Monochoria

Monochoria
	Monochoria korsakowii
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Commelina-like (Commelinales)
Family :	Water hyacinth family (Pontederiaceae)
Genre :	Monochoria
Scientific name
	Monochoria
	C. Presl

The Monochoria are a genus of plants within the water hyacinth family (Pontederiaceae). The seven or so species are native to tropical and subtropical Africa , Asia and Australia .

description

Illustration of Monochoria vaginalis

Habit and flowers of Monochoria korsakowii

Appearance and leaves

Monochoria species are mostly perennial , but a few species are annual , herbaceous plants under unfavorable conditions . They grow as floating aquatic plants or swamp plants rooted in the ground . The submerged and long or emersed and short stems are erect or creeping.

The leaves are arranged in basal rosettes and seated or distributed on the stem and stalked. The simple leaf blades are heart-shaped to spear-shaped with a pointed to pointed upper end. The leaf veins run in arcs.

Inflorescences and flowers

The submerged until the water surface reaching or emergent Blütenstandsschäfte have large at its base bracts (bracts). The paniculate , spike-like or almost spike-like inflorescences are enveloped in a leaf sheath when they are in bud and contain up to 30 flowers. In some species there is a folded spathe, which sometimes has an egg-shaped to tail-shaped appendage. There are only barely recognizable or short flower stalks.

The hermaphrodite flowers, which are only open for one day, are weakly zygomorphic and threefold. The six unequal bracts are only fused at their base; the inner three are wider than the outer; they are spread out during the anthesis and later twist in a screw-like manner. The blue or white, bald bracts are narrowly ovate to lanceolate with a pointed upper end. Of the six stamens inserted at the base of the bracts , one has a long filament with an upright, crooked tooth on the side and a large, blue anther that is twice as long as the others. The other five stamens are almost alike with bare, winged stamens and their anthers are yellow, egg-shaped and small. The three pistils have become a top permanent, incomplete dreikammerigen ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules. The thread-like style ends in an almost entire or fine three-lobed stigma. The nectar secretion takes place through septal nectaries at the gynoeceum . The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Fruits and seeds

The egg-shaped capsule fruits are loculicidal and triple; they contain 10 to 200 seeds. The relatively small, egg-shaped seeds have oblique stripes and longitudinal wings.

distribution

The homeland of the paleotropic genus Monochoria are tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Australia.

Some species are neophytes in some tropical and subtropical areas.

Most species thrive in stagnant water and very often in rice fields.

Monochoria hastata in Thailand

Monochoria korsakowii

Monochoria vaginalis

Systematics

The genus Monochoria was set up in Reliquiae Haenkeanae , 1 (2), p. 127 in 1827 by Karl Bořiwog Presl . Type species is Monochoria hastifolia C. Presl . Synonyms for Monochoria C.Presl are: Calcarunia Raf. , Carigola Raf. , Gomphima Raf. , Limnostachys F. Muell. The generic name Monochoria is derived from the Greek word mono for a, single and thus refers to the single stamen, which differs from the other five.

The genus Monochoria belongs to the Pontederiaceae family .

There are about seven species of Monochoria :

Monochoria africana (Solms) NEBr. : It is widespread from Sudan to South Africa . For South Africa it is classified as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
Monochoria australasica Ridl. : It isnative tonorthern Australia .
Monochoria brevipetiolata Verdc. : It is native to tropical West Africa to Central Africa.
Monochoria cyanea (F.Muell.) F.Muell. : It is native to the Australian states of New South Wales , Queensland , Western Australia and Northern Territory and is also found in Vietnam.
Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms : With two varieties:
- Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms var. Hastata (Syn .: Monochoria hastifolia C.Presl ): It is widespread from Sri Lanka , India , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Cambodia , China , Vietnam , Indonesia to Malaysia and in northern Australia.
- Monochoria hastata var. Elata (Ridl.) Backer : It occurs in southern China, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia.
Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack : It is widespread from the Crimea to Japan.
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. F.) C. Presl : It is widespread from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia.

use

For example, Monochoria korsakowii is used as feed for poultry and livestock. The green parts of the plant of Monochoria vaginalis are eaten as vegetables.

swell

Guofang Wu & Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 24, p. 40: Monochoria , p. 40 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (section description)
Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Monochoria , p. 38 - same text online as printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . (Section description)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Guofang Wu & Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 24, p. 40: Monochoria , p. 40 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Monochoria , p. 38 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .
↑ ^a ^b Entry in the Western Australian Flora . last accessed on February 11, 2013
^ Entry at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER. last accessed on February 11, 2013
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Monochoria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 11, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Monochoria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
^ Monochoria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ Raimondo et al., 2009: Monochoria in National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . last accessed on February 11, 2013

Web links

Commons : Monochoria - collection of images, videos and audio files

Entry in the New South Wales Flora Online .

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Guofang Wu & Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae in der Flora of China , Volume 24, p. 40: Monochoria , p. 40 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Charles N. Horn: Pontederiaceae : Monochoria , p. 38 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .

[WAF-3] Entry in the Western Australian Flora . last accessed on February 11, 2013

[PIER-4] Entry at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER. last accessed on February 11, 2013

[biodiversitylibrary-5] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-6] Monochoria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 11, 2013.

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Monochoria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 9, 2018.

[GRIN-8] Monochoria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 11, 2013.

[Redlist-9] Raimondo et al., 2009: Monochoria in National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants . last accessed on February 11, 2013