Minimum Wage Act (Germany)

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Basic data
Title: Law regulating a general minimum wage
Short title: Minimum wage law
Abbreviation: MiLoG
Type: Federal law
Scope: Germany
Legal matter: Employment Law
References : 802-5
Issued on: Art. 1 G of 11 August 2014
Federal Law Gazette I p. 1348
Entry into force on: August 16, 2014
Last change by: Art. 2 G of 10 July 2020
( Federal Law Gazette I p. 1657, 1662 )
Effective date of the
last change: 		July 30, 2020
(Art. 3 G of July 10, 2020)
GESTA : G033
Weblink: Text of the MiLoG
Please note the note on the applicable legal version.

According to the Minimum Wage Act ( MiLoG ), a nationwide general statutory minimum wage for employees and for most interns of € 9.35 gross per hour applies. During the time it was introduced, there were exceptions until the end of 2017. The general minimum wage does not displace minimum wages in the sector insofar as they are higher than the general minimum wage ( Section 1 (3) MiLoG). The MiLoG was introduced by Article 1 of the Bargaining Autonomy Strengthening Act of 11 August 2014.

Content of the law

Eligible

According to the Minimum Wage Act, every employee of legal age has an indispensable right to payment by the employer of at least the minimum wage.

The general minimum wage does not displace industry minimum wages as long as these are higher than the general minimum wage ( Section 1 (3) MiLoG). However, for a transition period up to the end of 2017, industry minimum wages may be lower than the general minimum wage; from January 1, 2017, they must be at least € 8.50, according to the now repealed § 24 MiLoG in the original version.

Interns who are hired in order to acquire professional skills, knowledge, abilities or professional experience, without this constituting vocational training within the meaning of the Vocational Training Act (BBiG), are also entitled to the minimum wage .

Ineligible persons

The rule that interns are entitled to the minimum wage does not apply to

  • Schoolchildren or students who complete the internship as part of their school education or study
  • Orientation internships of up to three months for vocational training or for the start of studies
  • Measures funded by the employment agency to acquire an entry-level qualification.

Trainees and volunteers as well as volunteers and journalist students in media companies are not entitled to the minimum wage if the traineeship is aimed at practical training that is comparable to vocational training within the meaning of the Vocational Training Act .

Employees who were unemployed for more than a year immediately before starting employment cannot claim a minimum wage during the first six months of employment .

Only disabled people are admitted to a workshop for disabled people who, due to the type or severity of the disability, cannot, not yet, or cannot yet be employed again on the general labor market ( Section 219 (1) SGB ​​IX ). You only need to provide a minimum amount of economically usable work ( Section 219 (2), Section 220 of Book IX of the Social Code). If the person is not an employee, but is part of the workshop in accordance with According to Section 221 (1) SGB IX in a legal relationship similar to an employee, she is not entitled to the statutory minimum wage.

Prisoners on remand or convicts who work in prisons are also not entitled to the minimum wage.

Of § 1 para. 1 of the Minimum Wage Act ( "each and every employee workers ") shows that the law does not apply to self-employed.

Minimum wage amount

The law states that on January 1, 2015, a minimum wage of € 8.50 (gross) per hour will come into force. It provides that a minimum wage commission "has to decide on adjustments to the level of the minimum wage every two years".

Accordingly, the minimum wage has developed as follows, or (in italics) should develop as follows according to the current recommendation of the Minimum Wage Commission.

Development of the level of the minimum wage
Valid from Minimum wage in €
(gross) per hour 		Percentage change Reference /
remarks
January 1, 2015 8.50
January 1, 2017 8.84 + 4.0%
1st January 2019 9.19 + 4.0%
January 1, 2020 9.35 +1.7%
January 1, 2021 9.50 +1.6% Recommendation of
the Minimum Wage
Commission
of June 30, 2020
July 1, 2021 9.60 +1.1%
January 1, 2022 9.82 + 2.3%
July 1, 2022 10.45 + 6.4%

Minimum wage commission

The nine-person minimum wage commission is appointed by the federal government every five years. Your office will be set up at the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as an independent organizational unit. The minimum wage commission consists of a chairman, three employee and three employer representatives and two non-voting advisory members from the field of science. The members are not bound by instructions and work on an honorary basis. The chairman is appointed on the basis of a joint proposal by the umbrella organizations of employers and employees. The respective top organizations also propose the additional members to be appointed for their area as well as the advisory members.

The first minimum wage commission was appointed on December 17, 2014. The chairmanship was initially held by Henning Voscherau , until his resignation for health reasons in 2015, since then the former HR director of RWE, Jan Zilius . Members of the second commission period, which began in 2019, were appointed:

The members of the first commission Michaela Rosenberger (Chairwoman of the NGG ), Reinhard Göhner ( General Manager of the BDA ), Valerie Holsboer (General Manager of the Employers' Association for Food and Beverage ) and Clemens Fuest (President of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research ) no longer belonged to the second commission.

Control of compliance

The federal government assumes that the introduction of the minimum wage will increase the wages of 3.7 million employees. In order for the responsible customs administration to monitor compliance with the minimum wage, certain employers must document the working hours of their employees. In the Minimum Wage Documentation Obligation Ordinance , the documentation requirement is limited to the working hours of certain employees. Bureaucracy costs at the expense of the economy should only arise to a small extent. The Regulatory Control Council puts the additional costs for the documentation obligations at just three million euros.

Employers who violate the minimum wage can be fined and excluded from public procurement. Furthermore, a criminal liability according to § 266a StGB withholding and embezzlement of wages comes into consideration, with the threat of up to 5 years imprisonment. It is not the non-payment of the minimum wage to the employee that is punishable here, but rather the non-payment of the social contributions belonging to the minimum wage.

Liability of the client

According to Section 13 , Section 14 of the Posted Workers Act applies accordingly. According to this, an entrepreneur who engages another entrepreneur with the provision of work or services guarantees to pay his employees at least the minimum wage for the obligations of this entrepreneur, a subcontractor or a lender commissioned by the entrepreneur or a subcontractor. It can also be used without the employee having tried to use his own employer beforehand.

Transitional provisions

For the time of the introduction of the minimum wage, it was transitionally permissible until the end of 2016 to agree lower wages than the minimum wage in collective agreements. For example, the TV minimum wage applies to agriculture, forestry and horticulture ; The minimum hourly fee stipulated there is € 7.40 per hour from January 1, 2015 (new federal states and Berlin: € 7.20), € 8.00 (€ 7.90) from January 1, 2016, and then from January 1, 2017 nationwide € 8.60 and from November 1, 2017 € 9.10. For the textile and clothing industry, a lower minimum wage also applies in the accession area (from January 1, 2015 € 7.50, from January 1, 2016 € 8.25, from November 1, 2016 € 8.75). For newspaper deliverers, a temporary lower wage than the otherwise applicable statutory minimum wage already applies in accordance with Section 24 (2) MiLoG.

An evaluation of the law is planned for 2020. The Federal Government is to report on the effects of the exception for the long-term unemployed by January 1, 2017. After persistent criticism from the ranks of the CDU / CSU , Federal Labor Minister Andrea Nahles announced a first review of the minimum wage law by mid-2015.

Ordinances

On the basis of the authorizations contained in the law , four statutory ordinances have so far been issued that further specify the various provisions of the law:

  • Ordinance to determine the competent authority according to Section 16 (6) of the Minimum Wage Act (MiLoGMeldStellV)
  • Ordinance on the modification of the obligation to record working hours according to the Minimum Wage Act and the Posted Workers Act (Minimum Wage Recording Ordinance - MiLoAufzV)
  • Ordinance on reporting obligations under the Minimum Wage Act, the Posted Workers Act and the Temporary Employment Act (Minimum Wage Reporting Ordinance - MiLoMeldV)
  • Ordinance on the documentation obligations according to Sections 16 and 17 of the Minimum Wage Act with regard to certain groups of employees ( Minimum Wage Documentation Obligations Ordinance - MiLoDokV).

Legislative process

prehistory

The introduction of a general minimum wage in Germany was a long-standing sociopolitical demand. There were more and more indirect legal regulations in state law: more and more federal states had formulated requirements for awarding public contracts in their own award and minimum wage laws and bound the award to applicants' compliance with certain minimum social standards (so-called collective agreement regulation ). The only exceptions are the federal states of Hesse, Saxony and Bavaria, for which there is no such regulation. These minimum wages ranged between 8 euros (Brandenburg) and 9.18 euros (Schleswig-Holstein). The collective agreement regulations had been overridden by most of the federal states after the European Court of Justice ruled in 2008 that the Lower Saxony state procurement law was not compatible with the freedom to provide services and therefore violated European law. In the election campaign for the 2013 federal election , the minimum wage was one of the most controversial issues, with both the introduction and the details being disputed. The positions ranged from 8.50 euros (SPD, Greens) to 10.00 euros per hour (Die Linke).

Coalition agreement and discussion

In the coalition agreement of the 18th electoral term of the Bundestag , the introduction of the minimum wage was justified with the decreasing collective bargaining coverage of the social partners. That makes an "adequate minimum protection for employees" necessary. The “nationwide statutory minimum wage of EUR 8.50 gross per hour for the whole of Germany” is to be introduced gradually from January 1, 2015. The level of the wage is regularly adjusted by an equal commission of the collective bargaining partners, the resolution of which is extended by statutory order, for the first time on June 10, 2017 with effect from January 1, 2018. There should be exceptions for minimum wages according to the Posted Workers Act ; they counted away. In addition, there should be exemptions for seasonal workers and for volunteers who are marginally employed (so-called "mini-jobs"). This is indicated because “as a rule they do not have the character of dependent and instruction-bound employment”.

The German Trade Union Federation  (DGB) had welcomed the coalition agreement to introduce the minimum wage because it was in line with a longstanding demand by the DGB. This improves the living situation of many people. With the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany, employees with a full-time position should no longer have to rely on the help of the job center in order to make a living . In addition, the competitive situation of those companies that treat their employees fairly is increasing. However, the unions criticized that wages should remain frozen at 8.50 euros until 2018; that does not meet the needs of those affected. They announced that they would campaign for an earlier increase in wages in the legislative process.

The Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) predicted that the introduction of the minimum wage would "leave unfortunate skid marks on the labor market" because it would make it more difficult for low-skilled jobseekers to find employment. One will work to ensure that there will be "more differentiations" in the law to allow deviations from the minimum wage.

From a civil law perspective, it was feared that the standardization of a lower wage limit would, as a special law, exclude the application of the general provisions on immorality when assessing wage agreements. In such disputes, courts could no longer use the wages customary in the industry as a basis for comparison. Thus wages could now also be less than two-thirds of the agreed wage, without due wage usury to be void. However, this fear was unjustified, since the Minimum Wage Act is not a special law in relation to Section 138 (immoral legal transaction; usury, see also wage usury), so that since its entry into force wage agreements have to be measured against both Section 138 of the BGB and the minimum wage.

Mediating voices have emphasized that the introduction of the minimum wage will have no effect on most employment relationships. In western Germany only 17 percent and in eastern Germany 27 percent of employees are affected by the regulations. "This will benefit in future 10 percent of full-time employees, 18 percent of part-time employees and 54 percent of marginal employees (so-called mini-jobbers), a total of 5.6 million employees." Therefore, "only minor macroeconomic effects" are to be expected, the gross wage bill "Would increase by just three percent."

The effects of the minimum wage of EUR 8.50 on the level of social security are viewed with skepticism. The former managing director of the Association of German Pension Insurance Institutions (VDR) and then chairman of the Federal Government's Social Advisory Council, Franz Ruland , had already declared in 2013 that full-time employees could only achieve an old-age pension from a minimum wage of EUR 12.50 gross per hour above the basic security in old age at that time the national average was 688 euros per month. The Stiftung Warentest calculated after the publication of the coalition agreement: “An employee who works 38.5 hours a week for 45 years would have to earn at least 10 euros an hour to get more than 700 euros statutory pension according to the current state of old age to get."

Adoption of the law

After submitting the draft of the federal government, the Bundestag Committee for Labor and Social Affairs issued a recommendation for a resolution that contained various changes. The German Bundestag approved the law in the committee version on July 3, 2014. The Federal Council approved on July 11, 2014. Only the state of Saxony , in which the FDP was involved in government, did not approve the law.

criticism

Critics have raised constitutional concerns in particular. The minimum wage law interferes with the basic right of collective bargaining autonomy from Art. 9 III GG. Constitutional disputes are therefore foreseeable. The exception in § 24 MiLoG refers to the departure of case law from the principle of collective bargaining unity in 2010, according to which several collective agreements could exist side by side for the same company. The sector unions affected by this regulation and the German Association of Officials have opposed the discrimination associated with this regulation . They also see this as a violation of collective bargaining autonomy, they have declared that “the goal is unconstitutional” and they have therefore held out the prospect of legal disputes. In addition, the early obligation to pay the minimum wage from January 1, 2015, i.e. only around four and a half months after the Minimum Wage Act came into force on August 16, 2014, is viewed as constitutionally problematic because employers are not able to adequately prepare for higher wage costs during this period .

From the trade union side, it is particularly criticized that the plan to exempt long-term unemployed from the minimum wage ( Section 22 IV MiLoG) affects around one million people and thus 35% of all unemployed in Germany. Experience with the Hartz reforms also showed that the sustained deterioration in working conditions for this group of people did not lead to an improvement in employment. The long-term unemployed would thereby be “deliberately and arbitrarily turned into second-class people”. They would "in fact be at the mercy of employers if they were withheld the minimum wage for six months until the start of statutory dismissal protection and were then replaced cheaply by the next long-term unemployed". The DGB federal executive also turned against the exceptions for seasonal workers and young people. A minimum wage that does not “apply to all employees without ifs and buts does not deserve its name” because it “would not fulfill its function as an unambiguous lower wage limit” if a total of up to two million people were excluded from it. Similar criticism by the chairman of the SPD Forum Democratic Left 21 , Hilde Mattheis , led to violent reactions within the party.

The response of the federal government to a request from the parliamentary group Die Linke showed in June 2016 that full-time employment at the minimum wage in many West German cities would not bring in enough to meet the legally defined livelihood needs of a single person. For these employees, a Hartz IV purchase could be more worthwhile because of the high rents. Many low-wage earners therefore deliberately reduced their workload in order to top up their earned income with supplementary Hartz IV benefits.

Effects

Offer of internships

After the introduction of the Minimum Wage Act, the number of internships requiring a minimum wage was reduced significantly. In a study by Ifo and Randstad of around 1,000 HR managers, 77 percent had stated in previous years that they had offered internships. Of these, 47 percent did not employ any trainees in 2015. Every fourth company has reduced the average length of the internship.

Labor market for students

The study series "Fachkraft 2020", which was carried out in cooperation between the temporary employment agency Studitemps and Maastricht University, dealt with the effects of the minimum wage on the student labor market. The representative survey of around 50,000 students nationwide (2014 and 2015) showed that the average wage level of university students has increased from 9.34 euros (2014) to 9.86 euros (2015). This increase of more than 5 percent is mainly due to the sharp decline in the low-wage sector. However, the system of the minimum wage is not yet free from gaps, especially in the student labor market. The study showed that in five federal states around 10% of the student employees received less than the required EUR 8.50 gross and were or were in an illegal employment relationship. This makes it clear that there are doubts about the nationwide implementation of the minimum wage on the student job market in Germany.

Circumvention of the minimum wage

Some employers try to circumvent the minimum wage without permission, for example by making their employees pay for work utensils and clothing, deducting tips from their salaries, not paying the employees during periods of no real activity (e.g. when a taxi driver is waiting for passengers) Deliberately giving too little time for their activities and allowing them to rework what they have not achieved in unpaid overtime.

Minimum wage for employees working abroad and working in Germany

According to the decision of the Finance Court Berlin-Brandenburg on January 16, 2019, the Minimum Wage Act also applies to employees who are employed abroad but work in Germany.

See also

literature

  • Frank Bayreuther: The statutory minimum wage . In: Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht (NZA) 2014, 865–874.
  • Düwell / Schubert [Ed.] Minimum Wage Act - Hand Commentary on the MiLoG. 2nd edition 2017 ISBN 978-3-8487-2946-3
  • Bernd Grzeszick: Exceptions to the statutory minimum wage: a constitutionally permissible way of compromise? In: Journal for Legal Policy. (ZRP). 3/2014, pp. 66-69.
  • Christopher Hilgenstock: Minimum Wage Act . 1st edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-67243-9 .
  • Thomas Lakies: Minimum wage law basic commentary on the MiLoG . 1st edition. Bund Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-7663-6391-6 .
  • Mark Lembke: The minimum wage law and its effects on labor law practice . In: Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht (NZA) 2/2015, pp. 70–77.
  • Christian Picker: Low wages and minimum wages. In: Law of Labor. (RdA). 1/2014, pp. 25-36.
  • Reinhard Schüssler, Irene Becker: How a statutory minimum wage increases the standard requirement. Effects of a minimum hourly wage of EUR 8.50 on the basic security level. In: Social Security. (SozSich). 3/2014, pp. 102-109.
  • Marc Spielberger, Angela Schilling: The government draft for the law on the regulation of a general minimum wage (MiLoG). In: New journal for labor law. (NZA). 8/2014, pp. 414-419.
  • Robert von Steinau-Steinrück / Heribert Jöris: The statutory minimum wage . In: Betriebs-Berater 8/2014, pp. 2101–2106.
  • Daniel Ulber: The fulfillment of minimum wage claims . In: Law of Labor (RdA) 2014, 176–182.
  • Daniel-René Weigert: The fact that remuneration components can be offset against the statutory minimum wage . In: Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht (NZA) 12/2017, pp. 754–751.
  • Patrick Zeising, Daniel-René Weigert: The constitutionality of the minimum wage law . In: Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht (NZA) 1/2015, pp. 15–22.
  • Andreas Zürn, Christian Maron: The coalition agreement of the 18th legislative period from a labor law perspective. In: Operations consultant. 11/2014, pp. 629-633.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ https://www.buzer.de/Mindestlohn_2019_und_2020.htm
  2. ↑ Text and amendments by the Tariff Autonomy Strengthening Act of 11 August 2014 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 1348 )
  3. ↑ § 22 MiLoG - Law regulating a general minimum wage (Minimum Wage Act - MiLoG), http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11256/a188685.htm
  4. ^ German Association of Journalists: Minimum wage - responsibility for the next generation . Press release from December 29, 2014
  5. ↑ BT-Drs. 18/2010 , p. 24
  6. ↑ Börsenblatt.net: "There will be volunteers who will sue for the minimum wage" . Interview with specialist lawyer Dominik Höch on October 24, 2014
  7. ↑ Federal Association of Workshops for Disabled People: Developing an understanding of remuneration: BAG WfbM in exchange with the Federal Association of Self-Help for the Disabled. V. . 5th June 2014
  8. ↑ LAG Schleswig-Holstein, decision of January 11, 2016 - 1 Sa 224/15
  9. ↑ Laura Beusmann: Union behind bars. The minimum wage is coming. But the lower limit does not apply to everyone. Especially not for prisoners who work in prisons. In: Friday, December 23, 2014, p. 19
  10. ↑ [1] , Federal Law Gazette No. 39 of August 15, 2014
  11. ↑ [2] , Federal Law Gazette No. 54 of November 18, 2016
  12. ↑ a b [3] , Federal Law Gazette No. 38 of November 20, 2018
  13. ↑ Commission recommendation: the minimum wage should rise to 10.45 euros. In: tagesschau.de. Retrieved June 30, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Press release of the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of December 17, 2014
  15. ↑ Resolution recommendation and report by the Committee on Labor and Social Affairs (11th Committee), Bundestag printed matter 18/2010 (new), page 3
  16. ↑ Resolution recommendation and report by the Committee on Labor and Social Affairs (11th Committee), Bundestag printed matter 18/2010 (new), page 3
  17. ↑ Henrike Roßbach: Files and Mountains. In: FAZ of December 22, 2012, p. 15
  18. ↑ BAnz AT December 19, 2014 V1
  19. ↑ Second Textile Working Conditions Ordinance
  20. ↑ Nahles wants to check the minimum wage more closely. February 1, 2015, accessed February 6, 2015 .
  21. ↑ Ordinance on the determination of the competent authority according to Section 16 (6) of the Minimum Wage Act (MiLoGMeldStellV) of November 24, 2014 ( Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1823 )
  22. ↑ Minimum wage recording ordinance - MiLoAufzV of November 26, 2014 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 1824 )
  23. ↑ Minimum Wage Reporting Ordinance - MiLoMeldV of November 26, 2014 ( Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1825 )
  24. ↑ Dorothea Siems: Procurement law: countries secretly introduce the minimum wage . In: The world. July 8, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  25. ↑ ECJ, judgment of April 3, 2008, case C-346/06 (Dirk Rüffert / Land Niedersachsen), Collection 2008, I-01989, Official Journal of the European Union, C 128/9 (preliminary ruling procedure based on a submission by the OLG Celle).
  26. ↑ Shaping Germany's future . Coalition agreement between the CDU, CSU and SPD. 18th legislative term . November 27, 2013. Retrieved on May 10, 2014, p. 48 f.
  27. ↑ Assessment of the coalition agreement ( Memento from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , German Federation of Trade Unions, November 27, 2013. Accessed May 10, 2014.
  28. ↑ Employer President Ingo Kramer: The coalition agreement is characterized by compromises , Confederation of German Employers' Associations, press release no. 063/2013. November 27, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  29. ↑ Arnd Diringer , editorial on Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht (NZA), issue 2/2014, p. 22
  30. ↑ Wolfgang Däubler, The statutory minimum wage - but a never-ending story? . In: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 2014, pp. 1924, 1927; Christian Picker, Low Wages and Minimum Wages . In: Law of Work (RdA) 2014, pp. 25, 32; Bauer / Kiebe / Schunder, Shaping Germany's Future - Coalition Agreement . In: NZA 2014, p. 13.
  31. ^ Andreas Zürn, Christian Maron: The coalition agreement of the 18th legislative period from a labor law perspective. In: Operations consultant. 11/2014, pp. 629-633, 629.
  32. ^ Stiftung Warentest: Minimum wage: Little wage, little pension . In: Finanztest. 3/2013. February 19, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  33. ↑ Stiftung Warentest: Basic security in old age: EUR 8.50 minimum wage hardly brings a pension . In: Finanztest. 1/2014. December 17, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  34. ↑ Bundestag printed matter 18/2010 (new) of July 2, 2014
  35. ↑ Plenary Protocol 18/46, p. 4117.
  36. ↑ Minimum wage has been decided. July 3, 2014, accessed July 3, 2014 .
  37. ↑ From 2015 onwards, statutory minimum wage for the first time in Germany. July 11, 2014, archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; Retrieved July 11, 2014 .
  38. ↑ Patrick Zeising / Daniel-René Weigert: Constitutionality of the Minimum Wage Act , in: NZA 2015, p. 15; Tristan Barczak: Minimum wage law and constitution , in: RdA 2014, p. 290; Manfred Löwisch: Legal protection against the Minimum Wage Act , in: NZA 2014, p. 948; Friedrich-Wilhelm Lehmann: Coalition decision on the creation of a law on collective bargaining - a case for the Federal Constitutional Court? , in: Betriebs-Berater 2014, p. 634; Ulrich Preis: The constitutionality of the general statutory minimum wage , 2014
  39. ↑ Friedrich-Wilhelm Lehmann: Coalition resolution on the creation of a law on collective bargaining - a case for the Federal Constitutional Court? In: Operations consultant. 11/2014, pp. 634-637, 635.
  40. ↑ Friedrich-Wilhelm Lehmann: Coalition resolution on the creation of a law on collective bargaining - a case for the Federal Constitutional Court? In: Operations consultant. 11/2014, pp. 634-637, 634.
  41. ↑ Patrick Zeising, Daniel-René Weigert: Constitutionality of the Minimum Wage Act . In: NZA 1/2015, pp. 15-22.
  42. ↑ Minimum wage must also apply to the long-term unemployed without exceptions , Ver.di Federal Unemployment Committee, April 15, 2014. Accessed May 11, 2014.
  43. ↑ Minimum wage: No exceptions for young people and the unemployed. No wages under EUR 8.50 , DGB Federal Executive Board, April 1, 2014. Accessed on May 11, 2014.
  44. ^ Karl Doemens: SPD-Linke dismantles itself . In: Frankfurter Rundschau. 7th July 2014.
  45. ↑ Birgit Marschall: High rents swallow up additional earnings: the minimum wage does little for singles in the West. In: RP ONLINE. June 20, 2016, accessed September 8, 2016 .
  46. ^ Matthias Kaufmann: Study on the minimum wage Companies offer fewer internships ; in: SPON of May 26, 2016
  47. ↑ “Almost 10 percent of students still work below the minimum wage” STUDITEMPS Magazin, January 22, 2016, accessed on February 10, 2016.
  48. ↑ AZ 1 K 1161/17 and 1 K 1174/17 of January 16, 2019. (Judgments are not yet final; Status: February 6, 2019.) Quoted from: Minimum wage also applies to employees of companies abroad. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung. February 6, 2019, accessed February 6, 2019 .