: Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes. November 20, 2015 (French): "Erasme, Adages , II, 10"; - Alain Legros: Catalog des sentences de la librairie. Société Internationale des Amis de Montaigne, March 24, 2012 (French): "Saint Paul, sans doute par Erasme.";
  17. ↑ The verse has been proverbial since ancient times, especially in German in this translation. It does not seem to be known who made the translation. - Georg Büchmann : Winged words . The treasure trove of quotations from the German people, collected and explained by Georg Büchmann, continued by (...), reviewed by Alfred Grunow . 31st edition. Haude & Spenersche Verlagbuchhandlung, Berlin 1964, p. 498 . - Duden editorship (ed.): Quotes and sayings (= scientific advice of the Duden editorship [ed.]: The Duden in twelve volumes . Volume 12 ). 2nd Edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-411-04122-6 , p. 262 . - See also Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto . The article by Eckart Lefèvre cited there also deals with the use of the verse in Montaigne's essais .
  18. ↑ The same quote can be found in the Essais : De la Phisionomie. Chap. XII.
  19. ↑ In context (2,380–383): “Such was the character, the firm principle of the strict Cato: measure moderation, preserve the end purpose, merely obey nature, dedicate life to the fatherland and be convinced that you do not belong to yourself , but yourself Humanity. ”- Quoted after the translation: Lucan: The Civil War or The Battle of Pharsalus . Translated from Latin by Dietrich Ebener (=  Library of Antiquity. Roman Series ). Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin / Weimar 1978, DNB  790219239 .
  20. ^ Translation: Euripides: Tragedies . Greek and German by Dietrich Ebener (=  writings and sources of the Old World . Volume 30.2 ). 2nd Edition. tape 2 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-05-000334-0 , pp. 115 .
  21. ↑ Montaigne knew the passage from a quote from Stobaius. - Alain Legros: Sentences peintes au plafond de la bibliothèque de Montaigne. (pdf) In: Bibliothèques Virtuelles Humanistes. November 20, 2015 (French): "Epictète, dans Stobée," De la mort, qu'elle est inévitable ", éd. 1549, p. 598. ";
  22. ^ Wilhelm Wiegand: Michel de Montaigne. Diogenes Verlag, Zurich 1985, ISBN 3-257-21283-6 , pp. 215-226
  23. ↑ NOVEMBER 17, 2010, A Catalog of Montaigne's Beam Inscriptions
  24. ^ Alain Legros: La Société des Amis de Montaigne Catalog des sentences de la librairie , accessed on November 10, 2017.
  25. ^ Edouard Galy, Léon Lapeyre: Montaigne chez lui: Visite de deux amis à son château. J. Bounet, Périgueux 1861, p. 35.
  26. ^ Helmut Pfeiffer: Montaignes revisions: Knowledge and form of the essays. Verlag Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 2018, ISBN 978-3-8467-6354-4 , p. 40 [9] on books.google.de
  27. ^ George Hoffmann: Montaigne's Nudes: The Lost Tower Paintings Rediscovered. Yale French Studies (2006), No. 110: Meaning and Its Objects: Material Culture in Medieval and Renaissance France (2006), pp. 122-133
  28. ↑ Monuments historiques, édifice / site Château de Montaigne, accessed at www2.culture.gouv.fr [10]

Coordinates: 44 ° 52 ′ 41 ″  N , 0 ° 1 ′ 48 ″  E