Mosonszolnok
| Mosonszolnok | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State : | Hungary | ||||
| Region : | Western Transdanubia | ||||
| County : | Győr-Moson-Sopron | ||||
| Small area until December 31, 2012 : | Mosonmagyaróvár | ||||
| Coordinates : | 47 ° 51 ' N , 17 ° 10' E | ||||
| Area : | 43.93 km² | ||||
| Residents : | 1,651 (Jan 1, 2011) | ||||
| Population density : | 38 inhabitants per km² | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+36) 96 | ||||
| Postal code : | 9245 | ||||
| KSH kódja: | 28149 | ||||
| Structure and administration (status: 2014) | |||||
| Community type : | local community | ||||
| Mayor : | Sándor Török | ||||
| Postal address : | Fő u. 44 9245 Mosonszolnok |
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| Website : | |||||
| (Source: A Magyar Köztársaság helységnévkönyve 2011. január 1st at Központi statisztikai hivatal ) | |||||
Mosonszolnok ( German Zanegg , Croatian Canig is) a municipality in the county Győr-Moson-Sopron in northwest Hungary , near the border with Austria and Slovakia. The place lies on the Heideboden , which extends between the north bank of the Neusiedler See and the Danube with its side arms (Kleine or Wieselburger Donau) as well as the eastern slopes of the Leitha Mountains and the Hanság marshland.
Place name
The place name probably goes back to the Slavic Solnik (salty place). From this the German name, which was spelled inconsistently until the 19th century ( Zanickh , Zannig , Zanek , etc.), and the Hungarian Szolnok developed .
Early certificates and documentary mentions
Since the reign of King Stephen I (997-1038), German immigrants settled on the Heideboden. The oldest evidence of the place is the nave of the Zanegger church, which was built in the Romanesque style. The tympanum, a relief with Christ blessing, which was originally located above the main entrance to the church, is dated to the last quarter of the 12th century. It is now in the Hansági Museum in Hungarian Altenburg (Magyaróvár). The first written mention is not clear: Early documents mention the names Czolnek (1385), Zolnok (1399) and Zonigen (1432). Not until 1451 is the name Chanigh found in a document (on the occasion of inheritance disputes over the rule of Hungarian Altenburg) , which corresponds to the traditional language; the context of the content also clearly refers to Zanegg. The name of a Zanegger citizen is documented for the first time on a late Gothic miracle plaque in the Lower Bavarian pilgrimage town of Altötting : Wolfgang Krätzer from Zanickh (“bey dem Hungarian Adenburg”) thanks for the rescue of a child who fell into a well. The text ends with the year 1515.
history
After the rule of Hungarian Altenburg was taken over by the Habsburgs (1528), the names of the feudal farmers were recorded in a land register (Urbar) in 1546. The surnames Haidn, Lang, Lehner, Unger, Weiß, Zechmeister and Zwickl appeared in it. The Thullner and Neuberger families, whose names refer to their place of origin, only moved in later. The Austrian Archduke was the landlord of Zanegg until 1848, when the peasants were liberated from serfdom.
During the first Turkish storm on Vienna (1529), the villages on the Heideboden were devastated and most of the houses in Zanegg were destroyed. The decreased population was compensated for by new settlers from Bavaria and Austria. Nothing is known about damage caused by the second Turkish storm (1683) in Zanegg. The Zanegger temporarily accepted the Lutheran faith, which brought them into conflict with the rule of the Hungarian Altenburg. After 1670, the subjects of the Counter Reformation bowed and became Catholics.
In 1707 the Magyars ( Kuruzen ) attacked an imperial regiment in Zanegg under the leadership of General Count Drašković, who had taken winter quarters there. The village was looted and set on fire. Neither the French occupation (1809) nor the revolutionary turmoil of 1848/49 had any major impact on Zanegg.
After the creation of its own kingdom in the Compromise of 1867, Hungary pursued a policy of assimilation that was to lead to the Magyarization of the minorities. In the censuses of 1880 (86%) and 1920 (85%), however, the overwhelming majority of Zaneggers continued to be Germans. In 1908 the place name became officially Hungarian Mosonszolnok . A war memorial erected in 1923 is dedicated to the memory of the fallen and missing of the First World War. During Béla Kun's three-month rule in Hungary (1919), a local communist directory was formed in Zanegg, which arrested some citizens.
In the peace treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (near Paris) in 1919 Austria was granted the German-speaking part of western Hungary, but not completely: In contradiction to the right of self-determination of the peoples, a coherent part remained with Hungary: the eastern part of Wieselburg County, in which approx 25,000 Germans lived, mainly in the ten German communities, including Zanegg. This measure was justified with the wish of Czechoslovakia to have a connection on Hungarian soil with the railway line Preßburg - Csorna ( railway line Hegyeshalom - Szombathely ). However, it may also have been in the interests of large Hungarian landowners from aristocratic circles who owned goods in the border area. Austria is also blamed for a lack of persistence in the negotiations. A referendum was not held.
In the 1941 census, 83% of the 3,171 Zanegg residents claimed to be German. If you subtract the Hungarians who had settled on the surrounding estates (around 500), about 97% of the villagers were Germans. The Zanegger local group of the National Socialist-influenced Volksbund of Germans in Hungary was founded in June 1940; the exact number of members is not known. In the village there are said to have been tensions between supporters and opponents of the Volksbund.
During World War II, Zanegger initially served in the Hungarian army . After an agreement with the Hungarian state, volunteers for the Waffen SS were recruited in Zanegg from 1942 . In 1944, due to a further agreement, compulsory military service for ethnic Germans to join the Waffen-SS was introduced; In September 1944 alone, around 500 Zanegger men were forcibly recruited. On April 1, 1945, Zanegg was captured by Soviet soldiers after a brief battle with German troops . Contemporary witnesses report arbitrary violence and rape during the occupation.
Expulsion and settlement in southern Germany
At the Potsdam Conference (1945), the Hungarian state obtained the consent of the victorious powers to relocate the Hungarian Germans , which ultimately ended, without the consent of the Western powers, in an organized expulsion on the part of the Hungarian transitional government, with Russian support. In August 1945, a collection camp for residents of the surrounding communities was set up in Zanegg. More than 400 police officers cordoned off the village, and there are reports of a great lack of space. According to the study by Tóth (2001: 128), 19,640 Germans from 16 villages of origin were housed in Zanegg. In April 1946, the Germans from Zanegg were brought to Germany in four transports in cattle wagons . The destinations were in Baden-Württemberg (Mosbach, Herrenberg, Ulm, Crailsheim, Heilbronn). Only about 5% of Germans stayed in Hungary. In Zanegg, a village community that has been proven to have existed for at least 400 years ended.
The Zaneggers were mainly settled in Baden-Württemberg (districts of Böblingen, Crailsheim, Heilbronn, Mosbach, Ulm, Nürtingen), and in smaller numbers in Bavaria and Austria. Not infrequently, the displaced people from Zanegg, who arrived penniless and who were allocated living space - often against the will of the homeowners - met with rejection from the locals. In 2008 , the historian Andreas Kossert dealt with the history of the German expellees after 1945 and their marginalization by the locals in his book Kalte Heimat .
Zanegger meetings have been held regularly since 1958. The city of Leinfelden-Echterdingen (south of Stuttgart), where the meetings have been held every second year since 1962, took on the sponsorship in 1985. Johann Neuberger (1922–2002) organized the Zanegger meeting from 1958, and his sister Gretel Weisz has been leading the meeting since his death. 50 years after the expulsion (1996) the Zaneggers unveiled a memorial plaque on Fichtenweg in Leinfelden.
Mosonszolnok in the present
The location close to the Austrian border favors the economic development of Mosonszolnok. Two German companies from the automotive supply industry (BOS, Visiocorp) settled in the community. The contacts between Germans and Hungarians are promoted by Sándor Török, the mayor of Mosonszolnok, as well as by the city of Leinfelden-Echterdingen. Johann Neuberger was made an honorary citizen of Mosonszolnok in 2001 in recognition of his services to the understanding between old and new residents of the community. Since 2001, delegations from Hungary have been traveling regularly to the Zanegger meetings in Germany, including many young people. In alternation with the meetings, the Zaneggers take a bus trip to their old home every second year. Sixty years after the displacement, Germans and Hungarians met in Mosonszolnok on June 25, 2006 to commemorate and celebrate. The church, Anna's chapel, the old cemetery and other facilities have also been renovated in recent years with the support of the displaced.
Local history
At their meetings, in exhibitions and in publications, the Zaneggers tried to keep the memory of their shared history alive. Johann Neuberger recorded the oral memories of his compatriots, collected photos and researched archives. In addition to many brochures, he wrote a home book about the community of Zanegg, which was published in 1989. The history workshop in Leinfelden-Echterdingen dealt in an exhibition in 1991/92 with the admission of the displaced persons, also from Zanegg, and their new beginning in the foreign environment.
Sons and daughters
- Ferdinand von Stein-Liebenstein zu Barchfeld (1832–1912), Prussian lieutenant general
- Johann Thullner (1880–1937), Hungarian-Austrian clergyman and politician
- Maria Wachtler (1935–2016), Austrian Don Bosco sister and missionary
literature
- Kossert, Andreas (2008): Kalte Heimat. The history of the German expellees after 1945. Munich: Siedler.
- Neuberger, Johann (1989): That was Zanegg. An old German farming village on the Heideboden near Wieselburg in western Hungary. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published. English-language summary
- Neuberger, Johann (1991): The Heideboden in Wieselburg County in western Hungary. Published on the occasion of the exhibition of the expelled German communities of the Wieselburger Heideboden. March 13 to April 6, 1991 in the house of the Danube Swabians, Sindelfingen. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published.
- Neuberger, Johann (1993): Why the Eastern Heideboden did not come to Austria. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published.
- Neuberger, Johann (1996): 50 years later. To commemorate the expulsion of the residents of Zanegg and the German-speaking neighboring communities on * Heideboden / West Hungary in April 1946 and to thank them for being accepted into Baden-Württemberg. Unveiling of the memorial stone. Leinfelden-Echterdingen, April 13, 1996. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published.
- Neuberger, Johann (Ed.) (2001): Days of Expulsion. Memories after 55 years of the deportation from the Zanegg / Mosonszolnok assembly camp. Published on the occasion of the Zanegger meeting on July 23, 2001 in the 55th year after the expulsion. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published.
- City Archives Leinfelden-Echterdingen (Ed.) (1991): Displaced persons and locals in Leinfelden, Echterdingen, Musberg and Stetten 1945–1990. History workshop in Leinfelden-Echterdingen. Catalog for the exhibition in the old town hall Musberg from December 13, 1991 to January 12, 1992. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: self-published.
- Tóth, Ágnes (2001): Migrations in Hungary 1945–1948. Expulsion of the Hungarian Germans, internal migration and Slovak-Hungarian population exchange. Munich: R. Oldenbourg (= writings of the Federal Institute for East German Culture and History, Volume 12). review
