Mulateiro
This article has been registered in the quality assurance biology for improvement due to formal or content-related deficiencies . This is done in order to bring the quality of the biology articles to an acceptable level. Please help improve this article! Articles that are not significantly improved can be deleted if necessary.
Read the more detailed information in the minimum requirements for biology articles .
| Mulateiro | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg)
Mulateiro in the Amazon basin |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Calycophyllum spruceanum | ||||||||||||
| ( Benth. ) Hook.f. ex K.Schum. |
The Mulateiro or Pau-Mulato ( Calycophyllum spruceanum ) is a tree of the genus Calycophyllum within the family of the Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae). The species occurs in the Amazon basin and is native to Brazil , Peru , Bolivia and Ecuador .
Calycophyllum spruceanum should not be confused with the monotypical species Capirona decorticans , also a red plant, which also has a similar bark that peels off annually.
Mulateiro is also called Calycophyllum megistocaulum , which also has a similar peeling bark and white flowers.
The species Calycophyllum spruceanum , Calycophyllum megistocaulum and Capirona decorticans are also known as Capirona.
description
The Mulateiro is evergreen and reaches a height of about 30 meters and a trunk diameter of 70 cm or more. Smaller buttress roots are often formed.
The ovate to elliptical, stalked leaves are opposite and 9–17 cm long and 6–7 cm wide. The leaves are pointed to pointed and entire, the veins are pinnate.
The inflorescences are terminal cymes . From June to July the tree produces small, hermaphrodite, white, aromatic flowers. The 5–6 (8) petals are fused to form an elongated tube with spread out and recessed lobes. The greenish, cup-shaped and fine-haired calyx has small, narrow and pointed teeth. The anthers of the protruding and antipetal stamens are reddish, the stamens are whitish. The ovary is underneath with a long stylus, with two pale yellowish, hooked, rolled up stigma branches .
Small, ellipsoidal capsule fruits with pressed hairs are formed, which contain numerous dark brown seeds, the thousand-grain mass of which is only 0.11 to 0.16 grams.
The tree has the ability to completely shed its bark once a year. It is very smooth and changes color throughout the year as it ripens. It shimmers green in spring and changes to a brown shade by late autumn. The rather heavy wood of the tree is moderately resistant and of high quality. Mulateiro prefers to spread near water or in regions with regular flooding.
ingredients
The rind of the Mulateiro contains the highest density of tannins that has been determined to date. Due to this high content, the extract has a noticeable astringent effect. Recently, the content of the various ingredients was determined. It was found that Mulateiro could possibly contain the highest levels of phenols and organic acids . These ingredients showed strong antibacterial , antifungal and insecticidal activities. The isolated phenols, on the other hand, appear to have a strong antioxidant effect, which could explain the traditional use to reduce aging processes .
research
At the current time, only two studies on the Mulateiro extract have been published. In 2001, researchers were able to prove that an alcohol extract ( ethanol ) has a strong in vitro antifungal activity against eleven different skin fungi and yeasts. In 2003, the researchers reported the discovery of several novel phytochemicals , so-called seco-iridoids . They documented that three of these chemicals were active against different parasites . In particular against the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , which causes so-called Chagas disease . So far there is no approved trypanosomiasis vaccine , which could change with the Mulateiro in the next few years.
Both studies showed that the Mulateiro extract has strong antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties, which reaffirms traditional usage by indigenous peoples. The first German study is planned for 2017 at the University of Potsdam . The aim of this study will be to investigate a possible apoptosis on induced melanoma.
use
The Mulateiro bark is deeply rooted in the local culture and is used by the indigenous peoples in so-called ayahuasca rituals as an admixture in order to potentiate the actual effect . In addition, a brew is obtained from the bark , which is used in compresses to treat cuts, pus wounds and burns. In traditional medicine , Mulateiro is said to have the most potent antifungal and wound healing properties of any Amazon plant. Some Indians also prepare an infusion from the bark which they take in the case of parasitic infections . But the best known is the Mulateiro extract, with which the Indians rub themselves in after bathing and dry them in the sun. This forms a thin film on the body and is said to help counter the effects of aging, effectively prevent parasites and fungal infections , and stop bleeding. In Paraguay , the extract is now officially used to treat diabetes. 1 kilogram of bark is boiled in 10 liters of water until only 4 liters remain. According to local doctors, the brew should be drunk for three consecutive months to completely " cure " diabetes . The Peruvian Indian tribes, however, also use the powdered bark for fungal infections of the skin. The boiled Mulateiro bark is used to treat skin parasites. Especially with " Sarna Negra ", a stubborn parasite that lodges deep under the skin and lives there.
In Peruvian herbal medicine , the boiled brew is even used in Peruvian hospitals for eye infections and infectious wounds. As a cosmetic ingredient , Mulateiro is becoming more and more popular in Brazil in so-called active ingredient and natural cosmetics for the treatment of skin spots, hyperpigmentation , oxidative wrinkles and bulging scars. In the big Amazon cities or Manaus it is used as a natural insecticide and to relieve bruises , swellings and diseases of the fallopian tubes . In conventional medicine , the resin of the bark is officially prescribed for abscesses and skin tumors ( no scientifically based evidence provided ).
Traditional use
The Mulateiro extract was only recently able to arouse the interest of scientists and manufacturers and is experiencing a real hype in the Brazilian and Peruvian cities due to its positive effect . The Brazilian government is now working intensively with researchers and manufacturers on new fields of application and markets. Due to the annual shedding of the bark and the claimed mode of action, the Mulateiro extract could represent one of the most sustainable raw materials for the cosmetics industry in the near future. At the same time, collecting the bark provides a solid income for landowners and smallholders, and deforestation can be reduced to a bearable level. Mulateiro was approved by the European Union as an ingredient in cosmetic products back in 2006.
Traditional internal use
For internal use, half fill a cup with bark and pour boiling water over it. According to Peruvian doctors, this brew is taken two to three times a day. By boiling the bark, it is also possible to use the brew as a topical remedy for skin problems, wounds, skin fungi and general skin diseases . To do this, it is applied directly to the affected area several times a day and left to dry.
Ethnomedical use
In the Amazon region , the Mulateiro is a natural contraceptive, an emollient and a wound healing agent for burns , cuts, diabetes, fungal infections and skin parasites.
In Brazil he is u. a. Used for age spots, cuts, diabetes, eye infections, ovarian infections, scarring, scratches, skin fungi and skin parasites. It is also used for general skin problems such as wrinkles and aging skin, and as an antioxidant in natural cosmetics.
In Paraguay, the Mulateiro is used as an antiseptic, scarring, contraceptive , mineral sunscreen filter, tonic ( adaptogen ), for abscesses, age spots, in anti-aging agents, for bleeding, bruises, cancer, diabetes, eye infections, fibroids , fungal infections, skin infections, insect bites , Liver problems and strong detox applications, malaria , ovarian problems , strong pellagra , rashes, scabies, skin parasites, benign skin tumors , swelling, wounds and wrinkles.
literature
- Leidyana M. da Costa, Viviane A. dos Santos, Débora T. Ohana, Emerson S. Lima, Maria de M. Pereira: Technological development of aqueous extracts from Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum., Rubiaceae, (mulateiro) using factorial design. In: Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. Volume 21/1, pp. 181-186, ISSN 0102-695X , doi: 10.1590 / S0102-695X2011005000027 (English).
- Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de ciencias: Ecologia Aplicada. Vol. 9, (PDF), N os 1 y 2 / Enero - Diciembre 2010. Accessed May 7, 2014. (Portuguese).
- AB Santos, JP Ribeiro-Oliveira, CM Carvalho, AB Santos, JP Ribeiro-Oliveira: On the botany, ethnopharmacology, and chemistry of Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum. In: Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais. Volume 18/1, Supl. 1, pp. 383-389, ISSN 1516-0572 , doi: 10.1590 / 1983-084X / 15_152 (Portuguese).
- Moraes Neto, Sebastião Pires De, José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves, Arthur Jr, José Carlos: Fertilization of native and exotic tree seedlings. In: Revista Árvore. Volume 27/2, pp. 129-137, ISSN 0100-6762 , doi: 10.1590 / S0100-67622003000200002 (Portuguese).
- Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , August Wilhelm Eichler , Istvan Lazlo Endlicher , Eduard Fenzl , Ignatius Urban : Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum. Vol. VI, Part VI, 1888–1899, p. 191, Tab. 106 (Latin).
- J. Gérard, D. Guibal, S. Paradis, J.-C. Cerre: Tropical Timber Atlas. Éditions Quæ, 2017, ISBN 978-2-7592-2798-3 , pp. 738 ff, limited preview in the Google book search.
Web links
- Calycophyllum spruceanum from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed February 28, 2018.
- Mulateiro at Raintree Nutrition - The Wealth of the Rainforest.
Individual evidence
- ↑ MM Grandtner, Julien Chevrette: Dictionary of Trees. Volume 2: South America: Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Ecology. Academic Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-396954-5 , p. 92 f.
- ↑ Pictures of Calycophyllum spruceanum, Calycophyllum megistocaulum and Capirona decorticans ( Memento from March 2, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) at The Field Museum.
- ↑ Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook.f. ex K.Schum. - The Plant List. Retrieved September 9, 2016 .
- ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0 , pp. 750 f, 785.
- ↑ Pau-mulato-da-várzea Calycophyllum spruceanum. Informativo Técnico Rede de Sementes da Amazônia Nº 6, 2004, online (PDF), at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia.
- ↑ C. Reynel, RT Pennington, TD Pennington et al. a .: Árboles útiles de la Amazonía Peruana. Tarea Asociacion Gráfica Educativa, 2003, ISBN 9972-9733-1-X , pp. 45-47, online at de.slideshare.net, accessed on March 1, 2018.
- ^ Carl W. Campbell: Calycophyllum Spruceanum, a New Flowering Tree for South Florida. In: Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. Vol 74, 1961, pp. 424-426, online (PDF).