Pepsi

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
current word / figurative mark
old trademark Pepsi-Cola
Pepsi
in North America by the end of 2008
A bottle of Crystal Pepsi from America, 2016
A bottle of Crystal Pepsi from Canada, 2016

Pepsi , officially Pepsi- Cola , is a caffeinated soft drink made by PepsiCo, Inc. Pepsi is Coca-Cola's main competitor . The head office in the United States is located in Purchase in New York State .

history

Pepsi-Cola was developed in 1893 by the pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern , North Carolina . At first he named the drink after his own name Brad's Drink . On August 28, 1898, he renamed it Pepsi-Cola. The name probably goes back to the enzyme pepsin , perhaps also from the Greek πέψις, pepsis, "digestion" or from the medical term for indigestion, dyspepsia . In advertising for Pepsi, for example, B. 1908 suggested a health-promoting effect of cola (“stabilizes the nerves”) and referred to pepsin “for digestion”.

The company had a very eventful history, changed hands several times and was close to bankruptcy several times . The breakthrough came when the company consistently established itself as a cheap brand during the recessionary period of the 1930s by offering the product at the same price as Coca-Cola, but in bottles twice the size, and making it known through a massive advertising campaign. The radio advertising jingle “Pepsi-Cola hits the spot, twelve full ounces, that's a lot. Twice as much for a nickel too - Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you! ", Which became a hit (in a sense:" Pepsi-Cola is well received, a whole twelve ounces - that's a lot. Twice as much, too only for a nickel (= 5 US cents) - Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you. ")

The trademark that is typical for Pepsi is the so-called “Pepsi Globe”, created in 1962. This logo was used for decades and only modernized. However, since 2009 a new trademark has been used. This is a modification of the well-known trademark. The typical white wave has been transformed into a smiley face. In addition, a different font and font are now used. While Pepsi was capitalized for years, Pepsi is now lowercase. However, the red-white-blue color scheme has been retained. The new logo was introduced in Germany in 2010.

Under the direction of Donald Kendall, Pepsi feared that the election of Salvador Allende would lead to a loss of the market in Chile in 1970 and, together with other companies, urged the American executive to organize a military coup. This operation culminated in the murder of the constitutional commander-in-chief of the military, René Schneider, as part of the CIA campaign FUBELT . Details of Pepsi's influence became known through the work of the Church committee .

product

As ingredients are water , sugar , carbon dioxide , dye : caramel ( E 150d ), acidifying agent : phosphoric acid (E338), aroma ( caffeine ) specified. According to the manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc. , the three colors white, blue and red on the label stand for the national colors of the USA, which Pepsi wanted to support in World War II .

In 1964, the popular product “Diet Pepsi” was added to the side as a calorie and sugar-free variant, which has been available in Germany since 1975. At the beginning of the 1990s there was also "Crystal Pepsi" as an alternative to the common Pepsi products. This transparent drink contained neither caffeine, sugar, coloring nor preservatives - with hardly any change in taste. The production was soon stopped again. The product was only offered for a short time in Germany, for a few years in Switzerland and not at all in Austria. Particularly on the Asian market, special varieties such as “Pepsi Ice Cream” (ice cream flavor, Russia), “Pepsi Cappuccino” (coffee flavor, Russia and Poland) or “Pepsi Ice Cucumber” (cucumber flavor, Japan) were offered again and again.

Pepsi-Cola has been around in Germany since 1946, when filling facilities were built in Aschaffenburg for American forces stationed in the country; In 1951, the first German got the license to bottle the cola for the domestic market. From 1974 the Cola was bottled in the Rostock brewery and offered in the GDR as well. Between 1997 and 2002 "Pepsi Boom" in the form of beverage cans was on German, Italian and Spanish shelves. Since it was produced without the addition of caffeine, it was mainly aimed at young customers. In 2002, the “Pepsi Twist” variety with lemon flavor, which had been introduced in the USA two years earlier, reached the German market. Since July 2007, a new variant of the Pepsi Max from 1994 has been available in German stores. "Pepsi Max Wild Cherry" was presented as a "Limited Edition" in a 1.5-liter non-returnable PET bottle in July 2015 - a sugar-free cola with a cherry flavor. Coca-Cola also offers the “Cherry Coke”, a cherry cola, albeit a sugary variant. In March 2016, according to statements by Pepsi Germany on Facebook, the decision was made to add the product to the standard range due to surprisingly strong sales figures. In April 2017, the German Pepsi Max division was expanded to include the product "Pepsi Max Ginger", a calorie and sugar-free cola with a note of ginger . Since March 2020, some varieties have also been available as syrups.

sorts

In Germany there are currently (and since the year mentioned) the following varieties:

  • 1946: Pepsi
  • 1975: Pepsi Light (sugar free)
  • 1994: Pepsi Max (sugar free)
  • 2002: Pepsi Twist ( lemon flavor )
  • 2012: Pepsi Light Lemon (lemon flavor, sugar-free)
  • 2015: Pepsi Max Cherry ( cherry flavor , sugar-free)
  • 2017: Pepsi Max Ginger ( ginger flavor , sugar-free)
  • 2019: Pepsi Max Lemon ( lemon flavor , sugar-free)
  • 2020: Pepsi Max Vanilla (sugar-free)

packagings

Pepsi (but not every variety) is available in Germany as of 6/2018 in the following packaging:

health

The 2006 Framingham Osteoporosis Study suggests that increased consumption of colas, but not other carbonated drinks, leads to significant bone weakening in women. The authors of the study attribute this to the high proportion of phosphoric acid , which prevents the body from absorbing calcium and promotes the excretion of the mineral. The caffeine in cola has also been linked to osteoporosis in the past . The study also found that consuming caffeine-free cola had less of an impact on bone mineral content in some of the subjects.

One liter of Pepsi contains 110 grams of sugar. Pepsi is therefore a rich, easily metabolized source of carbohydrates. The consumption of Pepsi generates a rapid and sharp rise in blood sugar levels and thus becomes the energy supplier for the formation of white belly fat . At the same time, the high sugar content has a negative impact on the oral flora, which leads to the development of caries .

In a test published by Stiftung Warentest in May 2016, a high content of 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) was found in both Pepsi and Pepsi Light, a substance contained in the caramel dye that is classified as possibly carcinogenic. After a limit value was introduced for 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) in January 2012 in California , USA, the manufacturers of cola beverages have changed the manufacturing processes for the beverages produced for the US market in order not to exceed the Californian limit value . According to the information provided by Stiftung Warentest, there is no limit value for 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) in food in the EU, but the limit value applicable in California for the beverages tested and sold in Germany will be used for both Pepsi and Pepsi Light exceeded by less than 0.5 l drink. In the test by Stiftung Warentest, Pepsi Light was also objected to because of the level of exposure to chlorate, which can come from disinfectants and cleaning agents, because according to Stiftung Warentest, chlorate can inhibit iodine absorption in the body and is toxic in high quantities. By the EBL ( European Food Safety Authority , Eng. European Food Safety Authority / EFSA) as tolerable respected Chlorataufnahme is achieved with a consumption of 0.5 l Pepsi Light.

marketing

In the 1950s, the rise from a cheap brand to an established product succeeded. The film star Joan Crawford , the wife of the then CEO Steele, acted as the driving force behind a large-scale advertising campaign. The design also changed. The drink was presented in more elegant disposable bottles with a colorful paper label. Now it was the reusable bottles from competitor Coca-Cola that looked cheaper with the simple lettering printed on them and their often worn surface. In addition, Pepsi-Cola was the first American cola drink that was also prepared and bottled in the Soviet Union (since 1973). However, Pepsi only became really successful at the end of the 1980s when, as part of a re-design of the brand with a huge advertising campaign under the motto “Project Blue”, for which Cindy Crawford , Andre Agassi and Claudia Schiffer , among others , could be won over Market leader was attacked (see Cola War ).

A marketing measure that was started in 1963 is called the “Pepsi Test”. It started with the “Pepsi Generation” initiative, which was intended to suggest to the consumer that, as a “hip and young person”, he should definitely consume Pepsi. The actual “Pepsi test” then followed in the 1970s, when the company set up test stands parallel to TV spots in busy places, where potential customers could try Pepsi and Coca-Cola blindly. In fact, the result was clearly in favor of the brand in blue. This advertising strategy finally reached its climax in 1985, when the competitor created the product " New Coke " in response , which was clearly based on the taste of Pepsi-Cola, but flopped among Coca-Cola fans. (see Cola War )

In 2014, a drinks machine based on the competing product “Coca-Cola Freestyle” appeared in North America, which was mainly installed in branches of the subway chain or at universities. Similar to "Coca-Cola Freestyle", the product uses the microdosing method known from medicine and uses cartridges inside to dispense combinations of Pepsi products and 8 types of fruit such as peach or strawberry. The machines are now also available outside the United States and Canada, but, unlike the Coca-Cola product, not in Germany.

In April 2017, the company withdrew a previously published commercial which, in addition to model Kendall Jenner in the lead role, featured dark-skinned dancers and Muslim photographers. While the group is walking down a street in a peaceful demonstration, Jenner happily hands a can of Pepsi to a police officer, which causes great applause. Pepsi was accused of instrumentalizing initiatives such as the Women's March or protests against police violence for advertising purposes, and Jenner's gesture should easily be reminiscent of Ieshia Evans , who confronted two unarmed police officers in anti-riot gear at a demonstration in Baton Rouge .

More word meanings

The term Pepsi , derived from drink, was a slang word for members of the Francophone Canadians language group .

See also

Web links

Commons : Pepsi  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pepsi-Cola: There's a Difference - Ask Your Doctor . In: Henderson gold leaf . December 28, 1911, p. 3 ( loc.gov ): "steadies the nerves, brightens the eye [...] It is an absolutely pure combination of pepsin (for the digestion), acid phosphate and the jucies of fresh fruits."
  2. ^ A Marxist threat to cola sales? Pepsi demands a US coup. Goodbye Allende. Hello Pinochet The Guardian , November 8, 1998
  3. ^ The CIA coup in Chile NRhZ-Online , September 16, 2009
  4. ↑ $ 50,000 Bounty - How Washington Had Chiles Eliminated General Schneider , Der Spiegel , Dec. 1, 1975.
  5. ↑ 19 Pepsi Flavors You've Probably Never Heard Of. In: buzzfedd.com. February 24, 2012, accessed August 17, 2017 .
  6. ↑ Company history. In: pepsico.de. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  7. ^ Pepsi era for the GDR. In: spiegel.de. March 18, 1974. Retrieved August 19, 2017 .
  8. ↑ Global Cola: 10 Pepsi-Cola Flavors You Can't Get Here. In: weburbanist.com. Accessed August 17, 2017 .
  9. ↑ Which Pepsi products are there in Germany? In: pepsi-infoseite.de. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  10. ↑ New in stores: Pepsi MAX Cherry & 7Up Mojito. In: about-drinks.com. July 1, 2015, accessed August 17, 2017 .
  11. ↑ New limited edition in stores: Pepsi MAX Ginger. In: about-drinks.com. April 4, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017 .
  12. ↑ SodaStream comes onto the market in Germany with PepsiCo syrups. Retrieved April 18, 2020 .
  13. ↑ DAVIES MEYER: PepsiCo ǀ beverages in PRB / PET bottles and cans. Retrieved June 11, 2018 .
  14. ↑ DAVIES MEYER: PepsiCo ǀ drinks by the glass. Retrieved June 11, 2018 .
  15. ↑ DAVIES MEYER: PepsiCo ǀ beverages in keg systems. Retrieved June 11, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Framingham Osteoporosis Study: Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women
  17. ↑ Cancer risk: Cola producers reduce 4-methylimidazole content ( Memento of the original from June 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Report on the homepage of Deutsches Ärzteblatt from March 12, 2012, accessed on June 25, 2016 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aerzteblatt.de
  18. ↑ Cola test by Stiftung Warentest . In: test-magazin, issue 6/2016, pages 18-25, here page 20 and online at test.de
  19. ↑ Pollutants: Stiftung Warentest only thinks four colas are good. In: Spiegel Online . May 26, 2016, accessed July 2, 2016 .
  20. ↑ Cola test by Stiftung Warentest . In: test-magazin, issue 6/2016, pages 18-25, also published under Stiftung Warentest: Alcohol and cancer in the Cola , published on the website of the daily Handelsblatt on May 27, 2016, accessed on May 28, 2016
  21. ^ Stiftung Warentest: Five questions for Birgit Rehlender, project manager , published on the Stiftung Warentest homepage, accessed on June 25, 2016
  22. ↑ Stiftung Warentest, test magazine, issue 7/2016 , page 6: Pollutants in Pepsi Light (editorial response to a letter to the editor about the test results in issue 6/2016)
  23. ↑ Why Pepsi suddenly owned a navy
  24. ↑ Cola war is foaming up - waiting for a blue miracle. In: welt.de. April 11, 1996. Retrieved August 19, 2017 .
  25. ↑ How Pepsi annoyed its great rival Coca Cola. In: heise.de. February 3, 2008, accessed August 19, 2017 .
  26. ^ Pepsi Spire. Retrieved August 19, 2017 .
  27. ^ Pepsi Spire: The Future of Fountain Beverages. In: pepsico.com. May 15, 2014, accessed August 19, 2017 .
  28. ↑ Drink Pepsi, everything will be fine. In: spiegel.de. April 5, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017 .